Chapter 5

The states of matter

The kinetic theory of matter

 All matter is made up of tiny, moving particles, invisible to the naked eye.
 Different substances have different types of particles which have different sizes.
 The particles move all the time. The higher the temperature, the faster they move.
 Heavier particles move more slowly than lighter particles.

Solid Liquid Gas

The particles are packed The particles are close The particles are far apart
closely together in fixed, together in an irregular and arranged in irregular
regular pattern called pattern. pattern.
lattice.

Strong forces of Weak forces of No forces of attraction

attraction. attraction.

Particles can vibrate Particles can vibrate, Particles can vibrate,

about their fixed rotate, move freely and rotate, move freely and
positions. can collide often. can collide less often in
liquid.
Particles can bounce off
each other and the walls
of the container.

Vacuum

A vacuum is a space devoid of matter. The two types of vacuums are,

 Perfect vacuum is an ideal state of no particles at all.

 Partial vacuum is a vacuum with low amounts of matter enclosed.

 A perfect vacuum is a theoretical space completely devoid of matter. This type of

vacuum also goes by the name “free space”. In the real world, a vacuum is partial
or imperfect . A few atoms or molecules always remain.
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 A few examples of partial vacuum are vacuum cleaners and vacuum tubes.

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 Particles arrangement in processes

Kinetic theory of boiling and evaporation

Boiling Evaporation

 Boiling is the process that Evaporation is the process that

changes liquid to gas in its changes liquid water to gaseous
boiling point. water.
 The temperature at which the
liquid boils called the boiling
point.

 Boiling occurs throughout the Evaporation occurs only at surface of

liquid. the liquid.

 The particles of liquid water Particles with high energy can escape
gain energy and move faster. from the surface of the liquid. These
 The energy is enough to break form a vapour above the liquid
the bonds between holding the surface.
particles and changes to the
gaseous state.
 The bubbles rise through the
water and escape out.

Kinetic theory of melting

 Melting is the process that changes solid to liquid in its melting point
 The temperature at which the solid melts called the melting point.
 When a solid is heated, the particles in the solid gain kinetic energy and vibrate
more vigorously.
 The heat energy causes the forces of attraction to weaken.
 The regular pattern of the structure breaks down.
 The particles can now move around each other. This causes the solid to melt.

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 Kinetic theory of freezing

 Freezing is the process that changes liquid to solid in its freezing point.
 The temperature at which the liquid freezes called the freezing point.
 When a liquid gets cold enough, the particles move slowly enough for forces to
attract them together again, pulling them into rigid rows and preventing
movement. At this point, the liquid has frozen.

Kinetic theory of condensation

 Condensation is the process that changes gas to liquid when it touches the
cooler surface.
 As a gas is cooled, its particles lose energy.
 Particles move less vigorously, allowing the attraction.
 This forces the particles closer together and limits their motion to sliding over
each other. This makes the substance a liquid.

Kinetic theory of sublimation

 Sublimation is the process that directly changes solid to gas without passing
through the liquid state. Examples - Solid carbon di oxide and Iodine.
 Particles gain enough energy to break free from their fixed positions and
move around freely in the gas phase.

Brownian motion
 Brownian motion is the random motion of particles in liquids and gases.
 This happens because they collide with other moving particles.
 Robert Brown observed the random movement of pollen grains within water.