Chemistry Classified P3 PDF

Pre
Classified
CHEMISTRY
Paper 3
2010 -2017
All variants in one paper
Mostafa Barakat
0100 165 44 62
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3
Contents
Topic 1 States of matter
States of matter
Kinetic theory
Diffusion of gases
Topic 2 Methods of separation 24

Laboratory apparatus
Separation of mixtures
Chromatography
Topic 3 Atoms, elements and bonding 46

Atomic structure
Radioactive isotopes
Electron distribution
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Macromolecular (giant) structure
Topic 4 Stoichiometry 86
Chemical formula
Naming of ionic and covalent compounds
Chemical equations
Balance chemical equations
Percent composition of elements
Topic 5 Electrochemistry 112

Oxidation and reduction
Electrolysis
Application of electrolysis
Topic 6 Rates of Reactions 135

Speed of chemical reactions
Factors affect on rate of reaction
Topic 7 EnergyChange 168

Endothermic and exothermic reactions
Energy from fuel
Nuclear fuel
j ‘ Contents Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3
Topic 8 Reversible Reactions 181

Reversible reactions
Chemical equilibrium
Topic 9 Acids, Bases and Salts 186

Acids, Bases
The pH scale
Making salts
Types of oxides
Test for cations and anions
Topic 10 The periodic table 224

Group 1 elements
Group 7 elements
Noble gases
Transition elements
Topic 11 Reactivity series and metals 256

Reactivity series
Extraction of zinc
Extraction of iron
Making steel
Rusting
Topic 12 AirandWater 290

Composition of air
Air pollution
Water supply
Topic 13 Non_metals 309

Nitrogen and ammonia
Carbon and carbonates
Topic 14 Organic Chemistry 325

Refining of petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
Alkenes
Al co ho Is
Carboxylic acids
Contents Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Data Sheet
1. Reactivity Series of Metals
Potassium Most reactive
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Carbon
Zinc
iron
Lead
Hydrogen
Copper
Silver
Gold
Platinum Least reactive
(elements in italics, though non-metals, have
been included for comparison)
2. Formulae of Some Common Ions
Positive ions Negative ions Common Acids
Name Formula Name Formula hydrochloric acid—HCI(aq)
Hydrogen H Chloride C1 nitric acid HNO3(aq)
Sodium Na Bromide Br sulfuric acid H2SO4(aq)
-
phosphoric acid H3PO4(aq)

Silver Ag Fluoride F
Potassium K Iodide Common Bases
Lithium Li Oxide sodium hydroxide —NaOH(aq)
Calcium 2
Ca Sulfide potassium hydroxide KOH(aq)
—
Barium calcium hydroxide 2Ca(OH

( aq))
2
Ba Hydroxide 0H
-
aqueous ammonia NH3(aq)

Magnesium Mg 2+ Sulfate 42—
SO
-
Zinc 2
Zn Carbonate CO
Lead 2
Pb Nitrate NO
Aluminium 3
Al nitrite NO
lron(ll) Fe
2
lron(lll) 3
Fe
Copper(ll) 2
Cu
Ammonium NH
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chernstry Classified Paper_3 Topic 1
STATES OF MATTER
1 I1—Statesofmatter Mostcifa Baitikcxt (010016544 62)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Pciper_3 Topic 1
1) June2OlOQ(2_a,,q)
(a) Hydrogen is a gas at room temperature.
Describe the arrangement and motion of the molecules in hydrogen gas.
arrangement
motion [2]
2) Nov 2010 Q (3_c)
(c) Argon is a liquid at a temperature of —1 88 °C.
Complete the diagram below to show how the atoms of argon are arranged at
—188 °C.
represents one atom of argon
[2]
3) June 2011 [21] Q (8_a)
8 Bromine is a red-brown liquid. When warmed, it forms an orange vapour.
(a) Describe what happens to the arrangement and motion of the particles
when bromine changes state from a liquid to a vapour.
[3]
4) June2011 [22]Q(7_a)
7 Smelling salts are sometimes used to ‘wake up’ people who feel faint.
The main chemical in smelling salts is ammonium carbonate. Ammonium
carbonate breaks down slowly at room temperature to release ammonia gas.
ammonium carbonate > ammonia + carbon dioxide + water
(a) A few crystals of ammonium carbonate were put on a bench at the front of
a classroom.
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper..3 Topic 1
ammonium
carbonate C
B
A
The students in row A could smell the ammonia 10 seconds after the smelling
salts had been put on the bench. The students in row C could smell the
ammonia after 40 seconds.
(i) Suggest how long it took the students in row B to smell the ammonia.
[1]
(ii) Explain these results using ideas about moving particles.
[3]
5) Nov2011 [22] 0 (4_b)
(b) Petroleum is a thick liquid.
Describe the liquid state in terms of
• how close the particles are to each other,
• the arrangement of the particles,
• the movement of the particles.
[3]
3 1—States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 1
6) June 2012 t21]Q (Ic)

(C) A graph of temperature of stearic acid against time of heating is shown
below.
60-
temperature fC
0 2 4 8 10 12
time/minutes
(I) What was the temperature of the stearic acid after 3 minutes heating?
[1]
(ii) Use the information on the graph to determine the melting point of stearic
acid.
[1]
(d) Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in liquid stearic acid.
arrangement
motion [2]
7) JUfle 2012 t22 Q (7_a)..
7 A student placed some crystals of salt at the bottom of a beaker of distilled
water. She left the contents of the beaker to stand for one hour.
The diagram below shows her observations.
dislled water
-i.
salt crystals
at start after 15 minutes after 1 hour
4 1 — States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper3 Topic 1
After one hour, all the salt had disappeared but the solution at point X tasted
salty.
(a) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
[4]
8) Nov 2012 [21] Q (3_c, I)
(c) Sand and salt (sodium chloride) are both solids.
(i) Describe the arrangement and movement of the particles in a solid.
arrangement
movement [2]
9) Nov 2012 [21] Q (6_a)
6 A student placed a crystal of silver nitrate and a crystal of potassium iodide
in a dish of water.
After an hour she observed that
• the crystals had disappeared,
• a yellow precipitate had appeared near the middle of the dish.
dish
yellow
crystal of crystal of
silver nitrate potassium
at the start iodide after an hour
(a) Use your knowledge of the kinetic particle theory and reactions between
ions to explain these observations.
[4]

Cambridge Pre IGSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 1
10) Nov 2012 [22] Q (7_a).

7 The structures of iodine and potassium iodide are shown below.
iodine potassium iodide
(a) Iodine is a solid at room temperature. Its melting point is +114 °C.
(i) Describe what happens to the arrangement and movement of iodine
molecules when iodine is gradually heated from 20 °C to 120 °C.
[4]
11) June 2013 t21] Q (4_c) .
(c) Urea is a solid at room temperature. Complete the diagram below to show
the arrangement of the molecules in solid urea.
Show a molecule of urea as 0
[2]
12) June 2013 [21] Q (7_a, b)
7 (a) A student set up the apparatus shown below.
The concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off hydrogen chloride gas.
After 15 seconds, the damp blue litmus paper begins to turn red.
After 25 seconds, the litmus paper has turned completely red.

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 TopI 1
damp blue
.-Iitmus paper slightly red all red
long glass tube-
cotton wool soaked

in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
at the start after 15 seconds after 25 seconds
Use ideas about moving particles to explain these observations.
[4]
(b) Hydrogen chloride reacts with ammonia to form a salt which has the
formula NH
CI.
4
State the name of this salt.
[1]
13) June 2013 122] Q (5_c, I)
(c) Dichloroethane used to be added to petrol to prevent the build-up of lead
deposits in car engines.
The structure of dichloroethane is shown below.
H H
I
cl—c—c—cl
I
I
H
I
H
(I) Dichioroethane is a liquid.
Describe the arrangement and closeness of the particles in a liquid.
arrangement
closeness [2]

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topic 1
14) June 2013 1221Q (8_a)

8 A student placed a spoonful of sugar in the bottom of a glass of cold tea and
left it undisturbed for several minutes.
After 2 minutes, she used a straw to taste some of the tea from the top of the
glass. It did not taste sweet.
After 10 minutes, the sugar had disappeared and the solution at the top of the
glass tasted sweet.
ld tea
sugar
at The start after 2 minutes after 10 minutes
[4]
.15)..une2Ol3[23]Q(3_a) .
.
..
3 Aluminium and gallium are in Group Ill of the Periodic Table.

(a) The heat from your hand is sufficient to melt gallium.
Describe the change in state from solid to liquid in terms of the kinetic particle
theory.
In your answer include
• the difference in arrangement and closeness of the particles in a solid
and a liquid,
• the difference in the motion of the particles in a solid and a liquid.
[5]
S 11—States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic .2
16) Nov 2013 [21] Q (6_a)

6 The diagram shows a kettle of boiling water.
-——water droplets
__—water vapour
As the water vapour cools it turns back to water droplets.

(a) Describe this change of state in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
In your answer, include
• the difference in the closeness of the water molecules as the water vapour
changes to water,
• the difference in the motion of the water molecules as the water vapour
changes to water.
[4]
9 1 —States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

17) Nov 2013 [22] Q (6_a)

6 (a) Garlic is a vegetable that is often used in cooking. It has a strong smell.
A student is cutting up garlic in the kitchen.
After a time, the smell of the garlic travels all over the house even though
there are no currents of air.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the smell of garlic travels all over
the house.
[3]
18) Nov 2013 [23] Q (7_a, b)
7 The graph below shows how the temperature rises with time when a solid,
P, is heated steadily and changes to a liquid and then to a gas.
200
180-
160-
140-
120-
• 100-
180-
60—
40-
20-
0-
0 20 40 60
time/seconds
1.0 1 — States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(a) Use the information on the graph to deduce

the melting point of P
the state of Pat 160°C [2]
(b) Explain what happens to the arrangement and motion of the particles
when a solid changes to a liquid.
arrangement
motion [2]
(c) A student placed a purple crystal in a flask of organic solvent.
After 10 minutes, the crystal had completely disappeared and a dense purple
colour was observed at the bottom of the flask.
After 2 hours, the purple colour had spread throughout the solvent.
organic
solvent
crystal after 10 minutes after 2 hours

at start
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.
[3]
19) June 2014 [21] Q (4_a)
4 The diagram shows the changes of state when tin vapour is cooled slowly to
room temperature.
tin condensation liquid solidification solid

vapour tin (freezing) tin
(a) Explain what happens to the arrangement and motion of the atoms during
these changes.
[4]
EateofmateT Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

Cambridge Pre 1GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper3 Topic 1
20) Nov 2014 [21] Q (8_a)
jz jj
8 (a) A student placed a crystal of iodine in a test tube of solvent.
After two minutes, a dense violet colour was observed at the bottom of the
test-tube. After three hours, the violet colour had spread throughout the
solvent.
solvent
at the after after

start 2 minutes 3 hours
In your answer, refer to:
• the arrangement and motion of the molecules in the iodine crystal,
• the arrangement and motion of the molecules in the solution,
• the names of the processes which are occurring.
[4]
21) Nov 2014 [22] Q (7_a)
7 Gallium and aluminium are in Group Ill of the Periodic Table.
(a) The melting point of gallium is 30 °C.
Use the kinetic particle theory to explain what happens when a spoon made of
gallium is put into a cup of tea at 40 °C.
• the change of state which occurs,
• the change in the arrangement of the particles,
• the change in the motion of the particles.
Cambridge Pre 1GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 1
[4]
22) Nov 2014 J23] Q (2_a)
2 (a) Use ideas about the movement and arrangement of particles to explain
why:
• solids have a definite volume and shape,
• liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape,
• gases have no definite volume or shape.
[4]
23) June 2015 t21] 0 (7_a)
7 (a) A student took two identical syringes.
He filled one with water and the other with helium gas and sealed the end of
both syringes.
He then pushed the syringe plungers with equal force.
The diagram shows what happened.
syringe
plunger
syringe
water—. he1ium—.
Describe and explain these results using ideas about particles in liquids and
gases.
Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

[4]
24) June 2015 [22] Q (3_d)
(d) The diagram shows the arrangement of carbon dioxide molecules at —25
°C and 100 atmospheres pressure.
represents a
(JJ molecule of
carbon dioxide
What is the state of carbon dioxide under these conditions?

Use the kinetic particle theory and the information in the diagram to explain
your answer.
[3]
25)June2Ol5f22jQ(7_a)
7 A teacher placed a few drops of liquid bromine in the bottom of a test-tube
containing a solvent.
After 10 minutes, the brown colour of the bromine had spread a little way
through the solvent.
After 2 hours, the brown colour had spread throughout the solvent.
solvent
liquid
bromine
at the after after

start 10 minutes 2 hours
[3]
iT
26) June 2015 [23] Q (3_a., iii)

(iii) The diagram below shows the arrangement of sulfur trioxide molecules at
30 °C.
key
3 mo1ecues
so
What is the state of sulfur trioxide at 30 °C?

Use the information in the diagram to explain your answer.
[3]
27) June 2015 [23] 0 (7_ab
7 Many flowers produce volatile oils. These oils are responsible for the sweet
scent (perfume) of many flowers.
(a) What does the term volatile mean?
[1]
(b) A teacher placed some highly-scented flowers at the front of the class.
At first, the students at the back of the class could not smell the scent. After
two minutes they could smell the scent.
[3]
28) Nov 2015 [21] Q (5_a)
5 A student left a cube of ice on a plate in a warm room. The diagrams below
show what happened to the ice.
at the start after 10 minutes after 30 minutes

(a) Describe and explain what happened to the ice. In your answer,
• describe and explain the change of state which occurs,
• explain this change using the kinetic particle theory.
[5]
29) Nov 2015 [22] Q (5_a)
5 A crystal of sulfur melts when heated.
(a) Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, the differences between the
arrangement and motion of the particles in sulfur crystals and liquid sulfur.
[4]
30) Nov 2015 [23] Q (5_a)
5 (a) Mercury is a liquid at room temperature. When heated, it changes to
mercury vapour.
Explain, using the kinetic particle theory, the differences in the arrangement
and motion of the particles in liquid mercury and mercury vapour.
[4]
31) June 2q16 f31] Q (2_c)

(c) The diagram shows the changes of state when zinc vapour is cooled
slowly to room temperature.
[_1 condensaon[jfreezng solid

fJ [J (solidification) ZtflC
Explain what happens during these changes in terms of

• the distance between the particles,
• the type of motion shown by the particles.
[4]
32) June 2Ô1 6 t32 Q (8_ce d)
(c) A student heated a piece of solder carefully.
The diagram shows what happens to the solder.
at the start after 2 minutes
Use the kinetic particle theory to describe and explain what happens to the
solder as it changes state.
[4]
(d) When heated above 1744 °C, lead forms a vapour.
Describe a genera’ property of a vapour (gas) which is not shown by a solid.
[1]

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic I
33) June2016 [33] Q (8_a, b)

8 The graph shows how increasing the pressure at constant temperature
changes the volume of a fixed mass of carbon dioxide gas.
volume
pressure
(a) Describe how the volume of gas changes with pressure.
[2]
(b) What happens to the average distance of the molecules from each other
when the pressure is decreased?
[1]
34) Nov 2016 [31] Q (2_c)
(c) River water contains small particles of clay. When these particles are
viewed under a microscope they show a random, jumpy motion even when
the water is still.
What name is given to this type of movement?
[1]
35) Nov 2016 [31] Q (4_a)
4 A porous pot has tiny holes in its walls which allow gases to move in or out
of the pot.
A teacher filled a porous pot with green chlorine gas. The teacher then placed
the pot in a large jar of air. After 10 minutes, a green colour was seen outside
the porous pot.
at the start after 10 minutes
18 l—Statesofmatter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(a) Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain this observation.
[3]
36)Nov2O16[31](7_a,b)
7 The diagram shows the changes of state when sulfur is heated.
solid A liquid B sulfur

sulfur sulfur vapour
(a) Give the names of the changes of state labelled A and B.

A
B
[2]
(b) Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in sulfur vapour.
arrangement
motion
[2]
37) Nov 2016 [32] Q (2_c)
(C) River water contains small particles of clay.
These particles show Brownian motion.
Which one of these statements best describes Brownian motion?
Tick one box.
the diffusion of gases
the random movement of particles in a suspension
the downward movement of particles in a suspension
[1]
38) Nov 2016 [32] Q (4_a, b)
4 Methyl orange and methyl red are both dyes which can be used as
indicators.
(a) The actual value for the melting point of methyl red is 180 °C.
A chemist prepares a sample of methyl red and finds that it melts over the
range 173°C to 177 °C.
ThtatsoftteTostafaBarakO1QQ1654462
Suggest why the melting point of this sample was different from the actual
value.
[1]
(b) A concentrated solution of methyl orange was placed at the bottom of a
beaker containing an organic solvent.
After 5 hours, the orange colour had spread throughout the solvent.
at the start after 5 hours
Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain this observation.
[3]
39) Nov 2016 [32] Q (7_b, c) . ..
7 The graph shows how the temperature of sodium changes when it is heated
at a constant rate in an atmosphere of argon.
D E.
temperature
time
(b) Which part of the graph above represents the boiling point of sodium?
Tick one box.
A-8D
B-CD
C-DD
0-ED
[1]
(c) (I) Describe two differences in the general properties of a liquid and a gas.
[2]
(ii) Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in a liquid.
arrangement
motion
[2]
40) Nov 2016 [33] Q (2_c, ill)
(c) The sample of river water also contains insoluble materials such as clay
and the remains of dead animals and plants.
(iii) Particles of clay suspended in river water show Brownian motion.
Describe the movement of these particles.
[1]
41) Nov 2016 [33] Q (4_a)
4 Jelly is a mixture of water and protein chains.
water
protein chains
(a) A crystal of blue dye was placed on top of some jelly.

After 30 minutes some of the blue colour could be seen in the jelly.
After 1 day the blue colour had spread out further into the jelly.
crystal of
blue dye
at the start after 30 minutes after 1 day
Use the kinetic particle model of matter to explain these observations.
[3]
21 I1—Statesofmatter Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

42) Nov 2016 [33] Q (7_a,b),,,

7 The diagram shows the changes of state when phosphorus is cooled slowly
to room temperature.
phosphorus A liquid B solid

vapour phosphorus phosphorus
(a) Give the names of the changes of state labelled A and B.

A
B
[2]
(b) Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in solid phosphorus.
arrangement
motion
[2]
43) June 2017 [31] Q (3_b)
(b) A closed gas syringe contains substance X.
x
iygil liii iii
end blocked
gas syringe
Describe what happens to the volume of substance X in the syringe when the
pressure is increased. The temperature remains constant. Explain your
answer in terms of particles.
[2]
44) June 2017 [32] Q (3_b)
(b) A closed gas syringe contains substance Z.
liii lyI
1111111
end blocked
gas syringe
Describe what happens to the volume of substance Z in the syringe when the
temperature is increased. The pressure remains constant. Explain your
answer in terms of particles.
[2]
.45) June 2017 33] Q (3_b) .
. .:
(b) A closed gas syringe contains substance R. The syringe is heated in a
water bath.
gas syringe
water
R
end
.4k
heat
Describe what happens to the volume of substance R in the syringe. The
pressure remains constant. Explain your answer in terms of particles.
[2]
23 1—States of rnctter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

24 2— Methods of Separation Mostafa Bczrakat (01001654462)

1) June 2010 Q (5_c, i)

(c) Ammonium sulfate is a salt which is soluble in water.
(i) What do you understand by the term soluble?
[1]
2) Nov2010 Q(4_d)
(d) The apparatus shown is used to get pure water from impure mineral water.
mineral
water
heat
(i) Complete the diagram by putting the correct labels in the three boxes. [3]
(ii) Describe how this apparatus separates pure water from dissolved ionic
solids.
[2]
(iii) Water purity is important in everyday life.
Describe one other area of everyday life where purity of substances is
important.
[1]
3) Nov 2011 [21] Q (1_a, b)
I Chromatography can be used to test for the purity of substances.
(a) (i) Describe one area in everyday life where purity of substances is
important.
[1]
(ii) Mineral water contains dissolved salts such as magnesium chloride.
Which one of the following statements about mineral water is correct?
Tick one box.
25 . 2— Methods of Separation Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Mineral water boils at slightly above 100°C.
Mineral water is pure water.

H
Mineral water boils at exactly 100°C.
H
Another name for mineral water is tizzy water.
[1]
(b) The diagram shows the apparatus used to separate different dyes in food
colourings.
— spot of food colouring

placed here
Label the diagram in the boxes provided using the words below.
chromatography paper origin line solvent solvent front [2]
(c) The diagram below shows the chromatography of four different food
colourings, A, B, C and D.
U
0
L)
0 03
3
3
U
3
• • • .
ABCD AB CD
at the start of the experiment the final chrornatogram
(i) Which food colouring, A, B, C or D, contains only one dye

2 [1]
(ii) Which three food colourings have one dye in common
7 [1]
(iii) Which food colouring contains the greatest number of dyes
2 [1]
26 2— Methods of Separation Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

—--
4) Nov2011 [22] Q (1_a)

I The diagram shows five different pieces of laboratory glassware, A, B, C, D
and E.
A B C
FL
(a) Choose from A, B, C, D or E to answer the following questions.
Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Which piece of glassware is best used to
(I) measure out a volume of liquid accurately,
(ii) place a spot of liquid on chromatography paper,
(iii) condense a liquid with a low boiling point,
(iv) shake two solutions together to mix them,
(v) deliver a variable volume of solution when performing a titration?
[5]

5) June20 1.2 [21] Q (1_a, bi, e)

I Stearic acid is a solid at room temperature.
The diagram below shows the apparatus used for finding the melting point of
stearic acid.
The apparatus was heated at a steady rate and the temperature recorded
every minute.
stirrer
water
stearic acid
t
heat
(a) State the name of the piece of apparatus labelled
A
B [2]
(b) (I) Suggest why the water needs to be kept stirred during this experiment.
[1]
(e) A sample of stearic acid contained 1 % of another compound with a higher
relative molecular mass.
(i) Which one of the following statements about this sample of stearic acid is
correct?
Tick one box.
Its density is exactly the same as that of pure stearic acid.
Its boiling point is the same as that of pure stearic acid
Its melting point is different from pure stearic acid.
Its melting point is the same as that of pure stearic acid
[1]
cambridge Pre lGSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 2
(ii) Describe one area of everyday life where the purity of substances is
important.
[1]
6) June 2012 [22] Q (1_b ii)
(ii) Chlorine is
• denser than air
• soluble in water.
Which one of the following diagrams, A, B or C, best describes how chlorine
gas is collected?
A B C
water
Answer [1]
(c) Sand and salt (sodium chloride) are both solids.

(ii) Describe how you could separate the sand from a mixture of sand and
salt.
Give full details of how this is carried out.
[3]
29 2— Methods of Separation Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

(d) The diagram below shows the apparatus used to separate ethanol and
water from a mixture of ethanol and water.
water out
fractionating
column
water in
ethanol
arid water
t
he at
Complete the following sentences about this separation using words from the
list below.
Condenser crystallisation distillation flask heavy

higher lower solid volatile vapour
Fractional is used to separate a mixture of water and ethanol. The
temperature at the top of the fractionating column is than the
temperature at the bottom. The more liquid evaporates and moves
further up the column. It eventually reaches the where the
changes to a liquid. [5]
8) Nov 2O2 [23] Q (3_a, b)
3 A student used the apparatus shown below to separate a mixture of
coloured dyes. The solvent is not shown.
_-beaker
filter paper —
——mixture of dyes

(a) On the diagram above, draw and label the position of the solvent at the
start of the experiment. [1]
(b) The student let the solvent move up the filter paper to separate the dyes.
(i) State the name of this method of separation.
[1]
(ii) The student found that four different dyes had been separated by this
method.
On the diagram below draw
• the position of four separated dyes (show as spots)
• the solvent front (show as a line).
original position
of dye mixture
[3]
9) June 2013 211 Q (6_a>
6 (a) Propanol is a solvent.
Sugar is soluble in propanoL Salt (sodium chloride) is insoluble in propanol.
A student wants to separate a mixture of solid salt and solid sugar.
(i) Describe how she could separate the salt from the sugar.
You may draw a labelled diagram to help you answer this question.
[3]
(ii) Describe how the student could obtain solid sodium chloride from a
solution of sodium chloride in water.
[1]
1O)Jjne2c13f22]Q(3_a)
3 The concentration of alkali in a solution can be determined from the results
of a titration.
The apparatus used is shown below.
A B C D
K
(a) State the name of each of these pieces of apparatus.
A
B
C
D [4]
11) JuneQ13[23]Q(6_a, b) .
6 Inks are mixtures of different dyes.

(a) A student used paper chromatography to separate the dyes in a particular
ink.
Describe how paper chromatography is carried out. You may draw a diagram
to help explain your answer.
In your description include
• the apparatus you would use,
• how chromatography is carried out.
[41
(b) The chromatogram below shows the results of a chromatography
experiment.
X, Y and Z are pure dyes containing only one compound.
The dyes present in four different inks, D, E, F and G are also shown.
32 2— Methods of Separation Mostafa Barakat (0100 16544 62)

Cambridge Pre JGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 2
• • a
• a
• S
a
a I S
S I S
I I I S
I
a
X Y Z D E F G
(i) Which ink, D, E, F or G, contains all the dyes X, Y and Z?

[1]
(ii) Which ink, D, E, F or G, does not contain any of the dyes X, V and Z?
[1]
(iii) Which ink contains the greatest number of different dyes?
[1]
12) Nov 2013 t211 Q(5_a, b, c)
5 Many plants contain coloured pigments.
A student crushes some plant leaves in alcohol to extract the pigments.
She then separates the pigments using the apparatus shown below.
(a) Write the correct labels in the boxes in the diagram above. [2]
(b) Draw an X on the diagram above to show where a drop of the pigment
solution is placed at the start of the experiment. [1]
(c) After leaving the apparatus for half an hour, the pigments separated from
each other.
State the name given to this method of separating pigments.
[1]
___
13) Nov 2013 t22] Q (3_a, b, C) ...

...:....
3 The diagram below shows the apparatus which can be used to obtain pure
water from sea-water.
-sea-water
t
heat
pure water
(a) State the name of this process.

[1]
(b) Label the boxes on the diagram above with the correct names of the
pieces of apparatus shown. [3]
(c) Complete the following sentences using words from the list below.
boils condenses cools freezes
higher lower melts
Water has a boiling point than salt. When a solution of salt

is heated strongly, the water and escapes as steam. When
the steam cools, it back to liquid water. [31
.14) Nov2013 [23] Q (8_a,b) ...
8 (a) State two differences between a mixture and a compound.
[2]
(b) Plant ash is a mixture of large insoluble particles and salts which are
soluble in water.
In parts of Africa, salts are traditionally obtained from plant ash.
Water is added to the plant ash.
The apparatus shown below is then used to remove the insoluble particles.

plant ash
and water strips of banana leaf
with holes in them
clay bowl
holes in
day bowl
clay pot
Explain how this apparatus separates the salts from the insoluble particles.
[2]
15) June 2014 [21] Q (7_a, b, C, d)
7 A student used chromatography to separate the dyes in the blue ink from a
ball-point pen.
She used the equipment shown in the diagrams below.
chromatography paper sotvent large watchgass chromatography tank
(a) Complete the diagram below to show how she set up the apparatus.
[3]
(b) Describe how chromatography could be used by the student to separate

the dyes.
[3]
(c) The student used water as a solvent. Suggest a different solvent that she
could use.
[1]
(d) The diagram below shows the results of the chromatography using the
blue ink, B, and several pure dyes, W, X, Y and Z.
BWXYZ
(i) Which of the dyes, W, X, Y and Z, were in the blue ink?

[1]
(ii) How many dyes in the ink had been separated by this chromatography?
[1]
16) June 2014 [22] Q (7_c, iii)
(iii) When ethanol is prepared by fermentation, the fermentation mixture
produced contains ethanol and water.
The boiling point of ethanol is 78 00.
Describe how fractional distillation can be used to separate ethanol from

water.
• the apparatus used,
• changes in state,
• differences in boiling points.
654462)
You may use a diagram.
[5]
17) June 2014 [23] Q (4_a) . ....
4 Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of coloured dyes.

(a) Three different dye mixtures, A, B and C, were spotted onto a piece of
chromatography paper.
Two pure dyes, X and Y, were also spotted onto the same piece of paper.
The diagram below shows the results of the chromatography.
- solvent front
‘p
‘p
‘p
I
_ base line
ABC X Y
(i) State the name of a piece of apparatus that could be used to spot the dyes
onto the paper.
[1]
(ii) Suggest why the base line was drawn in pencil and not in ink.
[1]
(iii) Which dye mixture contains both dye X and dye Y?
[1]
(iv) Which dye mixture does not contain dye X or dye Y?
[1]
(v) In which mixture, A, B or C, has the greatest number of dyes been
separated?
[1]
1) Nov 2014 [21] Q (3_ce d)
(c) Rose petals contain a variety of different coloured pigments.
A student wants to identify these pigments.
(I) She grinds up rose petals with a solvent.
Explain why.
[2]
(ii) She then filters the solution through some glass wool.
Suggest why she does not use filter paper.
[1]
(d) The student uses the apparatus shown below to identify the different
pigments in the mixture.
g’ass cover
_fiIter paper
—— pure solvent
(i) State the name of this method of separating the pigments.

[1]

(ii) On the diagram above, draw a spot, ., to show where the mixture of
pigments is placed at the start of the experiment. [1]
(iii) What is the purpose of the glass cover?
[1]
(iv) The student also puts four spots of pure pigments, A, B, C and D, onto
the filter paper.
The diagram below shows the results of her experiment.
I I I
t t 1’I
pigments ABC D
from
rose petal
Which of the pigments, A, B, C and D, are present in the rose petals?
[1]
19) Nov 2014 [23] Q (3a, b)
3 Rhubarb is a plant which has a red stem.
(a) A student separated the pigments in the rhubarb stem by chromatography.
He used the apparatus shown below to extract the pigments.
pieces of rhubarb
(i) State the name of the piece of apparatus labelled A.

[1]
39 j 2— Methods of Separation Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

(ii) Suggest a suitable solvent, other than water, that he could use to extract
the pigments.
[1]
(iii) The solution of pigments was not concentrated enough to use for
chromatography.
Suggest how the student could make the solution more concentrated.
[1]
(b) The student carried out chromatography using the apparatus shown
below.
chromatography paper
kdfor
chromatography jar
-
z
4, - chromatography jar
soLvent
(1) A spot of the pigment mixture was placed at Y.

Explain why a spot of the mixture was not placed at Z.
[1]
(ii) Describe how the rest of the procedure was carried out.
[2]
20) Nov 2014 t23] Q 4_a)
4 A mixture of soil and water was shaken and then filtered.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use for separating the
insoluble particles of soil from the solution.
[2]
21) June 2015 f21] Q (1_d)

(d) Ethanol can also be made by fermentation.
The fermentation mixture contains solids as well as an aqueous solution of
ethanol.
Suggest how the ethanol can be purified from this fermentation mixture.
[3]
22, June 2015 [21] Q (5_d)
(d) Glycolic acid is found in unripe grapes.
Grape skins contain a number of different coloured pigments.
Describe how you could obtain a solution of these pigments from grape skins.
[3]
23) June2015 [22]Q(5_e)
(e) Balsam flowers contain a mixture of pigments.
(I) Describe how you could obtain a solution of this mixture of pigments from
balsam flowers.
[3]
(ii) A student uses chromatography to separate the pigments in balsam
flowers. He puts the pigment mixture on a sheet of chromatography paper as
well as 5 spots of pure pigments A, B, C, D and E.
The diagram below shows the results after chromatography.
•
S
S
• S
pigments A B C D E
from balsam
flowers
Which of the pigments A, B, C, D and E are present in balsam flowers?

[1]
62)
24 June2015 [23] Q(3_c)

(c) Copper(ll) oxide is a solid.
An aqueous solution of copper(ll) sulfate can be made by heating excess
copper(ll) oxide with dilute sulfuric acid.
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you would use to separate the
excess copper(ll) oxide from the solution.
[2]
25) June2015 t23] Q <5_b) .
. . . .
(b) Linalool can be extracted from coriander seeds.

The following statements are about the procedure for extracting linalool from
coriander seeds.
A Distil the solution.
B Add a solvent to the ground up seeds.
C Grind the coriander seeds.
D Filter off the solid from the solution.
E Stir the mixture, then it leave for 24 hours.
(i) Put the statements A, B, C, 0 and E in the correct order.
The first one has been done for you.
[2]
(ii) On what physical property does distillation depend?
[1]
42 IT Methods of Sparatio TTv ostafa Barakat (0100165 44 62)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic2
26) Nov 2015 [2210 (6_b)

(b) Geraniol can be extracted from rose petals by steam distillation using the
apparatus shown below. The geraniol is carried off in small droplets with the
steam.
t
heat
(I) Give the name of the piece of apparatus labelled A.

[1]
(ii) The vapour at point X is a mixture of geraniol and steam.
Give one property of a mixture which distinguishes it from a compound.
[1]
(iii) The geraniol and water are collected in the beaker.
What information in the diagram above shows that geraniol is less dense than
water?
[1]
27) June2016 [31]Q(3_d)
Three dye mixtures, J, K and L, were spotted onto a piece of chromatography
paper. Three pure dyes, X, Y and Z, were also spotted onto the same piece of
paper.
(d) The diagram shows the results of this chromatography.
• C C
I
• I
I
a
• I C
• C I
JKLXYZ
43 J 2— Methods of Separation Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(i) Suggest why the base line was drawn in pencil and not in ink.
[1]
(ii) Which dye mixture, J, K or L, contains a dye which did not move during
this chromatography?
[1]
(iii) Which dye mixture, J, K or L, contains both dye X and dye Y?
[1]
(iv) Which dye mixture, J, K or L, does not contain dye Z?
[1]
28) June2016 [32]Q(5_d)
(d) Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of dyes.
(i) Draw a cross on the diagram to show where the mixture of dyes is placed
at the start of the chromatography.
_solvent
[1]
(ii) Suggest a suitable solvent that could be used.
[1]
(iii) Describe what you would observe as the experiment proceeds.
[1]
29) June2O16 t32] Q (3_e)
(e) Methyl orange and Congo red are dyes. A mixture of methyl orange and
Congo red can be separated by chromatography.
Draw a labelled diagram to show how the apparatus is arranged to carry out
chromatography.
[3]
44JoTeparationMostafa Baral-at (0100165 44 62)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Papc’r_3 Topic 2
30) June2017 [32] Q (7_e)

(e) Sulfur and zinc are both insoluble in water.
Sulfur does not react with hydrochloric acid but zinc reacts to form a soluble
salt and a gas which escapes into the air.
Suggest how you could prepare a pure dry sample of sulfur from a mixture of
sulfur powder and zinc powder.
[3]
31)June 2017 f33] Q (7_e)
(e) Starting with an aqueous solution of copper(ll) sulfate, describe how you
could obtain a pure dry sample of copper(ll) sulfate crystals.
[2]
45[-MethadsfSeparafosfaarakTO1OO16)
caflwoUIJthF and’ 8dniig
46 3— Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

June2OlOQ(4_a, b)
1
1)
4 The table shows the mass of various compounds obtained when 500 cm
3 of
seawater is evaporated.
compound ions present mass of compound I g

sodium chloride Na and Ct 14.0
magnesium chloride Mg and Ct 3.0
magnesium sulfate Mg and SO
—
2
4 2.0
calcium sulfate 2 and SO-
Ca 0.5
pot&issium chloride K- and Cl-
potassium bromide
05
calcium carbonate Ca and CO
sodium iodide Na and 1
total mass = 20.0
(a) Which negative ion is present in seawater in the highest concentration?

[1]
(b) Write the symbols for the two ions present in potassium bromide.
and [1]
2) June 20100(6_c)
(c) Zinc is extracted from an ore containing zinc sulfide.
Part of a zinc sulfide structure is shown below.
Suggest the simplest formula for zinc sulfide.

[1]
3) Nov2OlOQ(3_ab)
3 Helium and argon are noble gases.
(a) State one use of helium.
[1]
47 j 3 —Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Thpic 3
(b) The atomic structures of helium and argon are shown below.
helium argon
(i) State the name of the central part of the atom, labelled X.
[1]
(ii) Which statement about helium and argon is correct?
Tick one box.
Argon has an incomplete inner shell of electrons.
An atom of argon has 16 electrons.
Helium has a complete outer shell of electrons.
Helium has an incomplete outer shell of electrons.
[1]
(iii) How many protons are there in an atom of argon?
[1]
(iv) The symbol for a particular isotope of helium is written as He.
Write a similar symbol for the isotope of argon which has 16 neutrons.
[1]
4) June 2011 Q(2_a, b, c)
2 Vanadium has two isotopes.
T7
50
23k’ 23
(a) Define the term isotope.
[1]
(b) An atom contains protons, electrons and neutrons.
Complete the table to show the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in
these two isotopes of vanadium.
48 3 —Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

number of number of number of

sotope
.
protons electrons neutrons
V 23 23
V 28
[3]
(c) Complete these sentences using words from the list.
cancer extra industry influenza medicine non
Two types of isotopes are radioactive and radioactive.
Radioactive isotopes are used in for treating patients
with
[3]
5) June2OllQ(5_e,i,ii)
(e) When concentrated hydrochloric acid is electrolysed, chlorine is released
at the positive electrode.
(i) Draw the arrangement of the electrons in an atom of chlorine.
[1]
(ii) Draw the electronic structure of a chlorine molecule.
Show only the outer electron shells.
[2]
Barakat (0100165 44 62)

Cambridge Pre 1GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topic 3
•6) Nov 2011 [2 1] Q (3_ a b, c, d i) . .
3 The diagram shows some of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
Si P S C7Ar
(a) From the diagram, choose

(i) one element which forms a basic oxide.
[1]
(ii) two elements which form acidic oxides.
and [2]
(b) Describe how metallic character of the elements changes across a period.
[1]
(c) What determines the order of the elements in the Periodic Table?
[1]
(d) The missing element in the table is aluminium.
(i) Describe the structure of an aluminium atom.
In your description write about
. the number and types of particles in the nucleus
. the electrons.
[4]
7) Nov 2011 [22 Q (6_b, c, d, 1)
6 When coal is heated in the absence of air, coke is formed together with a
gas called coal gas and a liquid which contains ammonia.
(b) Two other forms of carbon are diamond and graphite.
(I) Use your knowledge of the structure of diamond and graphite to explain
why graphite is a good lubricant.
[1]
why diamond is very hard.
[1]
(ii) Give one use of diamond that depends on its hardness.

[1]
(d) Coal gas contains methane.
Complete the diagram to show how the electrons are arranged in a molecule
of methane.
[1]
8) Nov 2011 [22] Q (7_d)
(d) The diagram shows the structure of zinc iodide.
(i) What is the simplest formula for zinc iodide?

[1]
(ii) The list below shows four different types of structure.
What type of structure is zinc iodide?
Put a ring around the correct answer.
giant covalent
giant ionic
metallic
molecular
[1]
51 3— Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (0100 16544 62)

Cambridge Pre lGSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topic 3
.9) June2012 21] Q(2_a, d) .. ..... ...
2 The diagram below shows the structure of some substances, A, B, C, D and E.

A B C
H H
H H
S
S\ I
H—C—C—S—H
I
I
H H
I
D E
oSo
(a) (I) Which one of these substances, A, B, C, D or E, is an element?

[1]
(ii) What do you understand by the term element?
[1]
(d) Which substance, A, B, C, D or E, conducts electricity when it is molten?
Explain your answer.
[2]
10) Nov 2012 [21] Q (2a)
2 Hydrogen chloride, HO!, is an acidic gas.
(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram of a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
Show only the outer electrons.
[2]
52 3— Atomes, elements and bondinçj Mostcifri Barakat (010016544 62)

11) Nov 2012 [21] Q (4_a, b)

4 Lithium has two naturally-occurring isotopes, Li and Li
(a) What do you understand by the term isotope?
[1]
(b) Draw a labelled diagram to show the atomic structure of an atom of Li

Show the particles in the nucleus as well as the electrons.
[5]
12) Nov 2012 [22] Q (1)
I The diagram shows the structures of five elements, A, B, C, D and E.
A B C 0 E
:
Cu Cu Cu Cu
0
(a) Answer these questions using the letters A, B, C, D or E.
Each element can be used once, more than once or not at all.
Which one of these elements
(I) is in GroupVof the Periodic Table [1]
(ii) is used to fill weather balloons [1]
(iii) is a diatomic gas at room temperature [1]
(iv) conducts electricity [1]
(v) is a transition element’? [1]
(b) Which two of the elements A, B, C, D or E are simple molecules?
and [2]
Atomes, elements and bonding ( Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(c) Which two of the words or phrases in the list below describe the structure
of element B?
covalent giant ionic

metallic simple atomic simple molecular
and [2]
(d) What do you understand by the term element?
[1]
13) June 2013 [21] Q (1)
I The electronic structures of five atoms of different elements, A, B, C, D and
E, are shown below.
A B C
Answer the following questions about these structures. Each structure may be
used once, more than once or not at all.
(I) is in Period 4 of tha Periodic Table,
(ii) is a noble gas,
(Hi) is in Group H of the Periodic Table,
(iv) has five electrons in its outer shelL
(v) has a proton (atomic) number of 7,
(vi) represents a fluorine atom?
[6]
(b) Complete the following sentences about elements using words from the
list below.
alkali atom covalent ion

monatomic three transition two
An element is a substance containing only one type of
The Group VII elements exist as molecules containing atoms.
54 3— Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)
Carbon has a giant structure with many strong bonds.

Elements such as iron and copper, which form coloured compounds, are
called elements.
[41
14) June 2013 [21] Q(5_a)
5 The table shows some properties of four substances, A, B, C and D
does a solution of
does the solid
substance melting point/°C the solid conduct
conduct electricity?
electricity?
A 962 yes does not dissolve

B 747 no dissolves and conducts
C 113 no does not dissolve
D 3550 no does not dissolve
(a) Which one of these substances has
(I) a giant covalent structure,
(ii) a simple molecular structure,

F
(iii) a metallic structure?
[3]
15) June 2013 f21] Q (6_b)
(b) The diagram shows the structure of sodium chloride.
(i) Deduce the simplest formula for sodium chloride.

[1]

(ii) What type of bonding is present in sodium chloride?

Covalent ionic metallic weak
[1]
16) June 2013 f22] Q (1_a, i, ii, v, b)
I The structures of five substances, A, B, C, D and E, are shown below.
A B C
H H N
I I
H—C—C—O—H
HfH
H
H H
D E
cl—Cl
(a) Answer the following questions about these substances. Each substance
may ‘be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Which two substances are elements
9 and
(ii) Which substance has a giant covalent structure
9
(v) Which substance is used as a lubricant
9 [6]
(b) Complete the following sentences about compounds using words from the
list below.
atom combined copper covalent
ionic metals molecules separated
A compound is a substance containing two or more types of
chemically
Compounds such as water and sulfur dioxide exist as simple
Others, such as sodium chloride, are giant structures. [4]

Cambridge Pre IGCSE ChemLtry Classified Paper_3 Topic 3
17) June 2013 [221 Q (6_c)

(c) A magnesium atom has 12 electrons.
(i) Complete the diagram below to show the electronic structure of an atom of
magnesium.
/ — \
/ N
E4g) I
\\ .-:_i I
[2]
(ii) An isotope of magnesium has a nucleon number (mass number) of 26.
Deduce the number of neutrons in one atom of this isotope of magnesium.
[1]
18) June 2013 [23] Q (1)
I The structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown below.
A B C
eIec1ron
proton
D E
neutron
(a) Answer the following questions about these structures. Each structure can
be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Which two structures are hydrogen atoms’? and
(ii) Which structure represents an atom of a metal’?
(iii) Which structure has a proton (atomic) number of 3’?
(iv) Which structure has two neutrons in its nucleus’? [5]

(b) The structure of carbon-12 can be written C

Write the structure of atom D in a similar way.
[1]
(C) Complete the following sentences about isotopes using words from the list
below.
atoms energy iron molecules
neutrons protons radioactive stable
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of
and different numbers of Some isotopes such as uranium-235
are Uranium-235 can be used as a source of
[4]
19) June 2013 t23] Q (2e)
(e) A chlorine atom has 17 electrons.
Complete the following structure to show how the electrons are arranged.
[2]
20) June 2013 f23]Q(4_c)
(c) (i) Complete the diagram below to show the electron arrangement in a
water molecule.
(ii) Is the bonding in water covalent or ionic?

Give a reason for your answer.
[1]

21) Nov 2013 [21] q (1_b, c)

(b) What is the meaning of the term element?
[1]
(c) Many of the elements in the Periodic Table have metallic properties.
Describe three physical properties which are typical of most metals.
I
2
3 [3]
22) Nov 2013 [21] 0(2_a)
2 Hydrogen chloride is an acidic gas.
(a) (i) Complete the dot and cross diagram to show the electronic structure of
hydrogen chloride.
[2]
(ii) Is hydrogen chloride a covalent or an ionic compound?
[I]
23) Nov 2013 [21] Q (4_a)
4 The structures of diamond and graphite are shown below.
e carbon atom
diamond graphite
59 3— Atomes, elements and bonding [ Mostc,fa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry C!assified Paper_3 Topic 3
(a) Describe the similarities and differences between these structures.
[4]
24) Nov 2013 [22] Q (1_b)
(b) VVhat is the meaning of the term compound?
[1]
25) Nov 2013 [22] Q (2c, d)
(C) When magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid, magnesium atoms lose
electrons.
What type of magnesium particle is formed?
Covalent ion molecule proton
[1]
(d) Complete the diagram to show the electronic structure of a sodium atom.
[2]
26) Nov 2013 [22] Q (6_c)
(C) An isotope of sulfur has a nucleon number of 34 and an atomic number of 16.
(i) How many neutrons are there in one atom of this isotope of sulfur?
[1]
(ii) What is meant by the terms
isotope
[1]
nucleon number
9 [1]
60 3 —Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

27) Nov 2013 [23] Q (2_a)

2 Helium is in Group 0 of the Periodic Table.
(a) Describe the structure of a helium atom. Use your Periodic Table to help
you.
• the type and number of subatomic particles present,
• the position of these particles in the atom,
• the relative charges on the particles.
[5]
28) Nov 2013 [23] Q (3_a).
3 This question is about calcium and some calcium compounds.
(a) Calcium is in Group II of the Periodic Table.
Complete the diagram below to show the electronic structure of calcium.
[2]
61. 3 — Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat O1OO 1654462)

Ccmbridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 3
29) June 2014 [21] Q(2a, b, e)

2 In 1904, J. J. Thomson suggested a model of the atom. He called this the
‘plum pudding’ model.
This model of an atom, containing 14 electrons, is shown below.
— sphere of positive charge

which is spread out
electrons
(a) Describe how Thomson’s model of the atom differs from our present ideas
of the structure of an atom.
[3]
(b) Lithium has two naturally-occurring isotopes. These can be written as:
Li and Li
(i) Describe the difference between these isotopes.
[1]
(ii) Isotopes can be radioactive or non-radioactive.
State one industrial use of radioactive isotopes.
[1]
(e) Draw the electronic structure of a potassium atom.
[2]
3-Atomes, elemnts and bonding fl1ostafa Barakat (01001654462)

30) June 2014 [21] Q (3c ii)

(ii) Complete the dot and cross diagram of methane to show all the electrons.
4_ 4 N
(()
[2]
31) June 2Q14 [22] Q(_a I, ii)
I The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table. Only some of the elements
are shown.
HI NO
Li C
Na Al
K FeCoNICuZn
Rb
Cs Pb
(a) Answer the following questions using only the elements shown in the
diagram.
Each element may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(I) Which element has a giant covalent structure’? [1]
(ii) Which element has the highest relative atomic mass’? [1]
32) June 2014 [23] Q (1_b)
(b) Complete the following sentences about compounds using words from the
list below.
chemically different fixed
mixed physically similar

A compound is a substance which consists of two or more different elements
combined together.
63 3 —Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

The properties of a compound are from those of the elements from

which it is formed.
In a compound, the elements are combined in proportions.
[3]
33) Nov 2014 [21] Q (4_g)
(g) Glass is made from silicon(IV) oxide.
Part of the structure of silicon dioxide is shown below.
Which one of the following best describes the structure of silicon dioxide?
Tick one box.
giant covalent
giant ionic
simple atomic
simple molecular
[1]
34) Nov 2014 [21] Q (5_c, d)
(c) Uranium is a metal which has several radioactive isotopes. Some of these
are used as sources of energy.
State one other use of radioactive isotopes.
[1]
(d) Complete the table below to show the number of protons, neutrons and
electrons in two isotopes of uranium.
isotope u
5
protons
neutrons
electrons
[3]
64 .3 -A tomes, elements and honthngfM;stafa Baraat (0100165 4462)

35) Nov 2014 [21] Q (6_c)

(c) Hydrochloric acid is made by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas, HCI, in
water.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
Show hydrogen electrons as x.
Show chlorine electrons as ..
[2]
.
36) Nov 2014 [22] Q (1) .
I (a) The electronic structure of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown

below.
© ©
A B C D E
Answer the following questions about these structures.

Each structure can be used once, more than once or not at all.
Which structure:
(I) represents an atom of an element in Group V of the Periodic Table [1]
(ii) has a complete outer shell of electrons [1]
(iii) represents an oxygen atom [1]
(iv) has a proton number of 20 [1]
(v) is an atom of an element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table [1]
(vi) has a single valency electron
9 [1]
(b) Complete the following sentences about isotopes using words from the list
below.
atoms ions molecules neutrons nuclei protons
Isotopes are of the same element with the same number of
but different numbers of [3]
65 3 —Atomes, elements and bonding . Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

37) Nov 2014 [22] 0 (3_b) .

.
(b) Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer
shell electrons in water.
[2]
:38) Nov 2014 [22] Q (5_a, b, .1) .
5 The structures of graphite and sodium chloride are shown below.
graphite sodium chloride

(a) Describe the similarity and differences in these structures.
[4]
(b) Graphite is a form of carbon.
Carbon is an element.
(i) What is meant by the term element?
[1]
66 . 3 —Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

39) Nov 2014 [23] Q (1_a, I, ii, v)

1(a) The structures of five substances, A, B, C, D and E, are shown below.
A B C
s____ __s
S
/ S
\S 0C=Q
s
/
D E
Answer the following questions about these substances.

Each substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Which two substances are elements’? and [2]
(ii) Which substance has a giant ionic structure
2 [1]
(v) Which substance is used as a lubricant’? [1]
40) Nov2014 [23]Q (2_b)
(b) The table shows some properties of six substances, A to F, which are
either solids or liquids at room temperature.
melting point solubility

substance electncal conductivity
C in water
A +3550 does not conduct in any state insoluble

B ÷44 does not conduct in any state insoluble
C +1660 conducts when solid or liquid insoluble
D ÷681 only conducts when in aqueous solution or liquid soluble
E —39 conducts when solid or liquid insoluble
F —11 does not conduct in any state insoluble
(i) Which substance has a giant covalent structure?

[1]
(ii) Which two substances are liquids at room temperature?
[2]
67 3— Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

(iii) Which two substances are metals?

[2]
(iv) Which two substances are simple molecules?
[2]
(b) A molecule of chlorine can be written as Cl— Cl.

Which one of the following words describes this molecule?
diatomic giant ionic monatom ic
[1]
(C) Draw the electronic structure of a fluorine atom.
[2]
42) June 2015 [21] Q (1_a)
I The structures of six substances containing carbon are shown below.
A B C
H H
O=CO H—c—c-_H
H H
D E F
H H
\ /
C zC
/ \
H H


(a) Which substance, A, B, C, D, E or F,
(i) is an element, [1]
(iv) has agiantcovalentstructure, [1]
(vi) contains a metal ion with 20 protons? [1]
43) June 2015 [21] 0(3_b, f

(d) The diagram below shows the arrangement of the particles in sodium
bromide at room temperature.
(i) Give the name of the type of particles, P, present in sodium bromide.
[1]
(ii) What is the state of sodium bromide at room temperature?
Use the information in the diagram to explain your answer.
[2]
(f) Bromine has two naturally-occurring isotopes.
What is the meaning of the term isotope?
[1]
44) June 2015 [21] Q (4c)
(c) (i) Draw a diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
hydrogen.
[1]
(ii) What type of bonding is present in a hydrogen molecule?
[1]

:45) June 2015 t2llQ (7_c)

(c) The table below shows the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in
some isotopes of helium, argon and neon.
Complete the table.
number of number of number of

element
electrons protons neutrons
He 2 2
Ar 18 20
10 10 11
[3]
46) June 2015 [22] Q (1_c)
(c) Complete the following sentence about compounds using words from the
list below.
Atoms combined mixtures
molecules separated unreactive
A compound is a substance containing two or more different which

are chemically [2]
47) June2015 [23] Q (1_b, ii)
I The structures of five substances are shown below.
A B C
N NN
HZINH
H
D E
70 3— Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakt (01001654462)

(ii) Complete the following sentences about compounds A and E using words
from the list below.
atoms gas giant ions liquid molecular polymer solid
Compound A is a at room temperature. It does not conduct

electricity because it has a simple structure. Compound E
does not conduct electricity when it is because its
cannot move. [4]
48) June 2015 t23]Q (6_a, i, ii, d, e, ii)
6 The table below shows the properties of some non-metallic elements, A, B,
CandD.
state at room melting point electrical

element colour
temperature I °C conductivity
A solid black 3317 good

B solid grey 1410 poor
C gas green —101 doesnotconduct
D solid yellow 119 does not conduct
(a) (i) Which two elements are giant covalent structures?

[2]
(ii) Which element is carbon in the form of graphite?
[2]
(d) Complete the diagram below to show the arrangement of electrons in a
molecule of chlorine.
[2]
71 3 -Atomes, ekmcnts and bonding Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

(e) Chlorine reacts with indium, In, to form a chloride with the formula shown
below.
C! Cl C!
In In
Cl
/\/\
C! C!
(ii) How many protons does indium have in its nucleus?
Use the Periodic Table to help you.
[1]
49)June2Ol5[23]Q(7_d,ui)
(ii) Carbon-14 contains 8 neutrons and 6 protons.
The symbol for carbon-14 can be written C
4.
Write the symbol for carbon-i 2 in a similar way.
[1]
50) Nov 2015 [21] Q (2_d),
(d) Radioactive isotopes can be used as a source of energy.
(i) Which one of the following isotopes is a radioactive isotope?
6 92 Zn
65 [1]
30
(ii) An isotope of radium, Ra, has 226 nucleons in its nucleus.

How many neutrons does this isotope contain?
Use your Periodic Table.
[1]
(iii) Give one use of radioactive isotopes in medicine.
[1]
Atcmes, elements and bonding 4ostafa Barakar (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Pap9r_3 Topic 3
.51) Nov 2015 [21] .Q, (3_d)

(d) The structures of diamond and graphite are shown below
diamond graphite
(i) Explain how the structure of diamond relates to its use in cutting hard
materials.
[2]
(ii) Explain how the structure of graphite relates to its use as a lubricant.
[2]
.52) Nov 2015 [21] Q (7_a)
7 (a) Sodium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.
Describe the structure of a sodium atom.
In your answer refer to,
• the type and number of each subatomic particle present,
• the charges on each type of subatomic particle,
• the position of each type of subatomic particle in the atom.
[5]

53) Nov 2015 [22] Q(7_a)

7 Beryllium is in Group II and Period 2 of the Periodic Table.
(a) Describe the structure of a beryllium atom.
In your answer, refer to
[5]
54) Nov 2015 t23]Q (7a, b) .
. ..
7(a) Chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

One isotope of a chlorine atom has a nucleon number of 35.
Describe the structure of an atom of this isotope of chlorine.
In your answer refer to
[5]
(b) Chlorine reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride.
Sodium chloride contains Na ions and CL ions.
Explain why sodium ions are positively charged and chloride ions are
negatively charged.
[21
55 June2016 t31]Q(1)
I The structures of some substances containing chlorine are shown.
A B C
C’
I C—Cf
D E
HClF
I I Cl Ci C?
Cl———F
I I
\/ \‘
/\/\
H H F Cl Cl Cl
(a) Answer the following questions about these substances.

(I) Which substance is a diatomic molecule?
[1]
(ii) Which substance represents part of an ionic structure?
[1]
Which substance is an element?
(iii)
[2]
(iv) Determine the simplest formula for substance D.
[1]
(b) The symbols for two isotopes of chlorine are shown.
c1
35
17 c1
37
17
(i) How do these two isotopes differ in their atomic structure?

[1]
(ii) Determine the number of neutrons present in one atom of the isotope Cl
[1]
(iii) Draw the electronic structure of a chlorine atom. Show all shells and all
electrons.
[2]
56) June 2016 1321 .Q (1) ,..... . ... .. ...,..
I The structures of some substances containing phosphorus are shown.
H\
D E
(a) Answer the following questions about these substances.

(I) Which two of these substances are ionic?
and [1]
Which one of these substances is an element?
(ii)
[2]
(iii) Determine the simplest formula for substance D.
[1]
(b) Phosphorus has one naturally occurring isotope.
(I) Determine the number of neutrons present in one atom of the isotope 1
P.
[1]
(ii) How many electrons are there in the outer shell of one phosphorus atom?
[1]
(iii) Determine the total number of electrons present in a phosphorus
molecule, P .
4
[1]
76 ! 3— Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

57) June 2016 [33] Q (1)

I The structures of some substances containing carbon are shown.
A B C
H H
\ /
C =C
/ \
H H
D E
C2 H
H Cl

(a) (i) Which two substances have giant covalent structures?
and [1]
(ii) Which substance decolourises aqueous bromine?
[1]
(iii) Which substance is most likely to be a gas at room temperature and
pressure?
[1]
(iv) Which substance is a hydrocarbon?
[1]
(v) Determine the simplest formula for substance D.
[1]
(b) Two isotopes of carbon are 3
C and 4
C.
(i) How do these two isotopes differ in their atomic structure?
[1]
(ii) Determine the number of neutrons present in one atom of the isotope C.
[1]

58) Nov 2016 [31] Q (Ib) ...
.....
(b) Mercury has several naturally-occurring isotopes. One of these is shown.

j
204
80
(I) What is the meaning of the term isotope?
[2]
(ii) How many neutrons are there in one atom of the isotope H
4 g?
[1]
(iii) How many protons are there in one atom of the isotope H
4 g?
[1]
(iv) Determine the number of electrons in the mercury(ll) ion, Hg
.
2
[1]
59) Nov 2016 [31] Q (3a) ..
3 Calcium is in Group II of the Periodic Table.

(a) Draw a diagram to show the electronic structure of an atom of calcium.
[2]
.60) F4v 2016 f31]Q (4_b,i ,ii)
(b) A porous barrier can be used to separate uranium fluoride molecules
containing different isotopes of uranium.
(i) State the main use of the radioactive isotope 235
U.
[1]
(ii) Give one medical use of radioactive isotopes.
[1]
61) Nov 2016 [32] Q (1_b)

(b) Silver has two naturally occurring isotopes.
Ag and 9
7 Ag
Complete the table to show the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in
these two isotopes.
107 109
g g
number of protons
number of electrons
number of neutrons
[3]
62) Nov 2016 [32] Q(7_d, iii)
(iii) Niobium chloride is a covalent molecule.
Predict two physical properties of niobium chloride.
[2]
63) Nov 2016 [33] Q (6_c, ii)
(c) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.
(ii) Draw a diagram to show the electronic structure of a molecule of hydrogen
chloride.
Show only the outer shell electrons.
[2]
79 f-tomes, elements and bondi afa Barakat O1 00165 44 62)

64) June 2017 [31] Q (1) ..... ..,,

..
I (a) The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown.
Answer the following questions about these atoms.

Each atom may be used once, more than once or not at all.
Which atom, A, B, C, D or E,
(i) has a complete outer shell of electrons, [1]
(ii) has a proton number of 15, [1]
(iii) has 4 shells containing electrons, [1]
(iv) is a fluorine atom, [1]
(v) is an atom of a metallic element? [1]
(b) Complete the table to show the number of electrons, neutrons and protons
in the chlorine atom and bromide ion shown.
number of electrons number of neutrons number of protons
Cl 17
Br 44
[31
65) June 2017 t31]Q (3a, c, d)
3 The diagram shows part of the structures of three substances, X, Y and Z,
at room temperature and pressure.
o&i

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper.3 Topic 3
(a) Describe substances X, Y and Z in terms of

• their bonding,
• the arrangement of their particles,
• the motion of their particles.
[5]
(c) Substance Z is diamond. Diamond is used in jewellery.
Give one other use of diamond.
[1]
(d) Substance Y undergoes physical and chemical changes.
Which two of the following are physical changes? Explain your answer.
A Substance Y dissolves easily in water.
B An aqueous solution of substance Y gives a white precipitate with
acidified aqueous silver nitrate.
C Substance Y melts at 801 °C.
D Substance Y reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid.
[3]
66) June 2017 [321 Q(1)
©
A B C D E
3— Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(i) has a total of 8 electrons, [1]
(ii) is in Group Ill of the Periodic Table, [1]
(iii) has 13 protons, [1]
(iv) is a noble gas, [1]
(v) forms a stable ion with a single negative charge? [1]
in the sulfur atom and oxide ion shown.
s 16
_
2
Q
8 10
[3]
67) June 2017 [32] Q (3_a, d)
co
x Y
(a) Describe substances X, Y and Z in terms of

• their bonding,
82 3 —Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa BaraKat (01001654462)

[5]
(d) Give a reason why substance Y is a compound.
[1]
68) June 2017 [32] Q (7_a)
7 Sulfur is an element in Group VI of the Periodic Table.
(a) What is the meaning of the term element?
[1]
69) June 2&1 7 133] Q (1)
@0
A B C D E

(I) is in Group VIII of the Periodic Table, [1]
(ii) is a chlorine atom, [1]
(iii) has 17 protons in its nucleus, [1]
(iv) is an atom of an element in the same period as carbon [1]
(v) is an atom ofa metal? [1]
in the magnesium atom and calcium ion shown.
Mg 12
2
Ca 24

70) June 2017 1331 Q(3a,c, d)

3 The diagram shows part of the structures of three substances, P, Q and R, at room
temperature and pressure.
P 0 R
(a) Describe substances P, Q and R in terms of

• their bonding,
[5]
(c) Substance P undergoes physical and chemical changes.
Which two of the following are physical changes? Explain your answer.
A Substance P reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid.
B Iodine forms when chlorine is added to an aqueous solution of substance P.
C Substance P boils at 1330 °C.
D Substance P dissolves easily in water.
[3]
(d) Graphite has a giant covalent structure containing layers of carbon atoms.
Graphite is used to make inert electrodes for electrolysis.
State one other use of graphite and explain how this use is related to its
structure.
[2]
84 3— Atomes, elements and bonding Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

71) June 2017 t33 Q (7_ b)

7 Water is a simple covalent compound.
(a) Complete the diagram to show the electrons in the covalent bonds in a
water molecule.
(b) Give two physical properties which distinguish a simple covalent

compound from an ionic compound.
1
2
[2]

That’s not what I meant by one mole of carbon
86 4— Stoichiometry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

1) Jiie 2010 Q(4_c, f)

4 The table shows the mass of various compounds obtained when 500 cm
3 of
seawater is evaporated.
compound ions present mass of compound? g

sodium chloride 4 and Ct-
Na 14.0
magnesium chloride Mg and Ct- 3.0
magnesium sulfate 2 and SO-
Mg 2.0
calcium sulfate 24 arid SO-
Ca 0.5
potassium chlcilde 4 and Cl-
K
potassium bromide
O5
calcium carbonate 24 and CO
Ca
sodium iodide 4 and 1
Na
total mass = 20.0
(C) Calculate the mass of sodium chloride present in 5 g of the solid left by
evaporating the seawater.
[1]
(f) Calculate the relative formula mass of magnesium chloride, MgCI
.
2
[1]
2) Nov 2010 [21] Q (4_a, b)
4 The table shows the mass of some ions present in a 500 cm
3 bottle of
mineral water.
mass of ion
name of ion symbol
.
I mg
calcium Ca 40.5
Cr 8.1
magnesium 2
Mg 11.6
nitrate NO; 2.4
potassium 4
K 09
8042 64
(a) State the name of the following ions.

Cl-
SO [2]
Barakat (01001654462)
Cambridge Pre 1GCSE Chemistry Clcssifled Paper_3 Topic 4
(b) Calculate the mass of magnesium ions in 100 cm

3 of this mineral water.
[1]
3) Nov 2010 [21] Q (8d, e, ii, iii)
(d) The structure of Iead(ll) bromide is shown below.
Write the simplest formula for lead(ll) bromide.

[1]
(e) (ii) The formula of lead(ll) nitrate is Pb(N0
.
2
)
3
State the number of different types of atom present in this formula.
[1]
(iii) State the total number of oxygen atoms present in this formula.
[1]
4) Nov 2010 [22] Q (3c, d, I)
(c) The equation for the reaction of sodium with water is given below.
2Na + 2
2H
0 > 2NaOH + 2
H
Write a word equation for this reaction.
[2]
(d) Chlorine reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride.
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
Na + 2
Cl NaCI
[2]

5) Nov 2010 [22] Q (7_L,i,ii)

(b) The structure of urea is shown below.
NNH
H
2
(I) Write the simplest formula for urea.

[1]
(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass of urea.
Use your Periodic Table to help you.
[1]
6) June 2011 Q (3_d,iii, f)
(d) Water vapour in the atmosphere reacts with sulfur dioxide, SO
, to
2
produce acid rain.
(iii) Calculate the relative molecular mass of sulfur dioxide.
[1]
(f) Water is formed when hydrogen burns in air.
(i) State the percentage of oxygen present in the air.
[1]
(ii) When 8 g of hydrogen is burned in excess air, 72 g of water is formed.
What mass of hydrogen needs to be burnt to produce 252 g of water?
[1]
7) June2OllQ(4_b,i)
(b)
(i) Balance the equation for the complete combustion of compound A, C
.
8
H
3
8
H
3
C + > 2
3CC + 0
2
H
[2]
S]4-StoichiometryMostafaBarakat(O1Oo1654462)
Cambridge Pre lGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 4
8) Nov2011 [21]Q(4_b,iii)
(iii) Propene is an alkene.
The formula of propene is C.
6
H
3
Calculate the relative molecular mass of propene.
[11
9) Nov2011 [21]Q(7b,ii)
(b) The structure of citric acid is shown below.
COOH
CH.
HO—C—COOH
COOH
(ii) Write the simplest formula for citric acid.
[1]
10) June 2012 [21] Q (2_b, c)
2 The diagram below shows the structure of some substances, A, B, C, D and
E.
A B C
s s H H
H H
S /S\
/5 I
H—C—C—S—H
I
H H
D E
(b) Calculate the relative molecular mass of E.
[1]
(c) Write the simplest formula for D.
[1]
90 4— Stoichiometry Mostafr, Barakat (0100 165 4462)

11)June 2012 [22] Q(4_d)

4 The diagram below shows the structure of some substances containing
nitrogen.
A B C
N -
NN H j H
H
0 E
N—CH
H
—
2 COOH
Cl Cl
Cl
(d) Calculate the relative formula mass of nitrogen dioxide, NO

.
2
[1]
12)Nov 2012 [21] Q (7a I)
7 The diagram shows one molecule of sulfur.
(a) How many atoms are there in three molecules of sulfur?

[1]
(b) Calculate the r&ative molecular mass of sulfur.
[1]
91 4 — Stoichiometry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

Cambridge Pre lGSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 4
13) Nov 2012 [22] Q (2_f) .
(f) The structure of sodium carbonate is shown below.
Write the simplest formula for sodium carbonate.

[1]
.14) Nov 2012 [23] Q (4_a, iv)
4 Hydrogen can be manufactured by heating methane with steam.
4OOC catalyst
4 +
OH 0
2
H > CO + 2
3H
(iv) When 16 g of methane reacts completely with an excess of steam, 6 g of
hydrogen are produced.
Calculate the mass of methane required to produce 300 g of hydrogen.
Answer= [1]
15) June 2013 f21] Q (4_b)
(b) Urea can be used as a fertiliser.
The structure of urea is shown below.
H H
I
H—N N—H
I
C
I
0
(i) Deduce the molecular formula of urea.

[1]
(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass of urea. You must show all your
working.
[2]
92 4—Stoichiometry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

16) June 2013 [21jQ(6_b)

(b) The diagram shows the structure of sodium chloride.
(i) Deduce the simplest formula for sodium chloride.

[1]
17) June 2O13 f22]Q (5_b, c ii, iii)
(b) Lead is an atmospheric pollutant. It is extracted by heating ores containing
lead sulfide.
(i) The structure of lead sulfide is shown below.
Deduce the simplest formula for lead sulfide.

[1]
(c) Dichloroethane used to be added to petrol to prevent the build-up of lead
deposits in car engines.
The structure of dichloroethane is shown below.
H H
I
cl—c—c—c’
I
I
H H
I
(ii) Deduce the molecular formula for dichloroethane.
[1]
93 4— Stoichiometry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

(iii) Calculate the relative molecular mass of dichloroethane. You must show
all your working.
[2]
18) June 2013 t22LQ.(8.b) ‘.
:..
(b) Glucose is a sugar. The structure of a glucose molecule is shown below.
H H
(I) How many different types of atom are there in one molecule of glucose?
[1]
(ii) How many hydrogen atoms are there in one molecule of glucose?
[1]
19) J une 2013 t23] (6_e)
(e) The structure of a dye called Gambine R is shown below.
H 0
0—H
H
C
I I I
H
H H
(i) How many different types of atom are there in one molecule of Gambine R?
[1]
(ii) How many carbon atoms are there in one molecule of Gambine R?
[1]

20) Nov 2013 [21] Q (6_e)

(e) (i) Complete the symbol equation for the reaction of lithium with water to
form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen.
2L1+ 0
2
H >2
[2]
(ii) When 14 g of lithium react with water, 4 g of hydrogen are formed.
Calculate the mass of hydrogen formed when 70 g of lithium react with water.
[1]
21) Nov2013 [21]Q(7_d)
(d) The structure of copper(ll) chloride is shown below.
Write the simplest formula for copper(ll) chloride.

[1]
22) Nov2013 [22jQ(2_dll, Hi)
(ii) Complete the symbol equation for the decomposition of limestone.
3
CaCO > CaO +
[1]
(iii) When 50 g of calcium carbonate is decomposed, 28 g of calcium oxide is
formed. Calculate the minimum mass of calcium carbonate needed to
produce 8.4 g of calcium oxide.
95 1 4— Stoichiometry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

[1]
(iii) Calculate the relative formula mass of calcium oxide.
[1]
23) Nov 2013 [23] Q (2_c)
(c) Some elements in Group 0 can form compounds with fluorine and oxygen.
The structure of one of these compounds is shown below.
0
F
Xe
F “F
Calculate the relative molecular mass of this compound.

You must show all your working.
[2]
24) Nov 2013 [23] Q (8_d)
(d) Sodium chloride reacts with lead(ll) nitrate to form sodium nitrate and
lead(ll) chloride.
Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.
NaCI + 2
)
3
Pb(N0 > 3
2NaNO + 2
PbCl
[1]
96 ]ichioWflostafaBarat(O1OOT654462)
25)Juñe 2014 [22] Q (3_b),.

(b) The table shows the ions present in a sample of river water.
concentration
name of ion formula oflon
. .
in mg/dm 3
.
calcium 24
Ca 0.6
chloride Cl- 14.0
hydrogen carbonate HCO 1.5
iron(III) 3
Fe 0.5
magnesium 24
Mg 1 .0
potassium K 3.0
sodium 4
Na 11.0
2
4
S0 0.4
(i) Which ion with a charge of 2 is present in the highest concentration?

[1]
(ii) State the name of the ion with the formula S0
.
2
4
[1]
(iii) Calculate the total mass of ions present in I dm
3 of river water.
mg[I]
(iv) Use your answer to part (iii) to calculate the total mass of ions in 50 cm
3
of river water.
mg[l]
(v) A student evaporated the sample of river water to leave a solid containing
a number of different compounds.
Use the information in the table to suggest the name of the compound present
in the greatest amount.
[I]
26) June 2014 t23] Q (4b, c, iii)

(b) The structure of the dye chrysoidine G is shown below.
HH
H H H
\ / \ /
1
H—
— N=N—/C—N
C
/ \ /
CC C=C H
/ \ / \
H H H H
(i) How many nitrogen atoms are there in a molecule of chrysoidine G?

[1]
(ii) Complete the table below to calculate the relative molecular mass of
chrysoidine G.
type of atom number of atoms atomic mass
carbon 12 12 12x12=144
hydrogen
nitrogen
relative molecular mass = .. .
[2]
27) June 2014 [233 Q (6_a)
6 Lead(ll) bromide is a white solid.
Part of the structure of lead(ll) bromide is shown below.
(a) Deduce the simplest formula for lead(ll) bromide.

[1]
itoichiory Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(iii) The electrolyte used is aqueous silver cyanide, AgCN.

Calculate the relative formula mass of silver cyanide.
You must show all your working.
[2]
28) Nov 2O4 [21] Q (2_a)
2 The diagram shows a bottle of mineral water. The concentration of the ions
present in the water is shown on the label. The pH of the water is also shown.
poly(ethene)
bottle
(a) (i) Which positively charged ion is present in the highest concentration?
[1]
(ii) State the name of:
ion X
ion Y
[2]
(iii) Calculate the mass, in mg, of sodium ions in 200 cm
3 of mineral water.
mg[1]
oThioer
t
iF Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)
.29) Nov 2014 [22] Q (2_a) .
2 The table below shows some nutritional information on a bottle of apple

juice.
contents mass present

in g / 100 cm
protein 010
sugars 10.40
unsaturated fat 0:10
saturated fat 006
chloride ions, C/ 0.04
magnesium ions, Mg
2 0.01
nitrate ions. NO
3 0.01
potassium ions, K 0.02
sodium ions, Na 005
X, 4
SO 001
(a) Answer these questions using information from the table.
(I) Which negatively charged ion is present in the highest concentration?
[1]
(ii) State the name of the ion, X, whose formula is S0
.
2
4
[1]
(iii) The formulae for some chlorides are shown below.
aluminium chloride, Aid
3
calcium chloride, CaCI
2
lead(lV) chloride, PbC/
4
potassium chloride, KC1
Deduce the formula for magnesium chloride.
[1]
(iv) Calculate the mass of sugars in 250 cm
3 of this apple juice.
g[1]
4462)
:30) Nov, 2014 [23] Q (4_b)

(b) The filtrate was then evaporated.
The table shows the composition and mass of each compound obtained by
evaporating the filtrate.
ions present in mass of

compound
the compound compound / g

Ca -
3 4.0
calcium sulfate C& and S0
2
4 5.0
magnesium sulfate 2 and SO
Mg -
2
4 2.8
4 and NO
K 1.2
potassium sulfate 4 and SO
K 2.4
sodium carbonate 30
sodium chloride 4 and Cl-
Na 1.6
(I) State the name of the compound which contains K and N0

3 ions.
[1]
(ii) Write the symbols for the ions present in sodium carbonate.
[1]
(iii) Which compound with a singly charged negative ion has the highest mass
in the mixture?
[1]
The table from page 7 is repeated below:
ions present in mass of

compound
the compound compound g

Ca 40
calcium sulfate 24 and S0
Ca 2
4 5.0
magnesium sulfate Mg and SO42 28
4 and NO
K -
3 ‘L2
potassium sulfate 4 and SQ42_
K Z4
sodium carbonate 3.0
sodium chloride 4 and Cl-
Na 1.6
aol 4— Stoichiometry Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

(iv) Calculate: the total mass of all the compounds present in the mixture,
[1]
the percentage of magnesium sulfate by mass in the mixture.
[1]
31) June 2015 [21] Q (5_b, i)
(b) Glycolic acid is prepared by heating a mixture of methanal, carbon
monoxide and water with a sulfuric acid catalyst.
(i) The formula of methanal is HCHO.
Calculate the relative molecular mass of methanal.
[1]
32) June 2015 t21] Q (6_a, iii)
(iii) Cobalt is a transition element.
When it is heated very strongly in steam, hydrogen is given off.
CO(S) + 4 HOg > COOc + (H
2
g)
[2]
33) June 2015 [22] Q (7_d)
(d) Bromine reacts with fluorine to form bromine trifluoride, BrF
.
3
Calculate the relative molecular mass of bromine trifluoride.
Show all your working.
[21
102
34) Nov2015 t21] Q (1_a, iii)

(iii) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.
2A1 + 2
Cl 6
AIC
[1]
35) Nov 2015 [21] Q (7_b, I)
(b) Sodium carbide, Na
, reacts with water to form ethyne, C
C
2 .
H
2
(I) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.
C
2
Na + 0
2
H NaOH + H
2
C
[2]
36) Nov 2015 [22] Q (5_b
1 iv)
(iv) Sulfur dioxide is also formed when copper is reduced by hot concentrated
sulfuric acid.
Cu + S0
2
H
4 > CuSO + °2 + 0
2
H
[2]
31 Nov 2o15 22 Q (7_b, c, I)
(b) Part of the structure of beryllium chloride is shown b&ow.
Cl Cl Cl
N /\ /\ /
Be Be Be
/ \/ \/ N
Cl Cl CL
Deduce the simplest formufa for beryllium chloride.

[1]
(C)Beryllium carbide, Be
C, reacts with water. Beryllium hydroxide and
2
methane are formed.
C
2
Be + 0
2
4H > 2Be(OH) + 4
CH
(i) Calculate the relative formula mass of beryllium hydroxide.
[2]
T0i1-ioiciorneW Mo staf araOlOOl6S 44 62)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Tcpic 4
38) Nov 2015 [23] Q (7_d)

(d) The structure of a chlorofluorocarbon is shown below.
F C!
F__4_1_F
F F
Deduce the molecular formula of this compound.
[1]
.39)Jurie 2016 [31] Q (3_c). ... . .
(c) The dye, indigotin, is formed when compound F is exposed to air.

The structure of compound F is shown below.
Na
H H
Complete the table and calculate the relative molecular mass of compound F.
carbon 8 12 8 x 12 = 96
hydrogen
nitrogen 1 14 1 x 14 = 14
oxygen 1 16 1 x 16 = 16
sodium
relative molecular mass =.. .. [2]

40) June 2016 [32] Q(5_c) . . . ..
...
(c) The structure of the dye Litho! fast yellow is shown.
I I H
I
cCcHH
H H
Complete the table and calculate the relative molecular mass of Lithol fast
yellow.
carbon 13 12 13x12156
hydrogen 10 1 10 x 1 = 10
nitrogen 4 14 4 x 14 = 56
oxygen
chlorine
relative molecular mass =. . . . [2]

41) June 2016 [33] Q (3_c)
(C) Compound X is used to prepare the dye methyl orange.
The structure of compound X is shown.
H H
0
I —c/ \
H—0-— NC
4
C—N
/ \
H H
Complete the table and calculate the relative molecular mass of compound X.
carbon 6 12 6 x 12 = 72
hydrogen 5 1 5x15
nitrogen 2 14 2 x 14 = 28
sulfur 1 32 1 x 32 = 32
oxygen
chlorine
relative molecular mass ... . [2]
— - --—--,--—-

42) Nov2016 [31] Q (2a)

2 The bar charts compare the concentrations of the main ions in two samples
of seawater, sample A and sample B.
sample A sample B
20- 20-
15- g., 15-
E
0
8 5 8’ 5
r .—
r1 El r—i —
Na*
0-
Cá’ K’ ’ SO C!
2
Mg HCO Na Ca” K’ Mg” SO,’ C1 HCO,
(a) Use the information in the bar charts to answer the following questions.
(i) Describe two differences in the composition of the seawater in sample A
and sample B.
[2]
(ii) Which positive ion has the lowest concentration in sample A?
[1]
(iii) Calculate the mass of sodium ions in 200 cm
3 of sample B.
Show all your working. [1 dm
3 = 1000 cm ]
3
mass = mg [2]
43) Nov 2016 31] Q (4_b, iii)
(iii) The accurate relative atomic mass of uranium is 238.03.
Define the term relative atomic mass.
[2]
-stoiciometr Mo aa Barakat (0100165 44 62)

44) Nov 2016 [31] Q (7_ej, iiI

(e) One of the compounds of sulfur in coal is thiophene.
The structure of thiophene is shown.
HH
I
H H
(i) Determine the formula of thiophene.

[1]
(iii) When 2.6 g of ethyne react with excess hydrogen sulfide, 4.2 g of
thiophene are formed.
Calculate the mass of thiophene formed when 15.6 g of ethyne react with
excess hydrogen sulfide.
[1]
45) Nov2016 [32]Q (7d, ii)
(ii) The structure of niobium chloride is shown.
Determine the formula of niobium chloride.

[1]
107 4 — Stoichiometry Mostafa Barcikat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pr IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 4
46) Nov 2016 t33] Q (2a)

2 A scientist analysed the substances present in a I dm
3 sample of river
water in an agricultural area.
The table shows the mass of each ion dissolved in the 1 dm
3 sample.
name of ion formula of ion masslg

calcium 2
Ca 1.2
chloride Cl- 0.1
hydrogencarbonate HCOj I0
magnesium 2
Mg 0_S
nitrate -
3
NO 1.0
sodium Na
S042 0.5
phosphate 4
PO 1.2
Total 6.0
(a) (I) Which negative ion has the highest concentration, in g I dm

, in this
3
sample of water?
[1]
(ii) Give the name of the ion with the formula S0
.
2
4
[1]
(iii) Calculate the mass of sodium ions in 1 dm
3 of this river water.
[1]
47) Nov 2016 33] Q (5_d, ii) ..
(ii) Concrete is a mixture of cement, silicates and water. Part of the structure
of a silicate is shown.
key
• silicon atom
o oxygen atom
Deduce the formula for this silicate.

[1]
108 4— Stoichiornetry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

48) June 2017 [31) Q (2a,

2 (a) The table shows the ions present in a 1000 cm
3 sample of polluted river
water.
ion present formula of ion mass present

in mg/i 000 cm
3
calcium -
2
Ca 2.0
cflloiide CT 1,3
hydrogencarbonate HCOj’ 2.0
magnesium 2
Mg 1.0
potassium 4
K 4.0
silicate SiO 12.0
sodium Na 11.0
SO” 3,0
Answer these questions using the information from the table.

(i) Which positive ion is present in the highest concentration?
[1]
(ii) State the name of the ion S0
.
2
3
[1]
(iii) Calculate the mass of silicate ions present in 250 cm
3 of this sample.
mass of silicate ions = .. . mg [1]

(iv) Calculate the mass of solid formed when all the water is evaporated from
the 1000 cm
3 sample.
mass of solid formed = mg [1]

(v) Name the compound containing Ca
24 ions and HC0
3 ions.
[1]
(c) The formulae of some chlorides are given.
aluminium chloride, Aid
3
calcium chloride, CaCI
2
sodium chloride, NaCI
Deduce the formula for magnesium chloride.
[1]
i]ftoichior1 Mostafa Barakat (0100 165

49) June 2017 f32) Q (2_a, c)

2 (a) The table shows the ions present in a 1000 cm
3 sample of rainwater.
ion present formula of ion mass present

in mg/1000 cm
3
calcium 2
Ca I
hydrogencarbonate HCO 3
magnesium 2
Mg I
potassium K 2
sodium Na- 9
silicate SiO I
Cl- 17

(I) State the name of the ion CL.
[1]
(ii) Which positive ion is present in the highest concentration?
[1]
(iii) Calculate the mass of potassium ions present in 200 cm
3 of this sample.
mass of potassium ions = ... mg [1]

(iv) Calculate the mass of solid formed when all the water is evaporated from
the 1000 cm
3 sample.
mass of solid formed mg [1]

(v) Name the compound containing Na ions and HC0
3 ions.
[1]
(c) The formulae of some nitrates are given.
aluminium nitrate, AI(N0
)
3
magnesium nitrate, Mg(N0
2
)
3
sodium nitrate, NaNO
3
Deduce the formula for potassium nitrate.
[1]
ii[toichioiostafaBarakat (0100165 4462)

50) 1
June 2017 [33] Q (2_a, c)
2 (a) The table shows the ions present in a 1000 cm3 sample of mineral
water.
mass present
ion present formula of ion
j mg/1000 cm
3
calcium 2
Ca 52
chloride C1 10
hydrogencarbonate HCO 50
magnesium 2
Mg
sodium Na 12
sulfate SO 10
3
N0 8
total 150

(i) Calculate the mass of magnesium ions in the 1000 cm3 sample of mineral
water.
mass of magnesium ions = ... mg [1]

(ii) Which negative ion is present in the highest concentration?
[1]
(iii) State the name of the ion N0
.
3
[1]
(iv) Calculate the mass of hydrogencarbonate ions present in 250 cm
3 of this
sample.
mass of hydrogencarbonate ions = ... mg [1]

(c) The formulae of some bromides are given.
aluminium bromide, AIBr
3
magnesium bromide, MgBr
2
sodium bromide, NaBr
Deduce the formula for calcium bromide.
[1]
Ill 4—StoichIometry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

112 5 — Electrochemistry Mostafc, Barakat (01001654462)

1) June 2Q10 Q (8)

8 Some substances conduct electricity, others do not.
(a) Which three of the following conduct electricity?
Tick three boxes.
aqueous sodium ch1oide

[]
ceramics
[]
copper
graphite
sodium chloride crystals
sulfur
[3]
(b) State the name given to a substance, such as plastic, which does not
conduct electricity.
[1]
(c) Molten zinc chloride was electrolysed using the apparatus shown below.
negative
electrode electrode
molten zinc
chloride
(i) Choose a word from the list below which describes the positive electrode.
anion anode cathode cation
[1]
(ii) State the name of the product formed during this electrolysis at
the negative electrode
the positive electrode [2]
(iii) Suggest the name of a non-metal which can be used for the electrodes in
this electrolysis.
[1]
113 5— Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified °aper_3 Topic 5
2) Nov 2010 Q (8_a, b, c)

8 Lead(ll) bromide can be electrolyzed using the apparatus shown below.
+
graphite rod rod
crucible
lead (11)
+
heat
(a) Choose one word from the list below which describes the graphite rods.
Cations electrodes electrons insulators metals
[1]
(b) State the name of the products formed during this electrolysis at
the negative graphite rod
the positive graphite rod [2]
(c) Which of the following conduct electricity?
Tick two boxes.
Ceramic crucible
El
Graphite
Molten lead(ll) bromide
Solid lead(ll) bromide

H
114 5— Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)
.3) June 2011 [21] Q (5) .,
5 Concentrated hydrochloric acid can be electrolyzed using the apparatus

shown.
concentrated
hydrochloric acid
positive electrode electrode
(a) What do you understand by the term electrolysis?
[1]
(b) What is the name given to the positive electrode?
Anion anode cathode cation electrolyte
[1]
(c) State the name of the gas given off at the negative electrode.
[1]
(d) Complete the following sentence about electrolysis using words from the
list.
inert magnesium platinum reactive solid
Electrodes made of graphite or are generally used in
electrolysis because they are [2]
115 5— Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat OiOO 1654462)

Cambridge Pre 1GCSE Chemistry Ckssified Piper_3 Topic 5
4) June 2011 [221 Q,{3_d)

(d) A steel spoon can be electroplated using the apparatus shown.
+
steel spoon to electrode

be electroplated
Give a description of this electroplating.

• a suitable electrolyte that can be used;
• the anode and the cathode;
• changes to the spoon.
[3]
5) Nov 2011 [21] Q (8),
8 The diagram shows an electrolysis cell for extracting sodium from molten
sodium chloride.
B
A sodium
sodium chloride +
power supply
116 5—Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

(a) (i) Which letter on the diagram represents

the electrolyte?
the cathode
9 [2]
(ii) Which one of the following substances is most likely to be used as the
anode?
Graphite sodium sulfur zinc
[1]
(b) What information from the diagram suggests that sodium is less dense
than molten sodium chloride?
[1]
(c) Predict the product formed at the anode during this electrolysis.
[1]
(d) Name the gases formed at the anode and cathode when an aqueous
solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed.
product at the anode
product at the cathode [2]
6) Nov 2011 [22] Q (5_c)
(c) The diagram shows the apparatus used to electrolyze concentrated
aqueous sodium chloride
concentrated
aqueous sodium chloride
cathode
Give a description of this electrolysis.

ln your description include

Ccnbridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Papet3 Topic 5
• what substance the electrodes are made from and the reason for using this
substance
• what you would observe during the electrolysis
• the names of the substances produced at each electrode.
[6]
7) June 2012 f21] (2_e)
(e) The equation for the combustion of substance A is shown below.
S+30
2
2H > 0+2S0
2
2H
What type of chemical reaction is this?
decomposition neutralisation oxidation reversible
[1]
8) June 2012 [21] Q (7_a)
7 (a) The equations A and B below show two reactions which lead to the
formation of acid rain.
2
A)S-f-0 2
>S0
2 +03
B)S0 > 3
SO °2
(i) Write a word equation for reaction A.

[2]
(ii) Which two of the following statements about reaction B are correct?
Tick two boxes.
2 is oxidised to SO
SO 3
2 is reduced to SO
SO 3
03 is reduced to 02
03 is oxidised to 02
1
118 1F1m1strT Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)
9) Nov 2012 [21] Q (4_d)

(d) Aqueous lfthium chloride is electrolysed using the apparatus shown below.
(i) On the diagram above, label:

• the electrolyte
• the anode. [2]
(ii) What do you understand by the term aqueous?
[1]
(iii) Explain why aqueous lithium chloride is able to conduct electricity.
[1]
10) Nov 2012 [23] Q (6_b, , ii)
6 Lead and lead compounds are common pollutants of the air.
(b) Lead(ll) oxide can be reduced by heating with carbon.
PbO+C —--Pb+CO
(I) Write a word equation for this reaction.
[1]
(ii) Explain how you know that lead(ll) oxide is reduced in this reaction.
[1]
aag]erochmistry FMost ofa Barakat (0100165 44 62)

11) Nov 2012 23 Q(7_a, b, c, d)

7 The diagram below shows the apparatus used to electroplate a spoon with
silver.
- battery
+
iron spoon
rod of
nitrate
(a) Which is the anode?

Put a ring around the correct answer in the list below.
aqueous silver nitrate
battery
iron spoon
rod of pure silver
[1]
(b) Describe what happens to the silver rod and the iron spoon during
electroplating.
silver rod
iron spoon [2]
(c) Why are metal objects electroplated?
[1]
(d) During the electroplating, silver atoms are converted to silver ions.
Which one of the following statements about this reaction is correct?
Tick one box.
H
Silver atoms gain electrons.
Silver atoms lose neutrons.
Silver atoms lose electrons
Silver atoms gain protons
[1]
120 5— Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

12) June 2013 [21] Q (6_c)

(c) The diagram shows the apparatus used to electrolyse a concentrated
aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
A
(i) Which letter on the diagram, A, B, C or D, represents the electrolyte?

[1]
(ii) Name the product formed
at the positive electrode
the negative electrode [2]
13) June 2013 Q (22] (5_b, II)
(b) Lead is an atmospheric pollutant. It is extracted by heating ores containing
lead sulfide.
(ii) The last stage in extracting lead involves reducing lead(ll) oxide with
carbon.
PbO+C >Pb+CO
How does this equation show that lead oxide gets reduced?
[1]

‘14) June 2013 Q [22] (7_d)

(d) Molten zinc chloride can be electrolysed using the apparatus shown
below.
(i) Which one of the letters, A, B, C or D, represents the cathode?

[1]
(ii) Which one of the following substances is the most suitable for use as an
electrode in this electrolysis?
copper graphite sodium sulfur
[1]
(iii) Predict the products of the electrolysis of molten zinc chloride at
the negative electrode
the positive electrode [2]
15) June 2013 Q [23] (7_c)
(c) In the presence of sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide reacts with iodide ions
to form iodine and water. This involves the reduction of hydrogen peroxide.
(I) What is the meaning of the term reduction?
[1]
16) Nov 2013 Q [21] (4_d)
(d) In the blast furnace for the production of iron, carbon monoxide reduces
iron(lll) oxide.
2
Fe
3
0 + 3 CO > 2 Fe + 3 CO
2
How does this equation show that carbon monoxide is acting as a reducing
agent?
[1]

17) Nov2013 Q[211(5_d,

(d) Some plants can absorb nickel from the ground. The nickel can then be
extracted from the plants and purified by electrolysis.
power supply
rod of
impure nickel
(I) Which one of the following is the most suitable electrolyte for this
electrolysis.
Tick one box.
aqueous copper(II) sulfate
aqueous nickel(ll) sulfate
solid nekel(ll) sulfate
water
(ii) Which one of the following elements is most likely to be formed at the
negative electrode during this electrolysis?
chlorine nickel sulfur oxygen
[1]
(iii) The positive electrode is called the anode.
State the name of the negative electrode.
[1]
(e) Electroplating is used to put a thin layer of one metal on top of another by
electrolysis.
Give two reasons for electroplating metals.
I
2 [2]
123 5 — Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

18) Nov 2013 Q [21] (7_e)

(e) Suggest the product formed at each electrode when molten copper(ll)
chloride is electrolysed.
at the positive electrode
at the negative electrode [2]
1.9) •N ov 20i3 o 22].4_d, 1)
(d) Ethanoic acid can be made by the oxidation of ethanol.
(i) What is meant by the term oxidation?
[1]
20) Nov 2013 22](7_d)
(d) Calcium is extracted from its compounds by electrolysis.
Suggest why calcium is extracted by electrolysis rather than by reduction with
carbon.
[1]
21) Nov 2013 Q [23] (6_b ii, in)
(ii) In a later stage, copper sulfide is reacted with more oxygen.
S
2
Cu + > 2Cu + 2
SO
How does this equation show that the sulfur in copper sulfide gets oxidised?
[1]
(iii) Copper is purified by electrolysis using copper electrodes.
A
Which letter, A, B, C or D, in the diagram above represents

the cathode
the electrolyte’? [2)
124 5— Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 16544 62)

22) June 2014 Q [21] (5_d) .
(d) In the blast furnace, carbon dioxide reacts with more coke to form carbon
monoxide.
The carbon monoxide reduces iron(IIl) oxide to iron.
3
0
2
Fe + 3C0 > 2Fe + 2
3C0
How does this equation show that iron(lll) oxide is being reduced?
[1]
23) June 2014Q [21] (8_c)
(c) In the third step, zinc is extracted from zinc sulfate by electrolysis using the
cell shown below.
read rod
aqueous zinc su’fate
(i) Which word best describes the aluminium rod?

anion anode cathode cation electrolyte product
[1]
(ii) Suggest which statement about this electrolysis is completely correct.
Tick one box.
Zinc is formed at the positive electrode and

hydrogen at the negative electrode.
Zinc is formed at the positive electrode and

oxygen at the negative electrode.
Zinc is formed at the negative electrode and

hydrogen at the positive electrode.
Zinc is formed at the negative electrode and

oxygen at the positive electrode.
[1]

24) June 2014 Q [223(5_a) .
5 Iron from a blast furnace contains carbon, sulfur, silicon and phosphorus as
impurities.
(a) Iron is converted into steel in a basic oxygen converter.
The impurities undergo oxidation.
What is meant by the term oxidation?
[1]
25) June 20140 t23] (6_b, c)
(b) A student electrolysed lead(ll) bromide in a fume cupboard using the
apparatus shown below.
bromide
(I) Why is heat needed for this electrolysis?

[1]
(ii) Suggest the name of a substance that could be used for the electrodes.
[1]
(iii) State the name of the products of electrolysis at:
the anode
the cathode [1]
126 5— Electrochemistry Mostaft, Barakat (010016544 62)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic S
(c) Items can be electroplated with silver using the apparatus shown below.
alloy of silver
(i) On the diagram, which letter, A, B, C or D, is the cathode?

[1]
(ii) What would you observe during the experiment at the:
positive electrode,
negative electrode?
[2]
26)Nov2Ol4Qt2l](7j)
(f) Many fertilisers contain potassium chloride.
When molten potassium chloride is electrolysed, two products are formed.
Complete the table below to show the name of the electrodes and the
products formed.
charge on name of product formed

the electrode the electrode at the electrode
positive
negative
[3]

27) June 2015 f21] Q (3_a

b)
5
3 The diagram shows the apparatus used for the electrolysis of molten
sodium bromide.
(a) (i) What does the term electrolysis mean?
[1]
(ii) Which letter, R, S, T or U, in the diagram above represents the cathode?
(b) Complete the word equation for the electrolysis of molten sodium bromide.
sodium bromide ÷
[2]
28) June 2015 [21] Q(5_c).
(c) Glycolic acid can also be prepared by the reduction of oxalic acid.
(i) What does the term reduction mean?
[1]
(ii) Give the name of the reducing agent in the following reaction.
heat
2 CUO(S) + C(S) > 2 CU(S) + CO
(
2 g)
name of reducing agent [1]
29) June2015 t22] Q (4_d)
(d) Molten zinc chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.
(I) State the names of the product formed at:
the anode
the cathode
[2]
(ii) Graphite conducts electricity. Give one other reason why graphite
electrodes are used.
[1]
iiiferoeiT’f4ostafa Barakat (010016544 62)
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified PapeE3 Topic 5
3O) Nov 2015 Q 21j (3_a, b, c)

3 (a) Nickel is extracted from nickel(ll) oxide, NiO, by heating with carbon,
NiO+C >2Ni+
[2]
(‘b) Nickel is refined by electrolysis.
(i) Complete the boxes to label the diagram below to show
• the negative electrode (cathode),
• the positive electrode (anode),
• the electrolyte.
+
[2]
(ii) At which electrode is the pure nickel formed?
[1]
(c) Molten nickel(ll) chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.
(I) Predict the products of this electrolysis at
the positive electrode (anode)
the negative electrode (cathode)
[2]
(ii) Give two reasons why graphite is used for electrodes.
I
2
[2]
129 5— Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat 01OO 165 4462)

31) Nov 2015 Qf223 (Ic)

Substance D oxidises water to oxygen.
(C)

0
+2H
2F
2 HF+
[2]
:32) Nov 2OI5Q f22](3_b,e)..,
(b) Barium can be extracted by heating barium oxide with aluminium.
4BaO + 2A1 > 3Ba + 4
O
2
BaAI
How does this equation show that barium oxide gets reduced?
[1]
(e) Complete the diagram below for the electrolysis of molten zinc chloride.
Label the electrodes and the power source.
moen
zinc chloride
[3]
33) Nov 2015 Q 123] (3_c)
(c) Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.
(i) The diagram below shows the apparatus used to electrolyse concentrated
hydrochloric acid.

Label the diagram to show

• the anode,
• the cathode,
• the electrolyte. [2]
(ii) Give the names of the gases collected at
x
Y [2]
34) June 2016 [31] Q (2_b)
(b) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis.
(i) State the name of the main ore of aluminium.
[1]
(ii) Suggest why aluminium is extracted by electrolysis and not by reduction
with carbon.
[1]
(iii) Molten aluminium oxide is electrolysed using graphite electrodes.
Predict the products of this electrolysis at
the negative electrode (cathode) [2]
35) June 2016 [31] Q (8_a, b, I, H)
8 A teacher passed hydrogen gas over hot copper(ll) oxide.
CuO($) + (g)
2
H > CU(S) + 0(
2
H
)
9
(a) Which substance is reduced in this reaction?
[2]
(b) The diagram shows the apparatus used.
dry
hydrogngs
copper(fl) oxide
ce
131 5—Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakcit (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre iGSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topic 5
The hydrogen was passed over the hot copper(ll) oxide until the reaction was
complete.
(I) As the experiment proceeds, suggest what happens to the mass of
copper(Il) oxide.
[1]
(ii) Suggest why electrical heating is used in this experiment and not a
Bunsen burner.
[1]
3) June
2016 [32] Q (3_f)
3
(t) Sulfur dioxide reacts with magnesium.
2
2Mg+S0 >2MgO+S
Which substance is reduced in this reaction?
ExpIan your answer.
[2]
37) June 2016 t333 Q (2c)
(c) Zinc can be obtained from molten zinc chloride by electrolysis.
(i) What is meant by the term electrolysis?
[2]
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that could be used to electrolyse
molten zinc chloride.
[3]
38) June2016 t33]Q (3_f)

(C) Carbon dioxide can be reduced by magnesium.
)
5
2Mg( + )
9
(
2
C0 > 2MgO + C(S)
(I) Use the information in the equation to show that carbon dioxide gets
reduced.
[1]
39) Nov 2016 Q [31] (3_b)
(b) Calcium is manufactured by the electrolysis of molten calcium chloride.
Complete the boxes in the diagram to show the
• anode,
• cathode,
• electrolyte.
calcium
[2]
:40) Nov 2016 Q [31] (5d I)
(d) Aluminium powder reacts with powdered iron(lll) oxide. The equation for
this reaction is shown.
2A1 + 3
0
2
Fe > 3
AIO + 2Fe
(i) Which substance is oxidised in this reaction?
[2]
133 f 5— Electrochemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

.41) Nov 2016. Q t32] (3_a)

3 Iron is a metal.
(a) The equation for the reaction of iron with steam is shown.
0
2
3Fe+4H > Fe
O
3 ÷4H
[2]
42)J une 2017 31]..Q.(2....d) ..
(d) Molten calcium chloride can be electrolysed using inert electrodes.

[2]
43) June 2017 [32] Q(2d) . .. .
(d) Molten potassium bromide can be electrolysed using inert electrodes.

[2]
44) June 2017 [33] Q (2_d)
(d) Molten calcium bromide can be electrolysed using inert electrodes.
(i) Predict the products of this electrolysis at
[2]
(ii) Graphite electrodes are inert.
Give the name of one other substance that can be used to make an inert
electrode.
[1]
45) June 2017 [33] Q (5_d)
(d) Nitric acid can oxidise glycolic acid.
What is the meaning of the term oxidation?
[1]
T[TJEIectrochistr]
44
135 : 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pr IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 6
i)June2OlOQ(8_çf)
(e) A student compared the speed of reaction of three metal carbonates.
She measured the volume of gas released using the apparatus shown.
ashe
metal carbonate
heat
State one thing that must be kept constant if the speeds of these reactions
are to be compared in a fair way.
[1]
(f) The graph shows the volume of carbon dioxide released when the three
metal carbonates are heated
40-
H
cacium
C ) ‘t
30
volume or
carbon dioxide
)crn
20-
banum
‘oi t
!IDhI
(
6
time/minutes
12
(i) Which carbonate produced carbon dioxide the fastest?

[1]
Ei36WRatefacio]arakt(OlOOl662)
(ii) What volume of carbon dioxide was produced by strontium carbonate in

ten minutes?
[1]
(iii) How does the speed of the reacfion of these three metal carbonates
relate to the position of calcium, strontium and barium in the Periodic Table?
[2]
2) Nov 2010 [22] (5_a, b),
5 A student used the apparatus shown below to investigate the speed of
reaction when large lumps of zinc reacted with excess sulfuric acid.
zinc + sulfuric acid > zinc suifate + hydrogen
gas syringe
su’furic acid
zinc
(a) As the reaction proceeds, describe what happens to

(I) the mass of the zinc lumps.
[1]
(ii) the concentration of zinc sulfate in the solution in the fI ask.
[1]
(b) The student’s results are shown below.
time/minutes 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
volume of hydrogen / cm
3 0 24 39 48 53 55 55
137 j 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(I) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen against time. Use the axes below.
60-
60-
40-
volume of
hydrogen 30-
3
1cm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time/minutes
(ü) Use your graph to calculate the volume of hydrogen given off after 25
minutes.
volume of hydrogen [1]
(iii) Explain why no more hydrogen was given off after 50 minutes.
[1]
(c) What happens to the speed of the reaction when
(I) smaller pieces of zinc are used?
[1]
(ii) some water is added to the sulfuric acid?
[1]
(d) The reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid is catalysed by copper(lI)
sulfate solution.
What do you understand by the term catalyst?
[1]
Barakat (010016544 62)

3) Nov2011 21]Q(5_a,b)
5 A pupil studied the effect of temperature on the speed of reaction of
aqueous sodium thiosulfate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
When he added hydrochloric acid to a solution of sodium thiosulfate, a
precipitate of sulfur gradually formed. He recorded the time taken for some
writing placed under the flask to disappear from view.
add
hydrochloric
acid
sodium thiosulfate precipitate of

solution (colourless)
He repeated the experiment at different temperatures.

The table shows his results.
time taken for the writing

Temperature C
to disappear from view / s
15 100
30 56
45 43
60 20
75 12
139 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(a) (i) On the grid below, plot a graph of the time taken against temperature.
100- - - - - - -
80- - - -
60- - - - -
time taken
Is - -
40- - -
-
20- - - -
0- - -
0 20 40 60 80
temperature I C
[31
(ii) At which temperature was the reaction the fastest?
[1]
(iii) Describe how the temperature affects the speed of reaction.
[1]
(b) Suggest how the speed of this reaction at 30 °C will change when the
concentration of hydrochloric acid is increased.
[1]
4) Nov 2011 [22] Q (3_a, b)
3 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes slowly at room temperature to form water
and oxygen.
The reaction is catalysed by manganese(lV) oxide.
0
2
2H > 0
2
2H + 02
A student used the apparatus shown below to study how changing the
concentration of hydrogen peroxide affects the speed of this reaction.
gas syringe
peroxide
ma nganese(1V) oxide
(a) Apart from the volume of hydrogen peroxide, state two things that the
student must keep the same in each experiment.
1
2 [2]
concentration of
hydrogen peroxide
in gldrn
3
1 UU•
4,
3
2
votume of
oxygen
/cm
.tu -
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time/s
141 6 — Rates of Reaction Mostafa Bcirakat (01001654462)

(I) Describe how the speed of the reaction varies with the concentration of
hydrogen peroxide.
[1]
(ii) Explain why the final volume of oxygen given off is less for graph B than
for graph A.
[1]
(iii) From the graph, determine the time taken for the reaction to be completed
when 3 g/dm
3 hydrogen peroxide (line A) was used.
[1]
the volume of oxygen produced by 2 g/dm
3 hydrogen peroxide (line B) in the
first 15 seconds.
[1]
(c) The student then tested various compounds to see how well they
catalysed the reaction.
He used the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide in each experiment.
The table shows the time taken to produce 20 cm3 of oxygen using each
compound as a catalyst.
time taken to produce

compound
20 cm
3 of oxygen / s
copper(ll) oxide 130
lead(lV) oxide 15
magnesium oxide did not produce any oxygen
manganese(lV) oxide 18
Put these compounds in order of their effectiveness as catalysts.
worst catalyst . best catalyst
142 6 — Rates of Reaction T Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

5) June 2012 [21] Q(5a) . . .
5 A student investigated the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid

using the apparatus shown below. The zinc was in excess.
zinc + hydrochloric acid > zinc chloride + hydrogen
measuring cylinder
smaN test-tube
held by a
(a) What should the student do to start the reaction?

[1]
(b) The student measured the volume of gas in the measuring cylinder at
minute intervals.
The results are shown in the table.
time/minutes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
volume of gas / cm
3 0 15 23 30 33 35 35 -_35
(I) Plot the results on the grid below and draw the best curve through the
points.
30
volume of
gas lcm
20-
lu
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
timefminutes
[3]
3.43 (6— Rates of Reaction Most afa Barokat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry CIasified Pciper_3 Topic 6
(ii) Explain why the volume of gas stays the same after 5 minutes.
[2]
(c) Complete the following sentences about this reaction using words or
phrases from the list below
Concentration decreases Increases

Speed stays the same volume
When the of hydrochloric acid is increased,
the volume of gas given off in the first two minutes
Decreasing the temperature of the reaction mixture the
of the reaction.
[4]
6) Nov 2012 [22) Q (6_d)
(d) The speed of reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid can be
found using the apparatus shown below.
cotton wool
small pieces of
acid
calcium carbonate
top pan balance
(I) Suggest how this apparatus can be used to find the speed of this reaction.
[2]
(ii) State how the speed of this reaction changes when
the concentration of acid is increased
larger pieces of calcium carbonate are used
the temperature is increased [3]
144 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakc’t (010016544 62)

1) June 2Ô13 21]Q (5b)

(b) A student carried out an experiment to determine the rate of reaction of
calcium carbonate with excess hydrochloric acid.
(S)
3
CaCO + HC/(aq)
2 > CaCIcc + CO2(g) + 0(I)
2
H
He recorded the loss of mass of the reaction mixture over a period of time.
cotton wool
small pieces of
hydrachionc acd ium carbonate
- balance
(i) Explain why the reaction mixture decreases in mass.

[1]
He carried out the reaction at constant temperature using 2 g of calcium
carbonate in small pieces. The hydrochloric acid was in excess.
He plotted his results on a grid. This is shown below.
1.0-
0.8
0.6
loss n
masslg
0.4
0.2
C)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
time/seconds

(ii) At what time has the reaction just finished

s[1]
(iii) From the graph, deduce the loss in mass in the first 100 seconds.
g[1]
(iv) The student repeated the experiment keeping everything the same except
for the size of the pieces of calcium carbonate. He used smaller pieces of
calcium carbonate but the mass used was the same.
On the grid above, draw a line to show how the loss of mass changes with
time when smaller pieces of calcium carbonate are used. [2]
(v) State the effect of increasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the
rate (speed) of this reaction when all other factors remain constant.
[1]
8) June 2013 f23] Q (7_a, b)
7 Hydrogen peroxide, H
, decomposes in the presence of an enzyme called
0
2
peroxidase. The products of this reaction are water and oxygen.
(a) (I) What is meant by the term enzyme?
[2]
(ii) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.
O
2
H > 2HO + 02
[1]
(b) A student followed the course of this reaction by measuring the volume of
oxygen released over a period of time.
The diagram below shows some results that he obtained using hydrogen
peroxide at three different concentrations.
I
.TI i i
40 j : -=
I
I: IlL
I con cen traton
3O O
2
ofH
3
O.4mol/dm
vdumeof
2O -
3
oxygen/cm
3
O.2moI/dm
10-
3
0.1mo/dm
0 20 40 60 80 100
time I seconds
(i) Describe how the concentration of hydrogen peroxide affects the rate of
this reaction.
[1]
(ii) On the graph above, draw a line to show the course of the reaction when
the starting concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 0.3 mol / dm
.
3 [2]
, deduce
(iii) For the concentration of hydrogen peroxide of 0.4 mol I dm
3
• the volume of oxygen given off when the reaction is complete,
3
cm
3 of oxygen.
• the time it takes to produce 14 cm
seconds [2]
9) Nov 2013 [21] Q (2_d)
(d) A student reacted magnesium with hydrochloric acid to find out how
concentration affects the rate of reaction. The magnesium was in excess. He
measured the volume of hydrogen produced at various time intervals.
The graph shows his results.
50-
40-
E
0
30-
D 20-
:1
C
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

tm/seconds
(i) At what time had the reaction just finished?

[1]
(ii) What volume of hydrogen gas is given off during the first 50 seconds of
the reaction?
volume of hydrogen 3
cm [1]
147 6— Rates of Reaction (01001654462)

(iii) The student repeated the experiment.

State two factors, apart from the concentration of hydrochloric acid, that
should be kept constant when repeating the experiment.
1
2 [2]
10) 2Ô13 [22] Q (2_e) . ..
...
(e) A student added large lumps of zinc to 20 cm

3 of 2 mol I dm
3 hydrochloric
acid.
She carried out the reaction at 15 °C.
She measured the volume of gas given off at various time intervals.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus she could use for this
experiment.
[31
(ii) Describe three different things she could do to increase the rate of this
reaction.
1
2
3 [3]
11) Nov 2013 [23] Q(3c) . .
(c) Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.

The course of this reaction can be followed by measuring the volume of
carbon dioxide given off at various time intervals.
The graph below shows the results obtained from an experiment using 0.15 g
of calcium carbonate in small pieces.
50-
40-
E
0
-S
I
0
‘ 20-
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

time/seconds
(I) What volume of gas is given off in the first 75 seconds of the reaction?
[1]
(ii) On the grid opposite, sketch the line you would expect for the same
reaction using large pieces of calcium carbonate. Assume that the mass of
the calcium carbonate and all other conditions remain the same. [2]
(iii) What would happen to the rate of this reaction if:
the temperature is increased,
the concentration of hydrochloric acid is decreased?

[2]
12) Nov 2014 [21] Q (6_a)
6 The organic compound I -bromobutane reacts with excess sodium
hydroxide to form butan-I-ol.
A scientist studied the rate of this reaction by finding out how the
concentration of sodium hydroxide changed with time.
The graph below shows the results.
62)
H
0.20-
0.15 -
concentration of
sodium hydroxide
inmol/dm
0.10-
0.00 )I I HIll I H ljHl l I H Hi IH

12
time I hours
(a) (I) Describe how the concentration of sodium hydroxide changes with time.
[2]
(ii) Determine the time it took for the concentration of sodium hydroxide to fall
to 0.15 mol /dm
.
3
[1]
(iii) At what time was the reaction complete?
[1]
(iv) On the grid above, draw a line to show how the concentration of sodium
hydroxide changes when the concentration of 1 -bromobutane in the reaction
mixture is increased.
All other conditions remain the same. [2]
(v) Increasing the concentration of 1-bromobutane increases the rate of this
reaction.
Suggest one other way of increasing the rate of this reaction.
[1]
13) Nov 2014 [22] Q (4)
4 Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.
3
CaCO + HC/ > 2
CaCI + 2
CO +
[2]
(b) The rate of this reaction can be followed using the apparatus shown
below.
cotton wool —___
hydrochloric acid
calcium carbonate
(i) State the names of the pieces of apparatus labelled A and B.

A
B
[2]
(ii) Explain why the mass of the reaction mixture decreases with time.
[1]
(c) The graph below shows how the mass of the reaction mixture changes
with time.
The calcium carbonate was in excess and large pieces of calcium carbonate
were used.
100.Lr
100.20
100.15
mass of
reaction
mixture/g
100.
100.05
100.u
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
timels
151 j 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

(i) At what time was the reaction just complete?

[1]
(ii) Calculate the total loss in mass of the reaction mixture in this experiment.
[1]
(iii) How does the rate of reaction change when:
smaller pieces of calcium carbonate are used,
the temperature is decreased,
the concentration of hydrochloric acid is decreased?
[3]
14) Nov 2014 [23] Q (5_d)
(d) A student investigated the rate of reaction of methanol with hydrochloric
acid.
The graph below shows how the concentration of hydrochloric acid changes
with time.
1o..
o8,
O6-
concentration
ofHCl(aq)
in mol!dm
3
time! hours
(i) Describe how the concentration of hydrochloric acid changes with time.
[2]
(ii) Deduce the concentration of hydrochloric acid when the reaction had
proceeded for 15 hours.
[1]
(iii) At what time was the reaction just complete?
[1]
(iv) On the grid above, draw a line to show how the concentration of
hydrochloric acid changes with time when the reaction takes place at a higher
temperature. [2]
15) June 2015 [21] Q (4_a, b)
4 A student investigated the reaction of magnesium with dilute hydrochloric
acid.
Mg(S) + 2 HCI(aq) > MgCl + (g)
2
H
She measured the volume of gas given off at various times during the
reaction.
(a) Complete the diagram of the apparatus she would use to measure the
volume of the gas given off.
Label the apparatus.
f1ask
hydrochIoric
ackf
magnesium
ribbon
[3]
153 6— Rates of Reaction Most cifa Barcikat (G100 1654462)

(b) The student carried out the reaction at 25 00 using magnesium ribbon.
Her results are shown below.
60
50
T fr
volumeof
gasicm -
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

time? seconds
(i) How long does it take for the reaction to stop?

seconds [1]
(ii) What is the volume of hydrogen made after 20 seconds?
cm
[
3 1]
(iii) On the grid above, draw a line to show how the volume of gas changes
when the experiment is carried out at 15 00 and all other conditions remain
the same. [2]
(iv) The student repeated the experiment using magnesium powder. All other
conditions remain the same.
How does the rate of reaction with magnesium powder compare with the rate
of reaction with magnesium ribbon?
[1]
Bczrakat (010016544 62)

16) June 2015 f223 Q (4_a, b, C)

4 A student investigated the rate of reaction of zinc with dilute hydrochloric
acid.
Zfl(S) + 2 HCI(aq) > ZflClq + )
9
(
2
H
(a) Complete the labelling of the apparatus by filling in the two boxes.
/
thermometer
dilute
E E’°°
acid
water bath
at 20
-
(b) The student carried out the reaction at 20 °C using small pieces of zinc.
She measured the volume of hydrogen given off as the reaction proceeded.
60-
50-
40-
volume of
30-
3
hydrogen/cm
20-
10-
0-
0 1 2 4 5 6 7
time 1mm
155 6 — Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

(1) Describe how the volume of hydrogen changes with time.
[2]
(ii) At what time did the reaction stop?
[1]
(iii) What volume of gas was produced over the first two minutes of the
reaction?
[1]
(iv) On the graph above draw a line to show how the volume of hydrogen
changes when the reaction was carried out at 30 °C. All other conditions
remain the same. [2]
(c) How does the rate of reaction change when larger pieces of zinc are
used?
All other conditions remain the same.
[1]
17) June 2015 [23] Q (4_a, b)
4 A student investigated the reaction of zinc carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
ZflCO
(
3 S) + 2
H CI(aq) > ZnClci + CO
(
2 g) + H
0
2 ()
She measured the decrease in mass of the reaction mixture with time.
-cotton wool
pieces of hydrochloric acid

zinc
pan baLance
(a) Explain why the mass of the reaction mixture decreased with time.
[1]
(b) The student carried out the reaction at 20 °C using small pieces of zinc
carbonate. The graph below shows the results.
156 , 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

200-
199-
198-
balance
reading 197-
time/s
(i) Describe how the mass of the reaction mixture changes with time.
[2]
(ii) How long did it take for the reaction to stop?
s[1]
(iii) Calculate the decrease in mass of the reaction mixture in the first 20
seconds of the reaction.
g[1]
(iv) On the grid above, draw a line to show how the mass of the reaction
mixture changes when the experiment is carried out at 30 °C and all other
conditions remain the same. [2]
1654462)
:18) Nov 2015 [22] Q (4_a, b)

4 A student investigated the reaction of lumps of iron with sulfuric acid.
Fe(S) + 4
S
2
H
( aq)
O > )
4
FeSO + (H
2
g)
She used the apparatus shown below.
sulfuric acid lumps of

iron
(a) (i) Describe how this apparatus can be used to investigate the rate of this
reaction.
[3]
(ii) Describe how the rate of reaction would differ if smaller lumps of iron were
used.
All other conditions remain the same.
[1]
(b) The student investigated the effect of temperature on the reaction rate.
(I) State three factors which the student should keep the same in each
experiment.
1
2
3
[3]
158 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

(ii) The table shows how the rate of reaction changed with temperature.
temperature rate of reaction

IC in crn
/s
3
20 22
30 4_4
40
50 17.6
Use the information in the table to describe how the rate of reaction changed
with temperature.
[2]
19)Nov 2015 [23] Q (4_a, b)
4 Ethanol can be made by fermenting glucose.
yeast
ghicose ethano + carbon dioxide
A student investigated the fermentation of glucose at 30 °C. She used the

fermentation
(a) Describe how this apparatus can be used to investigate the rate of this
reaction.
[3]
159 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

(b) The graph below shows how the rate of fermentation changes with time.
0.4
0.3-
rate of reaction
(cm CO
3 2 per hour
0.2-
0.1-
0.0-
0 20 40 60 80 100
time/ hours
(I) Describe how the rate of fermentation changes with time.
[2]
(ii) What is the rate of reaction 40 hrs after the start of the experiment?
3 CO
cm 2 per hour [1]
(iii) Suggest two ways to increase the rate of this reaction.
I
2
[2]
20) June 2016 [311 Q (7_a, b)
7 Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
CaCO
(
3 S) + 2
H CI(aq) > CaCl + )
9
(
2
C0 + 1
0
2
H
) (
A student investigated this reaction by measuring the volume of carbon
dioxide released every minute at constant temperature.
(a) Draw a diagram of the apparatus that the student could use to investigate
this reaction.
[2]
(b) The graph shows the results of this reaction using three samples of
calcium carbonate of the same mass: large pieces, medium-sized pieces and
small pieces.
volume of
carbon dioxide
/cm
-
10-
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

time/s
(I) Which sample, large, medium or small pieces, gave the fastest initial rate
of reaction?
Use the graph to explain your answer.
[2]
(ii) The experiment was repeated using powdered calcium carbonate of the
same mass.
Draw a line on the grid above to show how the volume of carbon dioxide
changes with time for this experiment. [2]
62)
(iii) At what time was the reaction just complete when small pieces of calcium
carbonate were used?
[1]
21) June 2016 [32] Q (7_a, b)
7 When magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid, the products are aqueous
magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
Mg(S) + 2HCI(a) > MgCla + )
9
(
2
H
A student used the apparatus shown to follow the progress of this reaction.
dilute
hydrochloric acid
magnesium
(a) Complete the diagram by putting the correct labels in the boxes. [2]
(b) The student conducted two experiments using the same mass of
magnesium in each experiment and two different concentrations of
hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric acid was in excess. All other conditions
were kept constant.
The student measured the volume of hydrogen produced over a period of
time. The graph shows the results.
volume of
hydrogen
3
1cm
ii
II
60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480

mefs

(i) Which concentration of hydrochloric acid gave the faster initial rate of
reaction?
Use the graph to explain your answer.
[1]
(ii) Draw a curve on the graph on page 16 to show how the volume of
hydrogen would change if a third experiment was carried out using 1 .5 mol /
3 hydrochloric acid and the same mass of magnesium.
dm [2]
22) June 20
7 A student investigated the reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid at 20 °C
using the apparatus shown. The zinc was in excess.
sulfuric add
gas syringe
(a) What should the student do to start the reaction?

[1]
(b) The graph shows the volume of hydrogen released as the reaction
proceeds.
50-
40-
30-
volurrie of
hydrogen
I an
10-
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
time! minutes
163 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Bar akat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 TopicS
(i) Explain why the volume of gas stays the same after 10 minutes.
[1]
(ii) How long did it take for the first 20 cm3 of gas to be collected?
[1]
(iii) The student repeated the experiment at 30 °C. All other conditions
remained the same.
Draw the shape of the line on the grid on page 16 when the reaction was
carried out at 30 °C. [2]
(C) The student repeated the experiment using zinc powder instead of small
pieces of zinc.
Describe and explain how the rate of reaction differs when zinc powder is
used.
[2]
23) June 2017 [31] Q (6_e)
(e) The table compares the time taken for reaction of an alloy with ethanoic
acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid, each at three different concentrations.
The time taken for the alloy to decrease in mass by 1 .0 g was measured. All
other conditions were kept the same.
time taken for reaction/flours

acid concentration of acid concentration of acid concentration of acid
004 mol 1dm
3 002mo1 1dm
3 001 mol / dm
3
ethanoic acid 92 190 410
nitric acid 2 6 18
phosphoric acid 19 39 80
(I) How does the concentration of acid affect the rate of reaction?
[1]
(ii) Which acid reacts most rapidly with the alloy?
[1]
(iii) Predict how long it would take for the alloy to decrease in mass by 1 .0 g
using phosphoric acid of concentration 0.03 mol I dm .
3
time taken hours [1]
164 6— Rates of Reaction Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

24) June2017 [32] Q (4_b, ii)

(b) Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and a
gas which ‘pops’ with a lighted splint.
(ii) Suggest a practical method for investigating the rate of this reaction
involving collection of the gas.
You may include a labelled diagram in your answer.
[3]
25) June2017 t32] 0 (6_f)
(f) The table compares the time taken for reaction of iron with methanoic acid,
phosphoric acid and
propanoic acid, each at three different concentrations. The time taken for the
iron to decrease in mass by 1 .0 g was measured. All other conditions were
kept the same.
time taken for reaction/hours

acid concentration of acid concentration of acid concentration of acid
001 rnoUdm
3 3
002mol/dm 3
OO4moIIdm
methanoic acid 98 47 20
phosphoric acid 9 5 2
propanoic acid 220 102 45
(i) How does the concentration of acid affect the rate of reaction?
[1]
(ii) Which acid reacts most rapidly with the iron?
[1]
Cambridge Pre !GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper3 Topic 6
(iii) Predict how long it would take for the iron to decrease in mass by 1 .0 g
using propanoic acid of concentration 0.03 mol I dm .
3
time taken = ... hours [1]

26)June2Oll[33]Q(6b)
(b) A student took pieces of four different steel alloys, W, X, Y and Z, each of
the same mass, and placed them separately into hydrochloric acid. The
concentration of acid was the same in each case and the metal was in
excess. All other conditions were kept the same.
The student measured the mass of each alloy at intervals as the reaction
proceeded and calculated the percentage mass loss.
The results for alloys W, X and Y are shown on the graph.
60 X
percentage
massfoss
40 11 Y
20
L’ fr
:T
0 111111111 IHI
J
1
H IHH
HIII
H
III
II
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time! days
(i) Alloy Z reacts faster with hydrochloric acid than alloy W.

On the graph, draw a line which could represent the percentage mass loss of
alloy Z with time.
[2]
(ii) Which alloy showed the least percentage mass loss after 3 days?
[1]
166 6—Rates of Reaction lMostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

(iii) How long did it take for alloy X to lose 40% of its mass?
[1]
(iv) Suggest how the following factors affect the rate of mass loss.
increasing the temperature
increasing the concentration of the acid
[2]
)
2
G
44
JatesieactiostaaBarakxt(OlOOlSS
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Pciper_3 Topic 7
dliii nergy
changes
168 7— Energy Changes Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

1) June2010 Q (2_d)
(d) When hydrogen burns, energy is given out.
State the name given to a reaction which gives out energy.
[1]
2) June 2011 [22] Q (2j, v)
(v) The reaction between carbon dioxide and red hot carbon is endothermic.
What do you understand by the term endothermic?
[1]
3) Nov 2011 [21]Q (7_a)
7 A student studied the reaction of citric acid with sodium hydrogen
carbonate. She put a solution of citric acid in a plastic cup and measured its
temperature.
She then added sodium hydrogen carbonate powder and measured the
temperature again.
id
carbonate
.pastic cup
citric acid solution
(a) The temperature of the reaction mixture decreased.

Which one of these statements about this reaction is correct?
Tick one box.
The reaction released heat energy
The reaction is exothermic.
169 ) 7—Energy Changes Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Piper_3 Topic 7
The reaction is endothermic.
The products have less energy than the reactants
4) Nov2011 t223 Q (7_b) ...
(b) One use of ethanol is as a solvent.

A pupil studied the reaction of iodine with zinc.
She first dissolved a few crystals of iodine in ethanol and recorded the
temperature of the solution.
The temperature was 18 C.
She then added excess powdered zinc and recorded the temperature again.
The new temperature was 37 °C.
—- temperature r _-teniperature
18CC . 37CC
iodine dissolved
in ethanol
excess zinc-.
(1) Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic?

[1]
5) June2Ol2[21]Q(5_c) ..
(c) When iron reacts with sulfur, energy is released.

(i) What is the name given to a reaction which releases energy?
[1]
6) Nov 2012 [21] ,Q(5_b) .. . .
(b) Two students investigated some fuels to find which gave off the most
energy.
They tested four liquid fuels using the apparatus shown below.
44 62)
thermometer
copper
-—100 g of water
spirit burner—__
__---liquid fuel
///
(i) In each experiment, the amount of fuel burnt was the same.
Suggest one other factor that should be kept the same in each experiment.
[1]
(ii) The students used the thermometer to stir the water.
Suggest why it is important to keep the water stirred.
[1]
(iii) The results are shown in the table below.
initial temperature final temperature

ue
of the water! C of the water! °C
ethanol 24 40
propanol 24 42
paraffin 22 33
petroleum spirit 20 40
Which fuel transfers the most energy to the water?

[2]
7) June 2013 [23] Q (1_c)
(c) Complete the following sentences about isotopes using words from the list
below.
atoms energy iron molecules
neutrons protons radioactive stable
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of
and different numbers of Some isotopes such as uranium-235
are Uranium-235 can be used as a source of [4]
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Clas5ified Paper 3 Topic 7
8) June2013 [23] Q (5_a,b)

5 Energy is given out when fuels burn.
(a) State the name given to a chemical reaction which releases energy.
[1]
(b) Hydrogen can be used as a fuel.
Complete the symbol equation for the burning of hydrogen in oxygen.
+
2
H 0
2
>2H
[2]
9) Nov 2013 [23] Q (3_e iii)
(iii) When calcium oxide reacts with water, heat is given off.
State the name given to a chemical reaction which gives off heat.
[1]
10) June 2014 [21] Q (5c, I)

(c) In the furnace, the coke burns to form carbon dioxide. This reaction is
exothermic.
(i) What is meant by the term exothermic?
[1]
11) Nov 2014 [21] Q (4_a, b, c, d, e)
4 A student wants to compare the energy released when different fuels are
burned.
He measures the increase in temperature of the water in a metal can when
the fuels are burned.
-metal can
ilass spirit burner
-top-pan balance
172 7—Energy Changes Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

(a) What piece of apparatus is missing from the diagram above?

[1]
(b) State two things the student should keep the same when burning each
fuel.
[2]
(c) Suggest why the water in the can should be stirred.
[1]
(d) What happens to the reading on the top-pan balance as the fuel burns?
[2]
(e) The results of burning four fuels, D, E, F and G, are shown in the table
below.
temperature of water at temperature of water at

fuel
start of experiment/°C end of experiment/°C
D 20 45
E 19 43
F 1$ 44
G 21 46
Which fuel produced the greatest temperature rise in the water?

[1]
12) Nov 2014 [213 Q (5_b)
(b) When metals react with hydrochloric acid, the temperature of the reaction
mixture increases.
Which one of the following words best describes this reaction?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
endotherm ic exothermic isotopic radioactive
[1]
i7JigyngefEMostafaBarakat (01001654462)
Can’- bridge Pre lGSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 7
13) Nov 2014 [221Q (5_d) . . .
(d) When heated, calcium carbonate breaks down to form calcium oxide and
carbon dioxide.
Which two words from the list below describe this reaction?
Tick two boxes.
combustion
H
decomposition
H
endothermic
H
exothermic
H
oxidation
H
[2]
14) June 2015 [21] Q (2_a)
2 A small piece of sodium is added to some ethanol. The temperature was
measured before and after the sodium was added.
19CC 29CC
ethanol
(a) Explain how this experiment shows that the reaction is exothermic.
[1]
174 7—Energy Changes Mostafa Barakat (0100 16544 62)

15) June 2015 [22] Q (2_a)

2 An aqueous so’ution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to an aqueous
solution of citric acid.
The mixture is stirred. The temperature is measured before and after the
addition.
$1-
citric acid
carbonate — — —
(a) Explain how this experiment shows that the reaction is endothermic.
[1]
16) June 2015 [23] Q (2_a)
2 A student adds an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to an aqueous
solution of ethanoic acid.
She measures the temperature before and after the addition of sodium
hydroxide.
18CC 22CC
sodium hydroxda
lution at 18CC
ethanaic
solution
(a) (i) Explain how this experiment shows that the reaction is exothermic.
[1]
175 7—Energy Changes Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

17) Nov2015 [21] Q (2_a, b, c)

2 A student measures the maximum temperature changes when five different
solids, P, Q, R, S and T, are dissolved separately in water. She uses the
thermometer
rrer
(a) The student stirs the mixture as each solid is added.

Suggest why she does this.
[1]
(b) Suggest two factors which should be kept the same to make the
experiment a fair test.
I
2 [2]
(c) The table of results is shown below.
solid added initial temperature highest temperature

of the waterf°C of the solulionl°C
p 20 24
Q 18 23
R 19 16
S 22 23
T 20 18
(I) Which solid gave the greatest temperature change when dissolved in
water?
[1]
(ii) Which solids gave an endothermic energy change when dissolved in
water?
and [2]
18) Nov 2015[22] Q (2_a) b, C)

2 A student measured the highest temperature reached when four different
fuels were burned. He used the apparatus shown below.
-thermometer
per can
water
spirit burner—_
___—fuel
/ / / /77/ //
(a) The same amount of each fuel was burned.

Suggest two other things which the student should keep constant to make the
experiment a fair test.
1
2
[2]
(b) Is burning an exothermic or an endothermic reaction?
[1]
(c) The table below shows the results.
molecular initial final

fue
formula temperatureS °C temperature / °C
ethanol 0
8
H
2
C 23 44
hexane 17 46
pentane 12
H
5
C 22 48
propanol 0
8
H
3
C 21 45
(i) Which fuel gave the highest temperature change?

[1]
(ii) Which fuel has the highest relative molecular mass?
You are not expected to do any calculations.
[1]
177 7— Energy Changes Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

19) Nov 2015 [23] Q (2_a, b, C)

2 Household waste can be burned to produce energy.
The table shows the energy released by different materials when the waste is
burned.
material mass burned energy reLeased

burned 1kg 1 kJ
metals 1.0 1 000
organic matter 05 8000
paper 2.0 40000
plastics 1,0 30000
cloth 1.0 15 000
(a) Which material releases the most energy per kilogram when burned?
[1]
(b) Which one of the following words best describes the energy change when
a substance is burned?
Tick one box.
endothermic
neutralisation
exothermic
reduction
[1]
20) June 2016 f31] Q (6_cs d)
(c) The energy level diagram for this reaction is shown.
Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic?
2
N 2
3H
energy
2NH
[1]
17Tinergy Ch gT staara at 165 44 62j

(d) The graph shows how the percentage yield of ammonia changes with
temperature when the pressure is kept constant.
100—
% eld
of ammonia
4 (-
2:
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

temperature! C
(I) Describe how the percentage yield of ammonia changes with temperature.
[1]
(ii) Determine the percentage yield of ammonia at 350 °C.
[1]
21) Nov 2016 t31) Q(5c, ii)
(ii) The energy level diagram for this reaction is shown.
2A1 + 3
0
2
Fe
energy
3
0
2
A! + 2Fe

[1]
i7EnergyhangesfaBarakat1OO1654462)
22) Nov 2016 [33]Q (5_a,i) .
...
5 Lime (calcium oxide) is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate).
CaCO
(
3 S) . ‘ CaO + CO2(g)
(a) Q)
[1]
23 June 2017 [31]Q (7a) .... . . .
...
7 Carbon is an element in Group IV of the Periodic Table. It reacts with

oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
(a) The energy level diagram for this reaction is shown.
C +02
energy
2
Co
Explain how this diagram shows that the reaction is exothermic.
[1]
24) June 2017 [32] Q (4_e)
(e) Zinc is extracted from zinc oxide by heating zinc oxide with carbon
monoxide.
ZnO+CO 2
>Zn+C 0
Zn + 2
CO
energy
ZnO+CO
Explain how this diagram shows that the reaction is endothermic.
[1]
:180rgyChangMostafa Barakat(010016544t2)
rbF
/1
181 8— ‘evers,ble Peact Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

1)June 2010 Q
3 Some pink cobalt chloride was heated gently in a test-tube.
The cobalt chloride turned blue.
A few drops of water were then added to the blue cobalt chloride.
The cobalt chloride turned pink.
blue cobalt
At chloride
heat
(a) (i) State the name of this type of reaction.

[1]
(ii) Complete the following sentence. Use words from the list below.
alkaline chloride dehydrated hydrated water
When cobalt chloride is heated, it loses
its of crystallisation and changes colour. [2]
2) Nov 2012 [23] Q (4_b, I, ii, iii)
(b) More hydrogen can be formed by reacting the carbon monoxide with more
steam at 500 o
O
2
CO+H ‘ 2
CO+H
This reaction is reversible.
(i) How do you know from this equation that the reaction is reversible?
[1]
(ii) What do you understand by the term reversible reaction?
[1]
(iii) Carbon monoxide is a common atmospheric pollutant.
State a source of the carbon monoxide in the atmosphere other than from the
manufacture of hydrogen.
[1]
182 [8— Re.’ersible Reactions Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

3) Nov 2013 [21] Q (5_f, I)

(f) (i) Hydrated nickel(ll) chloride is green in colour.
When hydrated nickel(ll) chloride is heated gently, it changes colour from
green to white.
.6H
2
NICI
0 (S) ‘ NiCl +
hydrated nickel(ll) chloride

[1]
(ii) What does the sign ‘

mean?
[1]
4) Nov 2013 [22] Q (1_a, iv)
I (a) Choose from the list of compounds below to answer the following
questions.
ammonia
ammonium chloride
calcium carbonate
calcium oxide
copper(II) sulfate
ethane
iron(Il) chloride
methane
water
Each compound can be used once, more than once or not at all.
Which compound:
(iv) turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink [1]
5)Nov 2013 [23] Q (6_a, iv)
6 (a) When hydrated copper(ll) sulfate is heated, the following reaction
occurs:
2
.
4
CUSO
0 5H
(S) S) + 1
CUSO
(
4 0(
2
5H
)
hydrated copper(ll) sulfate anhydrous copper(ll) sulfate
(i) What does the sign ‘ mean?

[1]
(ii) Explain how this reaction is used as a chemical test for water.
[2]
183 8— Reversible Reactions Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

2014 [23] .
(b) Calcium chloride absorbs water vapour.

When calcium chloride is heated, it loses its water of crystallisation.
Complete the symbol equation for this reaction. Include the sign for a
reversible reaction.
.
2
CaCI
0 6H ‘ 2
CaCI +
[2]
7) June, 2014 [23],,Q,(8_d)
(d) What would you observe when a piece of blue cobalt chloride paper is
dipped into water?
[1]
8),< June 20 1,5 [22] Q (6e)
(e) When iron is heated with steam, hydrogen is given off.
3 Fe + 4 HO ‘ O
3
Fe + 2
4H
(i) What does the sign mean?
[1]
9) June 2015 [23] Q (3_d)
(d) An hydrous copper(ll) sulfate can be used to test for water.
S) +
CuSO
(
4 1
0
2
5H
) ( ‘ 2
.
4
CuSO
0 5H
(S)
(i) What is the meaning of the symbol
[1]
(ii) Give the colour change when water is added to anhydrous copper(II)
sulfate.
from to [2]
10) June 2016 f3lj Q t6, b) ‘ ,,
..
6 Ammonia is manufactured by the reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the

presence of a catalyst.
(a) What is the purpose of a catalyst?
[1]
(b) The reaction is reversible.
Complete the equation below by adding the sign for a reversible reaction.
+3H
2
N . ‘ 3
2NH
[1]
184]siblaconT MostafaBarakat(010016544 62)

11)June 2016 1311 Q (8_b, ill)

(iii) Describe the chemical test for the presence of water.
test
result [2]
1 2) June 206 [32] Q (8_b, iii)
3 Sulfur dioxide reacts with excess oxygen to form sulfur trioxide.
(Q)
2
2SO +
°2(g) “ °3(g)
25
(a) What is the meaning of the symbol ‘ ?

[1]
13) Nov 2016 [311 Q (2_d, I)
(d) Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form a mixture which contains
hydrogencarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.
CO2(g) + O()
2
H ‘ HCOaq + H(aq)
(i) What is the meaning of the symbol
[1]
14) Nov 2016 [33] Q (5_a, ii)
5 Lime (calcium oxide) is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate).
(S)
3
CaCO .. ‘ CaO(S) + CO2(g)
(ii) The reaction is reversib’e.
What information in the equation shows that this reaction is reversible?
[1]
15) June 2017 1321 Q (3_c) ,

x Y z
(c) Describe the colour change when substance Y is added to anhydrous
copper(ll) sulfate.
[2]
185 8— Reversible Reactions Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

lopk 9;
AcIds, DUeS an.d Saks

7/7
K Salty
1$fls,BasesAndSalts.stafaBarakat1OO16i623
1) June 2010 Q (2_e, ii)

(ii) State the names of the three products formed when hydrochloric acid
reacts with calcium carbonate.
[3]
2) June2010 Q (3_c) . ..
(c) Cobalt(ll) oxide is a basic oxide.

Predict one chemical property of cobalt(Il) oxide.
[1]
3) June2010 Q(4_d)
(d) Describe a test for iodide ions.
test
result [2]
4) 4une2OlOQ(5_d)
(d) A mixture of ammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide was warmed in a
test-tube.
A gas was given off which turned red litmus paper blue.
State the name of this gas.
[1]
5) Nov 2010 [21] Q (2_a, b, C, iv, v)
2 Calcium carbonate was heated strongly in a test-tube.
The gas given off was bubbled through limewater.
(a) What type of chemical reaction occurs when calcium carbonate is heated
strongly?
hydration
neutralisation
oxidation
thermal decomposition
[1]
(b) (i) State the name of the gas given off when calcium carbonate is heated
strongly.
[1]
(ii) State the colour change of the limewater.
[1]
Cambridge Pre iGSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topic 9
(c) The product remaining in the test-tube is calcium oxide.

(iv) Complete the symbol equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with
hydrochloric acid.
CaO + HCI > CaCI 2 +
(v) State the chemical name of the compound CaC/

.
2
[1]
6) Nov 2010 [21j Q (5_a, b, d)
5 A solution of calcium hydroxide in water is alkaline.
H
(a) Which one of the values below is alkaline?
7
H H
1 1
3
PH
[1]
(b) Which of the following is the common name for calcium hydroxide?
Tick one box.
Cement
Limestone
Quick lime
Slaked lime
[1]
(d) Calcium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid.
calcium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid > calcium chloride + water
(I) State the name of this type of chemical reaction.
[1]
(ii) A dilute solution of calcium hydroxide can be titrated with hydrochloric acid
using the apparatus shown.
burette
hydrochloric -
acid
flask
solution of
:::- calcium hydroxide
Describe how you would carry out this titration.
[3]
7) June 2011 [21] Q (5_f)
(f) Hydrochloric acid reacts with the base calcium hydroxide.
(I) Complete the word equation for this reaction.
hydrochloric acid + calcium hydroxide +
[2]
(ii) Hydrochloric acid also reacts with zinc.
Zn + HCI > ZnCI +
[2]
8) June 2011 [21] Q (8_c, iii)
(iii) A solution of hydrogen bromide in water is called hydrobromic acid.
1-lydrobromic acid has similar reactions to hydrochloric acid.
State the names of three products formed when hydrobromic acid reacts with
sodium carbonate.
[2]
ii9-Acid, Bases And SaltT Mostafa Barakat (0100165 44 62)

9) June 2011 [22] Q (6_as. b, ii, c, I)

6 lron(ll) sulfate is a light green salt.
(a) Describe how you can prepare pure dry crystals of iron(ll) sulfate from iron
powder and dilute sulfuric acid.
[3]
b (ii) Describe a test for iron(ll) ions.
test
result [3]
(C) Many centuries ago, sulfuric acid was made from iron(ll) sulfate.
Sulfuric acid is a typical acid.
(I) Describe what you would observe when sulfuric acid is added to
blue litmus paper
iron powder [2]
10) Nov 2011 t21] Q 2_d, e)
(d) Rust contains iron(lll) ions.
Describe a test for iron(lll) ions.
test
result [2]
(e) Clean iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Fe + 2 HCI > 2
FeCl + 2
H
[2]
ids,Bases And Salts Mostafa Scrakat (0100165 44 62)

11) Nov2011 [21Q(7_d)

(d) The concentration of a citric acid solution can be found by carrying
out a titration using the apparatus shown below.
sodium
solution
citric acid so’ution
Describe how to carry out this titration.
[3]
1 2) Nov 2011 [22] Q(5_b) :,.
(b) Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is an ionic compound which dissolves in water

to form a strongly alkaline solution.
H
(I) Which one of the following best describes the of a concentrated
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide?
pH2 7
H pH8 13
H
5
1
p’
[1]
(iii) The equation describes how sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric
acid.
NaOH + HCI > NaCI + 0
2
H
[1]
L91 9—Acids, Bases And Salts Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

(iv) A student used a syringe to add 1 cm

3 portions of hydrochloric acid to an
aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.
-synge
hydrochloric acid
11
0
C)
_ sodium hydroxide solution
Describe how the pH of the solution in the beaker changes as the hydrochloric
acid is added until the acid is in excess.
[2]
13) Nov 2011 [22] Q (7_e, f)
(e) The equation for the reaction of zinc with dilute nitric acid is
4 Zn + 10 HNO
3 4 Zn(NO
)
3 + 3
N
4
NHO + 3 H
0
2
[3]
(f) Describe a test for ammonium ions.
test
result
[3]
14) June 2012 [211 Q (3a, b, c, I, d)
3 Hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid are both acidic in nature.
H
(a) Which one of the following is a value for an acidic solution.
[1]
9Zids,BasesAndSaItostafaBarikat(O1OO1 654462)
(b) Describe how you would use litmus to test if a solution is acidic.
[3]
(C) Acids react with metal carbonates.
(i) Write a word equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with
hydrochloric acid.
[3]
(d) Hydrochloric acid reacts with iron to form iron(ll) chloride and hydrogen.
Complete the equation for this reaction.
Fe+....HCI +
2
>FeCl
[2]
15) June 2012 [22] Q (2_a, b, C)
2 Alkalis are soluble bases.
(a) Which one of the following is alkaline?
distilled water hydrochloric acid
sodium chloride solution sodium hydroxide solution
[1]
H
(b) Suggest a value for a solution which is alkaline.
[1]
(c) Describe how you would find the p’ of a solution.
[2]
16) June 2012 [22] Q (5_b)
(b) Iron reacts with sulfuric acid.
Fe + S0
2
H
4 4
FeSO + 2
H
(I) Write a word equation for this reaction.
[2]
17) Nov 2012 [21] Q (2_b)

(b) Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to form a solution of hydrochloric
acid.
A student titrated aqueous ammonia with hydrochloric acid using the
apparatus shown below
hydrochbñc acia
-aqueous ammonia
(i) State the name of the pieces of apparatus labelled A and B.

Aisa [1]
Bisa [1]
(ii) Describe how the pH value of the solution in B changes as hydrochloric
acid is added until the acid is in excess.
[3]
(iii) Complete the word and symbol equations for this reaction.
ammonia + hydrochloric acid
HC/ > NHCI
[2]
(c) Aqueous ammonia is used to test for copper(ll) ions.
Describe what happens when you add aqueous ammonia to a solution of
copper(ll) sulfate until the aqueous ammonia is in excess.
[4]
191 9—Acids, Bases And Salts Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

18) Nov 2012 [21] Q (7_e) .
(e) Describe a test for sulfate ions.

test
result
[2]
.
1 9) Nov 2012 [22] Q(2_a, b, c, I, d)

2 Ammonia, NH
, is an alkaline gas.
3
(a) Describe a test for ammonia.
test
result
[2]
H
(b) What is the of an aqueous solution of ammonia?
1
H 3
H 5
H 7
H 9
H
[1]
(c) Ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid.
(i) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.
3
NH + HCI
[1]
(d) Aqueous ammonia reacts with sulfuric acid to form a solution of
ammonium sulfate.
2NH3(aq) + (aq)
4
H2SO > (
S
2
)
4
(NH
aq)
0
(i) Ammonium sulfate is a colourless salt. Describe how you could use a
titration method to make a colourless solution of ammonium sulfate.
[4]
(ii) How can crystals of ammonium sulfate be obtained from a solution of
ammonium sulfate?
[1]
W-cids,BasesAnd SaIt afaBarakat (0100165 44 62)

20) Nov 2012 [22]Q (6_c) ...
(c) Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form carbon dioxide.
Complete the word equation for this reaction.
calcium hydrochloric carbon

+ + +
carbonate acid dioxide
[2]
21) Nov 2012 t23] Q(6_d•, iv)
(iv) Carbon dioxide is a product of the reaction between carbon monoxide and
steam. Is carbon dioxide an acidic or a basic oxide?
[1]
22) N Q (7_e) .
..
(e) A student is given a slightly alkaline solution which contains chloride ions.
Describe how the student could use aqueous silver nitrate to show that
chloride ions are present in the solution.
[3]
23) June2013 [21] 0(7_c) .
...
(c) (i) Hydrochloric acid reacts with iron to form iron(ll) chloride and hydrogen.
[1]
(ii) Describe a test for iron(ll) ions.
test
result [2]
24) June 2013 [22] Q (2_f) .
. . .
...
(f) Iron reacts with sulfuric acid.

iron + sulfuric acid +
[2]
25) June 2Q13 [22] Q (3) ,...
3 The concentration of alkali in a solution can be determined from the results

of a titration.
The apparatus used is shown below.
Eig6AcidasesltostaBarakat?O1Oo165
1 9OOW>!
ID : : : : ,,. 9
0..-, : : : : ‘-‘- ft
-0) : CD
V : : -
= ft
CD. fl
5: : :
-
:
-
W fli
• 0
1 fl
In
0 • • - • a.
0)
b
CD 9
CD —
0)
a
I _ThNO
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Pziper_3 Topic 9
H
(i) What is the of the alkali at the start of the experiment?
[1]
(ii) What volume of acid has been added when the pH is 12?
cm
[
3 1]
(iii) What is the value of the pH when the solution is neutral?
7
H 9
H
[1]
26) June 2013 [22] Q (7_d, iv)
(iv) Describe a test for chloride ions.
test
result [3]
27) June 2013 [23] Q (4_b, d)
(b) Describe a chemical test for water.
test
result [2]
H
(d) Pure water is neutral. Which one of these values is neutral?
0
H 7
H
[1]
28) June 2013 [23] Q (7_c, ii, ii
(ii) Complete the word equation for the reaction of sulfuric acid with calcium
hydroxide.
sulfuric acid + calcium hydroxide +
[2]
(iii) Describe a test for iodide ions.
test
result [2]
29) Nov 2013
21] Q (2_be c) . ..
(b) Hydrogen chloride reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid.

H
Which one of the following is the most likely of hydrochloric acid?
[1]
198 9—Acids, Bases And Salts ]5tc1fc7 Barakat (010016544 62)

• Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper3 Topic 9
(c) Hydrochloric acid reacts with both metal oxides and carbonates.
(i) Complete the word equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with
calcium carbonate.
hydrochloric + calcium —> + +
acid carbonate
[3]
(ii) Complete the symbol equation for the reaction of magnesium oxide with
hydrochloric acid. Name the salt which is formed.
MgO + HCI > MgCl + 0
2
H
name of salt [2]
30) Nov 2013 [21] Q (4_b)
(b) Graphite burns in excess air to form carbon dioxide.
Describe a test for carbon dioxide.
test
result [2]
31) Nov 2013 [21] Q (7_b) •
(b) A solution of a metal salt reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a
white precipitate.
The white precipitate is soluble in excess aqueous sodium hydroxide.
(i) Which one of the following ions is most likely to be present in the salt?
calcium copper(Il) iron(II) zinc
[1]
(ii) State the name of the white precipitate.
[1]
(c) Copper(ll) chloride can be made by the action of hydrochloric acid on
copper(ll) oxide.
Put the statements, A, B, C and D, about this preparation in the correct order.
A Leave the saturated solution to crystallise.
B Filter the solution to remove excess copper(Il) oxide.
C Add excess copper(Il) oxide to hydrochloric acid and warm.
D Evaporate the filtrate to the crystallisation point.
[1]
:32) Nov 2013 [22] Q (1)

I (a) Choose from the list of compounds below to answer the following
questions.
ammonia
ammonium chloride
calcium carbonate
calcium oxide
copper(ll) sulfate
ethane
iron(ll) chloride
methane
water
Which compound:
(i) is an alkaline gas [1]
(ii) is a gas contributing to climate change [1]
(iii) is a salt containing only non-metals [1]
(iv) turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink [1]
(v) reacts with an acid to release carbon dioxide [1]
(vi) gives a light blue precipitate when aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to
a solution of its aqueous ions
9 [1]
33) Nov 2013 [22] Q (2_b)
(b) Complete the word equation for the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid —÷ +
[2]
34) Nov 2013 [22] Q (5_c, ii)
(ii) Describe a test for ammonia.
test
result [21
ETJZids,JSal1 Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

35) Nov 2013 E23] Q (3_d, ii, e)

(ii) Describe a test for carbon dioxide.
test
result [2]
(e) Calcium oxide can be used to neutralise acidic industrial waste.
(i) Complete the word equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with nitric
acid.
calcium oxide ± nitric acid — ±
[2]
36) June 2014 [21] Q (5_c, U)
(ii) Describe a test for carbon dioxide.
test
result [2]
37) June 2014 f223 Q (2a;b)
2 Carbon dioxide can be prepared in the laboratory using the apparatus
shown below.
B
carbon
hydrochloric
marble chips
(calcium carbonate)
(a) State the names of the pieces of apparatus labelled A and B.
A
B
[2]
201 j 9— Acids, Bases And Salts Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(b) Complete the word equation for this reaction.
calcium ±
hydrochloric carbon
+ +
carbonate acid dioxide
- -
[2]
.38) June 2014 [22) Q (5_g) .....
(g) A student dissolved a sample of brass in concentrated nitric acid.

Nitrogen dioxide, NO
, was released.
2
Cu + 3
4HN0 > Cu(NO + 2
2N0 + 0
2
2H
(i) Write a word equation for this reaction.
[2]
(ii) The student added aqueous ammonia to the solution formed until the
ammonia was in excess.
Describe what the student would observe.
[31
39) June 2014 £231 Q (2..a) .
-
2 (a) Calcium chloride, CaCI

, is a salt.
2
Suggest the name of an acid and a base that would react together to make
calcium chloride.
acid
base [2]
40) June 2014 f23] c•(5_c)•. . . ....
(c) The concentration of ethanoic acid can be determined by titration using the
A
B
ethanoic
202 $1 9 — Acids, Bases And Salts Mostafri Barakat (01001654462)

(i) State the name of the piece of glassware labelled A.

[1]
(ii) Liquid B is an alkali.
Which one of the following compounds is also an alkali?
calcium carbonate
calcium sulfate
sodium chloride
sodium hydroxide
[1]
(iii) Describe how you would carry out this titration.
[2]
41) June 2014 t23 Q (Sb)
(b) Describe a test for sulfate ions.
test
result
[2]
42) Nov 2014 [21] Q (2_b)
(b) Describe a test for chloride ions.
test
result
[2]
43) Nov 2014 [21] Q (6_b)
(b) The concentration of aqueous sodium hydroxide can be found by titrating
samples of the reaction mixture with hydrochloric acid.
Describe how you would carry out this titration.
• a burette,
• a volumetric pipette,
• an acid-base indicator solution.
1654462)
Cambiidge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 9
[4]
44) Nov 2014 [21] Q (7_b, c)
(b) Many fertilisers contain ammonium sulfate.
Ammonium sulfate is made by reacting aqueous ammonia with sulfuric acid.
[1]
(c) Aqueous ammonia reacts with nitric acid to make another compound often
found in fertilisers.
State the name of this compound.
[1]
45) Nov 2014 [22] Q (2_c)
(C) Apple juice is slightly acidic.
H
(I) Which one of the following values is slightly acidic?
7
H H
1 4
[1]
46) Nov 2014 [22] Q (3_a, b, ii, c)
3 Hydrogen chloride gas can be prepared by the action of concentrated
sulfuric acid on sodium chloride.
4
S
2
H 0 + 2NaCI > NaSO + 2HC/
(a) Write the word equation for this reaction.
[1]
(b) Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.
(ii) Describe what you would observe when a few drops of silver nitrate
solution are added to hydrochloric acid.
[2]
204 9—Acids, Bases And Salts

H
(c) The graph below shows how changes when aqueous ammonia is
neutralised by hydrochloric acid.
14
12-
10-
8-
pH
6-
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
vo’ume of hydrochloric acid added/cm
3
(I) What is the p’ of the aqueous ammonia at the start of the experiment?
[1]
(ii) What volume of hydrochloric acid has been added when the p’ is 10?
[1]
H
(iii) What volume of hydrochloric acid has been added when the is
changing most quickly?
[1]
62)
Cambridge Pre !GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 9
47 Nov 2014 [23]Q (6_a, i,b, C)

6 Sulfur burns in air to form sulfur dioxide.
(a) (1) Is sulfur dioxide an acidic or basic oxide?
[1]
(b) Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide.
Sulfur trioxide can be made in the laboratory using the apparatus shown
below.
Sulfur trioxide has a melting point of 17 °C and a boiling point of 45 °C.
sulfur dioxide —.
platinum catalyst
oxygen —*-
concentrated
crystals
(I) Suggest one safety precaution when carrying out this experiment.
[1]
(ii) What is the purpose of the platinum catalyst?
[1]
(iii) Complete the symbol equation for the reaction.
+
2
2S0 3
SO
[2]
(iv) Suggest why the sulfur trioxide is collected in a flask surrounded by ice.
[1]
(v) When 64 g of sulfur dioxide react with excess oxygen, 80 g of sulfur
trioxide is formed.
Calculate the mass of sulfur trioxide formed from 160 g of sulfur dioxide.
mass= g[1]
206 j 9—Acids, Bases And Salts Mastafa Barakat (01001654462)

(c) Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid.

A student used the apparatus shown below to determine the concentration of
a solution of sodium hydroxide.
acid
hydroxide
+ indicator
(i) Which one of these pieces of apparatus should the student use to put 25.0
3 of sodium hydroxide into the flask.
cm
Tick one box.
beaker
measuring cylinder
test-tube
volumetric pipette
(ii) How would the student know when the sulfuric acid had neutralised the
sodium hydroxide?
[1]
48) June 2015 [21] Q (3_c)
(c) A solution of sodium bromide in water is neutral.
Which one of the following p’ values is neutral?
6
H
[1]

_
49) June 2015 [21] Q (4_d)

(d) Magnesium chloride is a salt.
Magnesium sulfate is also a salt.
Give the name of two compounds which react together to form magnesium
sulfate.
and [2]
50) June 2015 t22Q (2_b) ..
. .
(b) Citric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form the soluble salt sodium
citrate.
Describe how you could prepare pure dry crystals of sodium citrate from citric
acid and sodium hydroxide.
[3]
51) June 2015 t22 0 (3) .
..
...
3 When sodium hydrogen carbonate is heated at 60 °C, carbon dioxide is

given off.
(a) (i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
3
NaHCO > 3
NaCO + 2
CO +
[2]
(ii) What type of chemical reaction is this?
Tick one box.
add [tion
neutralisation
oxidation
therma’ decomposition
[1]
(b) An aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is slightly alkaline.
Which one of the following H values is slightly alkaline?
[1]
208 9—Acids, Bases And Salts Mostafa Barakat (0100 16S 44 62)
(c) Baking powder contains sodium hydrogen carbonate and crystals of a

weak acid.
When water is added, the acid reacts with the sodium hydrogen carbonate.
(i) Complete the general equation for the reaction of an acid with a carbonate.
acid + carbonate > carbon dioxide + +
[2]
(ii) The diagram below shows bread baked with and without the addition of
baking powder.
All other conditions were kept the same.
///////
bread baked bread baked
without baking powder with baking powder
Why is the bread baked with baking powder bigger?
[1]
(iii) Explain why the sodium hydrogen carbonate used in breadmaking must
be pure.
[1]
5)June2OlS[23]Q(2c)
(c) Ethanoic acid has similar properties to hydrochloric acid.
What would be observed when a small piece of magnesium is added to
aqueous ethanoic acid?
[2]
53) June 2015 f23] Q (3_b>
(b) Sulfur trioxide dissolves in water to form sulfuric acid.
+H
3
50
Q
2
[1]
(ii) Sulfuric acid is strongly acidic.
H
Which one of the following values is strongly acidic?
[1]
Barakat (0100 1654462)

Cambridge Pre iGSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 9
54) June 2015 [23] Q (4_ç),

(c) The zinc chloride formed in this reaction is a salt.
(I) Give the name of another compound of zinc which, when reacted with
hydrochloric acid, makes zinc chloride.
[1]
55) 2015 E21]Q (4_b, c) ... .
(b) The solution formed at the end of the reaction between strontium and
water is alkaline. It is a solution of strontium hydroxide.
The teacher titrated this solution with hydrochloric acid using the apparatus
shown below.
burette
cm strontium
3
hydroxide solution
(I) What piece of apparatus should be used to put exactly 25.0 cm
3 of the
strontium hydroxide solution into the flask?
[1]
(ii) A few drops of litmus solution was added to the flask.
Explain why litmus is added to the flask and describe what happens to the
litmus as the titration proceeds.
[2]
210 9—Acids, Bases And Salts Mastafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)
H
(c) The graph below shows how the of the solution in the flask changes as
the acid is added.
12-
In
pH
6-
volume of hydrochloric acid/cm

3
H
(i) Describe how the of the solution changes as the titration proceeds.
[3]
(ii) What volume of acid had been added when the solution had a neutral PH?
[1]
(iii) The symbol equation for the reaction is
2
Sr(OH) + 2HCI > 2
SrCl + 0
2
2H
Give the name of the salt formed in this reaction.
[1]
62)
56) Nov 2015 [22] (3_ç,d)

(c) A solution of barium hydroxide is alkaline.
(i) Describe how you would show that barium hydroxide solution is alkaline.
[1]
(ii) Complete the word equation for the reaction of barium hydroxide with
hydrochloric acid.
barium hydrochloric
+ +
hydroxide acid
[2]
(d) A student used the apparatus shown below to calculate the concentration
of barium hydroxide solution.
-- hydrochloric acid
hydroxide so1uton
(i) Give the name of the piece of apparatus labelled A.

[1]
(ii) The hydrochloric acid is added to the barium hydroxide solution in the flask
until the acid is in excess.
H
Describe how the of the solution changes as the acid is added.
[2]
212 9—Acids, Bases And Salts Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

57) Nov2015 [22] Q (4_c)

4 A student investigated the reaction of lumps of iron with sulfuric acid.
Fe(S) + H2SO4(aq) > FeSOcc + H2(g)
(c) lron(Il) sulfate can be prepared by adding excess iron to sulfuric acid.
Describe how you could obtain pure dry crystals of iron(ll) sulfate from the
•reaction mixture in the conical flask.
[3]
58) Nov 2015 [23] Q (3_ciii, d)
3 Hydrogen chloride can be prepared in the laboratory by heating sodium
chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid using the apparatus shown below.
acid
(a) Complete the diagram by adding the labels in the boxes. [2]
(b) The equation for the reaction is shown below.
2NaCl + S0
2
H
4 > SO
2
Na
4 + 2HCI
State the name of the salt formed as a product in this reaction.
[1]

c) (iii) Complete the word equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with
calcium carbonate.
hydrochloric +
calcium
+
acid carbonate +
[31
(d) Aqueous ammonia is added slowly to a beaker containing hydrochloric
acid.
The graph below shows how the p’ of the solution in the flask changes as the
aqueous ammonia is added.
10-
8-
6-
pH
4-
2-
0-
0 10 20 30 40
volume of aqueous ammonialcm
3
H
(I) What was the of the hydrochloric acid at the start of the experiment?
[1]
H
(ii) Describe how the of the solution changes as the titration proceeds.
[3]
- 214
59) Nov2015 [23] Q (5d)

(d) Iron reacts with hydrochloric acid. A salt with the formula FeCI
2 is formed
as well as a gas which pops with a lighted splint.
(i) Complete the word equation for this reaction.
iron + hydrochloric acid +
[2]
(ii) Describe a test for iron(Il) ions.
test
result [2]
60) June 2016 [31] Q (5_b, ii)
(ii) Nitric acid is strongly acidic.
Which one of the following pH values represents a strongly acidic solution?
7
H
(iii) Nitric acid reacts with zinc oxide.

State the names of the products of this reaction.
and [2]
61) June 2016 [31] 0 (6_e, f, g)
(e) Describe a test for ammonia.
test
result [2]
(f) Ammonia is a weak base.
Describe how you would measure the pH of an aqueous solution of a weak
base using Universal Indicator.
[2]
(g) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with chlorine.
3
NH + 2
3Cl > N + HCI
[2]
62) iune 2016 [31] 0 (7c, N)
(c) When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, calcium oxide is formed.
(ii) What type of oxide is calcium oxide?
[2]
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topc 9
:63) June 2016 [32] Q (1_c)

(c) What type of oxide is phosphorus(V) oxide?
[2]
64) June 2016 132] Q (2_c),
(c) When iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, an aqueous solution
containing iron(ll) ions is formed.
Describe a test for iron(Il) ions.
test
result [2]
65) June 2016 [32] Q (3_d, g) .
(d) Describe a test for sulfur dioxide.

test
result [2]
(g) Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfurous acid, 3
S0 Sulfurous
2
H
.
acid reacts with hydrogen sulfide to form water and sulfur.
Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
3
S
2
H 0 + S
2
2H 0
2
H + 3S
[1]
.66) June 2016 t32 Q (6b,c , d), . .. . .
(b) The presence of sodium in compounds can be confirmed using a flame

test.
Describe how a flame test is carried out and give the result of the test for
sodium.
test
result [2]
(c) Aqueous sodium hydroxide is strongly alkaline.
Which one of the following values is the pH of a strongly alkaline solution?
(i) Put a ring around the correct answer.
H
1 3
[1]
(ii) Describe how you could use litmus to show that aqueous sodium
hydroxide is alkaline.
[2]
(d) Sodium sulfite, 3
SO reacts with hydrochloric acid.
2
Na
,
S
2
Na
(
3 S)
O + HCI(aq)
2 2NaClc + )
9
(
2
SO + 0(
2
H
)
1
Explain why this reaction could have an adverse effect on health if not carried
out in a fume cupboard.
[2]
67) June 2016 [33] Q (3_d)
(d) Describe how you could use methyl orange to distinguish between
solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
[2]
68) Nov 2016 [31] Q (2_bn d, ii)
(b) Describe a test for sodium ions.
test
result
[2]
(d) Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form a mixture which contains
hydrogencarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.
CO2(g) + 0(I) HCOI(aq)
2
H + H(aq)
(ii) The solution formed is slightly acidic.
Describe how you would use Universal Indicator paper to determine the p
1 of
this solution.
[2]
69) Nov 2016 [31] Q (4_c, in, iv)
(iii) Chlorine forms an oxide with the formula C1
.
7
0
2
Is this oxide an acidic or a basic oxide?
[1]

(iv) A teacher heated a test-tube containing anhydrous copper(Il) chloride. A

piece of damp litmus paper was placed at the top of the test-tube.
us paper
anhydrous cop per(IT) chloride
4
heat
The anhydrous copper(ll) chloride decomposed and chlorine was formed.
Describe the colour change of the litmus paper.
[1]
70) Nov 2016 [31] Q (6_a)
6 (a) Describe the characteristic properties of acids.
In your answer you should refer to the reactions of acids with metals, bases,
carbonates and indicators.
[5]
71) Nov 2016 [32] Q (2_b, d)
(b) Describe a test for chloride ions.
test
result
[2]
(d) Silicon in river water comes from silicate rocks. Some of these contain
silicon(IV) oxide.
Explain why silicon(lV) oxide is an acidic oxide.
[1]

72) Nov 2Ô16 [32] Q(4_c, d)

(c) Methyl orange is used as an indicator.
What colour is methyl orange when placed in dilute sulfuric acid?
[1]
(d) Sulfuric acid can be used to prepare copper(ll) sulfate from copper(ll)
oxide.
(i) Complete the general word equation for this reaction.
metal oxide + acid +
[2]
(ii) Sulfuric acid is added to excess copper(ll) oxide. The mixture is heated
and the unreacted copper(ll) oxide is removed.
Suggest how the unreacted copper(ll) oxide is removed.
[1]
(iii) Put statements A to E about the preparation of pure dry crystals of
copper(ll) sulfate from copper(ll) sulfate solution in the correct order.
A The crystals are filtered off.
B The heating is stopped when the point of crystallisation is reached.
C The mixture is left to form crystals.
D The crystals are dried with filter paper.
E The solution is heated gently.
correct order
[2]
73) Nov 2016 [33] Q (2_b)
(b) Describe a test for nitrate ions.
test
result
[31
ji ckJs, Bases And Salts ]Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

74) Nov 2016 [33] Q(4b, c)

(b) The diagram shows the colour changes of the indicator bromocresol green
at different p’ values.
pHl.O pH38 pH54 pH8.O

4 4 4 4
yellow green blue
increasing pH
Predict the colour of bromocresol green
in pure water
in a strongly acidic solution
[2]
(c) The concentration of an alkali can be found by titrating it with an acid using
the apparatus shown.
acid
(i) State the names of the pieces of glassware labelled A and B.

A
B
[2]
(ii) Describe how you would carry out a titration using the apparatus shown.

Cambridge Pre !GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 9
[3]
75) ov 2016 [33j Q (5_d i,e)
(d) Limestone is used to manufacture cement. The limestone is mixed with
clay and heated to 1500 °C. It is then mixed with calcium sulfate and crushed.
(I) Describe the test for sulfate ions.
test
result
[2]
(e) Concrete contains small amounts of calcium oxide.
This can react with rainwater to form calcium hydroxide.
(i) Calcium hydroxide is strongly alkaline.
What is the most likely p’ of a strongly alkaline solution?
[1]
(ii) The calcium hydroxide on the surface of a piece of concrete reacts with
carbon dioxide in the air.
2
Ca(OH) + 2
CO > CaCO +
[1]
(iii) Limewater is an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide. A teacher left an
open beaker of limewater in the laboratory.
After a week, the solution in the beaker was pH 7 and a white precipitate was
observed.
Use the information in (e)(i) and (e)(ii) to help you explain these observations.
[3]
76) Nov 2016 [33]Q (6_c, iii) i,,.
(iii) Hydrochloric acid reacts with lithium hydroxide.

hydrochloric +
lithium
acid hydroxide
[2]
77) June 2017 [31] Q (2_b),
(b) Describe a test for sodium ions.
test
result
[2]
78) June 2017 E31]Q (4_c) .., .,.,
(c) Describe a test for iodide ions.

test
result
[2]
79) June 2017 [31] Q {7_d) .
(d) Carbon and magnesium are both insoluble in water.

Carbon does not react with hydrochloric acid but magnesium reacts to form a
soluble salt and a gas which escapes into the air.
Suggest how you could prepare a pure dry sample of carbon from a mixture of
carbon powder and magnesium powder.
[3]
80) June 2017 £32] Q.. . “. .
(C) Describe a test for potassium ions.

test
result
[2]
81)June 2017 f32]Q(4_b,i) .
(b) Aluminium reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and
a gas which ‘pops’ with a lighted splint.
(i) Identify this gas.

[1]
82 June 2017 f32 Q (6_d)
(d) Iron reacts with hydrochloric acid to form iron(ll) chloride and hydrogen.
Fe+ HCI > FeCI+
[2]
83) June 2017 £33] Q (2_b)....
(b) When nitrate ions are warmed with aqueous sodium hydroxide and
aluminium foil, ammonia gas is given off.
Describe a test for ammonia gas.
test
result
[2]
84 June 2017 t33 Q (4_c) ..
(c) Describe a test for iron(ll) ions.

test
result
[2]
85) June 2017 [33] Q (6_c) .
(C) The concentration of an acid can be found by titrating it with aqueous

sodium hydroxide.
H H
Suggest which one of these values is the of concentrated aqueous
sodium hydroxide.
Draw a circle around the correct answer.
7
H
[1]
Barakat (01001654462)
Lc r L:
C i?’
224 10— Periodic Table Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

1) June 2010 Q(3_b)

(b) Cobalt is a metal.
(i) State two physical properties which are characteristic of metals.
[2]
(ii) From its position in the Periodic Table predict two physical properties of
cobalt in addition to its general metallic properties.
[2]
.2) June 2010 Q (4_e)
(e) Aqueous chlorine reacts with aqueous sodium iodide.
012 + 2Nal + 2NaCl
[1]
(I) Complete the equation for this reaction
(ii) What colour is the solution when the reaction is complete?

[1]
(iii) An aqueous solution of iodine does not react with aqueous potassium
bromide.
Explain why there is no reaction.
[1]
3) Nov2OlOQ(1)
I The diagram below shows the elements in a period of the Periodic Table.
Li Be B C N 0 F Ne
(a) To which period of the Periodic Table do these elements belong?

[1]
(b) Answer these questions using only the elements shown in the diagram.
Write down the symbol for the element which
(i) has six electrons in its outer shell
(ii) is a halogen
(iii) is a metal which reacts rapidly with cold water
(iv) has two forms, graphite and diamond
(v) is in Group II of the Periodic Table
(vi) makes up about 80 % of the air [6]
5l0odic Table Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)
(c) Complete the following sentence using words from the list below.
Atoms electrons molecules neutrons protons
The of the elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in
order of increasing number of [2]
4) June2011 [21]Q(6_d)
(d) Some properties of the Group I metals are shown in the table.
rnelttng point density

metal hardness
‘°C 3
/gpercm
lithium fairly hard 0.53
sodium 98 fairly soft
potassium 63 soft
rubidium 39 very soft 1 53
ceesium 29 extremely soft 1.88
(I) Estimate the melting point of lithium.

[1]
(ii) How does the hardness of these metals change down the group?
[1]
(iii) Estimate the density of potassium.
[1]
5) June2011 [21]Q(8_b,i)
(b) Bromine can be obtained from bromide ions in seawater.
(i) The symbol equation for this reaction is:
2
Cl + 2Br > 2C1 + 2
Br
+ bromide ions +
[1]
6) June 2011 122] Q (5_c, d)
(c) Chlorine is a halogen.
(i) State the colour of chlorine.
[1]

The table shows some properties of the halogens.
Element density in liquid

Boiling point / °C Colour
state I g per cm
3
fluorine -188 1.51 yellow
chlorine -35 1.56
bromine -7 red-brown
iodine +114 4.93 grey-black
Use the information in the table to answer the following questions.

(ii) Predict the density of liquid bromine.
[1]
(iii) Describe the trend in boiling point of the halogens down the group.
[1]
(d) (i) Complete the word equation for the reaction of bromine with aqueous
potassium iodide.
bromine + potassium iodide +
[2]
(ii) Explain why bromine does not react with aqueous potassium chloride.
[1]
7) Nov 2011 [21] Q (3_a, b, c, d, ii)
3 The diagram shows some of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
Na Mg Si P S Cl Ar
(a) From the diagram, choose

(i) one element which forms a basic oxide.
[1]
(ii) two elements which form acidic oxides.
and [2]
(b) Describe how metallic character of the elements changes across a period.
[1]
(c) What determines the order of the elements in the Periodic Table?
[1]

(d) (ii) Use the information in the table below to explain why aluminium is
used in preference to iron or titanium for overhead electricity cables.
Give two reasons.
electrical density melting point price

metal strength
1
conductivity ing/cm
3 /°C ins/kg
aluminium very good 2.7 660 fairly strong 24
iron_____ good 7.9 1535 strong 3
titanium good 4.5 1660 very strong 104
[2]
(e) Chlorine is a green gas.
When chlorine is bubbled through an aqueous solution of potassium bromide,
the solution turns orange.
+
2
C1 KBr + KCI
[2]
(f) Argon is a noble gas which is denser than air.
Which one of these statements about argon is correct?
Tick one box.
Argon reacts rapidly with chlorine.
Argon is used for filling balloons
Argon has a complete outer shell of valency electrons
Argon has only two valency electrons in its outer shell
8) Nov2011 [22]Q(2_a,c)
2 Many of the elements in the Periodic Table are metals.
(a) State one common use for each of the following metals.
(i)copper [1]
(ii) platinum [1]
(iii) aluminium [1]
(c) Sodium is a very reactive metal.

(I) A student added a few drops of litmus solution to a large beaker of water.
She then dropped a small piece of sodium into the beaker.
Describe what the student would observe during the reaction.
[3]
(ii) Complete the word equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
sodium + water +
[2]
.9) June 2012 [21] Q (6_a,. b,d) . . . .
6 Lithium, sodium and potassium are in Group I of the Periodic Table.

(a) The equation for the reaction of lithium with water is
2L1 + 0
2
2H > 2L1OH + 2
H
(i) Write a word equation for this reaction.
[2]
(ii) Sodium reacts with water in a similar way to lithium.
Write a symbol equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
[1]
(b) Describe the reactions of lithium, sodium and potassium with water.
In your description, write about:
• the difference in the reactivity of the metals
• the observations you would make when these metals react with water.
[5]
2.9 10 Periodic Table Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre IGSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 10
(d) Lithium, sodium and potassium are metals with a low density.
State two other physical properties of these metals.
1
2 [2]
10) Ju ne 2012 122]Q (3_a) . ‘ .
3 The table below shows some properties of the halogens.
halogen mefting point/°C boiling point/VC colour

chlorine —101 —35
bromine —7 ÷59
iodine +114 ±184 greyish-black
(a) (i) Complete the spaces in the table to show the colours of chlorine and
bromine [2]
(ii) Room temperature is about 20 °C.
Use the information in the table to explain why
chlorine is a gas at room temperature
bromine is a liquid at room temperature

[2]
(iii) Astatine is the halogen below iodine in the Periodic Table.
Suggest a value for the melting point of astatine.
[1]
(b) Chlorine reacts with an aqueous solution of potassium iodide.
(i) Complete the balanced equation for this reaction.
÷
2
C1 Kl >2KCI+
[2]
(ii) State the names of the products of this reaction.
[2]
(iii) To which period in the Periodic Table does chlorine belong?
[1]
23OTirioiablTMostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

11) June2012 [22] Q (5_a)

5 Iron is a shiny metallic solid. Iron is a transition element.
(a) State three other physical properties of a transition element.
[3]
12) Nov 2012 [21] Q (5_d)
(d) Argon is a noble gas.
(I) State one use for argon.
[1]
(ii) To which period in the Periodic Table does argon belong?
[1]
(iii) Describe the chemical properties of argon.
[1]
13) Nov 2012 [21] Q (6b)
(b) Potassium iodide reacts with aqueous chlorine.
2Kl+ 2
KCI+l
[2]
14) Nov 2012 f22]Q (1_a).
I The diagram shows the structures of five elements, A, B, C, D and E.
A B C D E
0
uuOu
Cu Cu Cu Cu

Which one of these elements
(i)s in GroupVof the Periodic Table [1]
(ii) is used to fill weather balloons [1]
(iii) is a diatomic gas at room temperature [I]
(iv) conducts electricity [1]
(v) is a transition element
9 [1]
62)
j 5) Nov2012 t221 Q•(3_a) . .
3 The table below shows the properties of some halogens.
halogen colour
state at room melting point
temperature / °C
fluorine yellow —220

chlorine light green gas
bromine brownish-red liquid —7
iodine grey-black solid +114
(a) (i) What is the trend in the colour of the halogens down the Group?
[1]
(ii) Predict the state of fluorine at room temperature.
[1]
(iii) Predict the melting point of chlorine.
[1]
(b) The reactivity of three different halogens was compared by reacting them
with solutions of sodium halides.
The results are shown in the table below.
reaction mixture observations

astatine ± sodium iodide colour of reaction mixture remains unchanged
bromine ÷ sodium iodide mixture turns dark brown
chlorine + sodium bromide mixture turns brownish-red
(i) Use the results in the table to suggest the order of reactivity of astatine,
bromine, chlorine and iodine.
most reactive - least reactive
E__H__ [2]
(ii) Predict whether bromine will react with sodium chloride solution.
[1]
232 10 — Periodic Table Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

16) Nov 2012 [23] Q(1_a).

I Part of the Periodic Table of elements is shown below.
He
N 0 F Ne
P S Cl Ar
Br
I
(a) Answer the following questions using only the elements shown in the table
above.
Write the symbol for an element which
(i) is used to fill light bulbs [1]
(ii) is in Group VI and Period 3 of the Periodic Table [1]
(iii) is a greyish-black solid [1]
(iv) forms about 79 % of the air [1]
(v) consists of single atoms with a full outer shell of electrons [1]
(vi) is liberated at the cathode when concentrated hydrochloric acid is
electrolysed [1]
17) June 2013 f21] Q2)
2 The table below shows some properties of the Group I elements.
metal density in g/crns melting point/°C boiting point/°C

lithium 0.53 181 1342
sodium 0.97 98 883
potassium 0.86 63
rubidium 1.53 39 686
cesium 1.88 29 669
(a) Use the information in the table to explain why caesium is a liquid when
the temperature is 34 °C.
[1]
(b) Suggest a value for the boiling point of potassium.
°C[1]
(c) (i) Describe the general trend in density down the group.
[1]
(ii) Which element does not follow this trend?
[1]
(d) State three physical properties of potassium, other than density, melting
point and boiling point.
[3]
(e) Potassium reacts with water. The products are potassium hydroxide and
hydrogen.
(I) Describe two observations when potassium reacts with water.
[2]
(ii) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.
2K+ 0
2
H >2KOH÷
[2]
18) June 2013 [22] 0 (2_a, b, c, d)
2 The table shows how the density of the transition elements varies across
Period 4.
element Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
density in g per cm
3 4.50 7.20 7.20 T86 8.90 8.90 8.92
(a) Describe the general trend in density of the transition elements across
Period 4.
[1]
(b) Suggest a value for the density of vanadium, V.
[1]
(c) Many transition elements and their compounds are catalysts.
What is the meaning of the term catalyst?
[1]
(d) Describe three properties of transition metals, apart from catalytic activity,
which make them different from Group I metals.
I
2
3 [3]
234 iodicTabieMostafaBaralwt(01O016546)
(e) Iron reacts with steam to form an oxide with the formula Fe
.
4
0
3
Fe(S) + H2O(g) > FeO + H2(g)

4
[2]
19) June 2013 [23] Q (2)
2 The table shows some physical properties of the Group VII elements.
melting point boiling point atomic radius

haloaen colour
/C / C I nanometres
fluorine —220 —188 pale yellow

chlorine —101 —35 0.099
bromine —7 ±59 01 14 red-brown
iodine ÷114 ÷184 0133 grey-black
(a) Use the information in the table to explain why

(i) chlorine is a gas at room temperature
[1]
(ii) bromine is a liquid at room temperature

[1]
(b) Describe the trend in atomic radius going down the group from chlorine to
iodine.
[1]
(c) Suggest a value for the atomic radius of fluorine.
[1]
(d) Describe the colour of chlorine.
[1]
(f) Chlorine reacts with potassium bromide to form potassium chloride and
bromine.
-’-
2
Cl KBr >2KCI+
[2]
(ii) Explain why iodine does not react with potassium bromide.
[1]

20) Nov 2013 [21) Q (1_a)

I (a) Choose from the list of elements below to answer the following
questions.
calcium
helium
iodine
nickel
nitrogen
sodium
sulfur
Which element:
(i) is an element present in most fertilisers [1]
(ii) is in Group VI of the Periodic Table [1]
(iii) is in Period 5 of the Periodic Table [1]
(iv) has a single electron shell containing two electrons [1]
(v) is a transition element [1]
(vi) forms ions with a single negative charge
9 [1]
.21) Nov 2013 [21] Q (6e, 1)
(e) (i) Complete the symbol equation for the reaction of lithium with water to
form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen.
2Li + 0
2
H >2 + 2
H
[2]
22) Nov 2013 [21] Q(7f . .
(f) When copper(ll) chloride is heated strongly, a gas is given off.

The gas is green in colour and bleaches litmus paper.
State the name of this gas.
[1]
23) Nov 2013 [22] Q (5_b) ..
(b) Iron is a transition element.

(i) Which two of the following statements about iron are correct?
Tick two boxes.
A freshly-cut surface of iron is green in colour. .
Iron exists in only one oxidation state in its compounds.

I
Iron has a high density.
Iron has a giant covalent structure.
Iron has a high melting point.
[2]
24) Nov 2013 [23] Q (2_b)
(b) Describe two chemical properties of iron.
1
2 [2]
25) Nov 2013 [23] Q (2_b, d)
(b) Give one use of helium.
[1]
(d) Fluorine is a diatomic molecule. It melts at —220 °C and boils at —188 °C.
(I) What is the physical state of fluorine
at room temperature
at —200 °C [2]
(ii) What is meant by the term diatomic?
[1]
26) June 2014 [21] Q (1_b)
(b) Complete the following sentences about the Periodic Table of elements
using words from the list below.
argon colour density sodium
one similarity trend seven

Cambridge Pre iGSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 10
Chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in Group of the

Periodic Table.
These elements show a in down the group.
They all react rapidly with to form ionic compounds. [4]
27) June 2014 [21] Q (2_c, ci)
(c) Lithium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.
The table shows some properties of the Group I elements.
metal melting point/°C atomic radius/nm
lithium 0157
sodium 98 0191
potassium 63
rubidium 39 0250
caesium 29 0.272
Deduce:
the n,elting point of lithium
the atomic radius of potassium nm [2]
(d) Lithium reacts with water. An alkaline solution and a colourless gas are
formed.
(I) Complete the word equation for this reaction.
lithium + water +
[2]
H
(ii) What is the most likely of the alkaline solution?
5
1
p 4 pH7 pHl3
[1]
28) June 2014 t21] Q(4_b, c)
(b) Tin is a metal in Group IV of the Periodic Table.
How many electrons does tin have in its outer shell?
[1]
(c) State one physical property of tin.
[1]
238 10— Periodic Table Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

29) June 2014 [22 Q (1_a, iv,b)

I The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table. Only some of the elements
are shown.
IHI
Li C N 0
Na Al
K FeCo Ni CuZn
Rb
Cs Pb
(a) Answer the following questions using only the elements shown in the
diagram.
(iv) Which element in Group I reacts most rapidly with water? [1]
(b) Rubidium reacts with oxygen to form rubidium oxide, Rb
0.
2
[2]
3Ô) June2014 22j Q (6)
6 In the 1860s, John Newlands listed the elements in order of increasing
atomic mass. Part of his table is shown.
H Li Be B C N 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F Na Mg Al Si P S
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
(a) (I) Describe the differences between Newlands’ table and the Periodic
Table we use today.
[3]

(ii) What evidence is there, from Newlands’ table, that some elements with
similar properties are grouped together?
[1]
(b) The table below shows some properties of some of the halogens.
)
21
[j
halogen )OItlcP0lflt colour
chlorine —1 01 —7 yellow-green
bromine —7 red-brown
iodine 114 +184 grey-black
astatine +302 --:337
Deduce:
the colour of astatine
the boiling point of bromine
the state of iodine at 190 °C
[3]
(c) Aqueous chlorine reacts with aqueous potassium bromide.
C1
+
2 2KBr > Br+2KCI
(i) Describe the colour change you would observe in this reaction.
[1]
(ii) State the name of the salt formed in this reaction.
[1]
(iii) Explain why aqueous bromine does not react with aqueous potassium
chloride.
[1]
(iv) The halogens exist as diatomic molecules.
What is meant by the term diatomic?
[1]
4462)
31) June 2014 [23] Q(7)

7 Dmitri Mendeleev published his first Periodic Table in 1869.
Part of this table is shown below.
Ti = 50
V 51
Cr52
Mn = 55
Fe 56
Co59
H=1 Cu614
Be94 Mg=24 Zn65.2
B=11 A1=27A ?
C=12 •Si=28
N14 P=31 As75
016 S32 Se79.4
F=19 C1=35.5 Br80
L17 Na23 K39 Rb85.4
(a) (i) What differences are there between Mendeleev’s table and the Periodic
Table we use today?
[4]
(ii) State the names of any two elements in the table above which exist as
diatomic molecules.
and [1]
(b) Titanium is a transition element. Sodium is a metal in Group I of the
Periodic Table.
State three differences in the physical properties of titanium and sodium.
I
2
3
[3]
(C) Titanium(IV) oxide reacts with a mixture of chlorine and carbon.

The products are titanium(IV) chloride, TiC!
, and a gas which turns limewater
4
milky.
2
TiC + 2
Cl + C > TiCI +
[2]
(d) Titanium is extracted from titanium(IV) chloride by reduction with molten
sodium in the presence of argon.
Suggest why this reaction is carried out in the presence of argon.
[2]
32) Nov 2014 [21] Q (8_b)
(b) Astatine, At, is below iodine in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
(i) The table shows the states of the Group VII elements at room temperature.
element state
fluorine gas
chlorine gas
brornne liquid
iodine solid
Use this information to deduce the state of astatine at room temperature.

[1]
(ii) Astatine is radioactive. A lot of heat is given off due to this radioactivity.
The small samples of astatine that have been isolated are often liquid.
Suggest why they are often liquid.
[1]
(iii) Although few compounds of astatine have been made, scientists think
that sodium astatide will react with iodine.
12+ NaAt >2Nal+
[2]
242 lo-Periodlic Tab! Most afa Barakat (0100165 44 627

33) Nov 2014 [22] Q (1_a)

I (a) The electronic structure of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown
below.
Answer the following questions about these structures.

Each structure can be used once, more than once or not at all.
Which structure:
(I) represents an atom of an element in Group V of the Periodic Table [1]
(ii) has a complete outer shell of electrons [1]
(iii) represents an oxygen atom [1]
(iv) has a proton number of 20 [1]
(v) is an atom of an element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table [1]
(vi) has a single valency electron’ [1]
34) Nov 2014 [23] Q (7_a, d)
7 (a) Describe the properties of chlorine, bromine and iodine.
In your answer, include the trends in:
• their state,
• their colour,
• their reactivity.
[4]
(d) The equation below describes the reaction of a halogen with a halide.
2 +2Kl
Br > +2KBr
2
l
[2]
243 rTh-eHodic Ta 1ef 440 stafa Barakat (0100165 44 62)

35) June 20 15 [21] Q (6_a, b)

6 The table shows some physical properties of the metals, A, B, C and D.
electrical density boNing point

metal hardness
conductivity in g / cm
3 /C
A fairly good &64 765 hard
B good 097 883 soft
C good 7:14 907 hard
D good 086 760 soft
(a) (i) Which two metals in the table are Group I metals?
[2]
(ii) None of the metals A, B, C or D are transition elements.
Give two properties of transition elements or their compounds that make them
different from metals A, B, C and D.
[2]
(b) When lithium reacts with water it moves about on the surface of the water,
bubbles are seen and the lithium disappears slowly.
Predict how the reaction of potassium with water compares with the reaction
of lithium with water.
• any differences in observations,
• the names of the products formed when lithium and potassium react with
water.
[5]
Cambridge Pre iGSE Chemistry Classified . Paper_3 Topic 10
36) June 2015 [21]Q (7_b)

(b) The table shows some properties of the Group 0 elements helium, neon,
argon and krypton.
density of the
electron melting point boiling point
element liquefied gas
arrangement PC PC
in g /cm
3
helium 2 015 —272 —269

neon I 20 —248 —245
argon 2,8,8 t40 —189 —186
krypton 2,8,18,8 215 —157 —152
(I) Describe how the density of the liquefied noble gases changes down
Group 0.
[1]
(ii) Deduce the electron arrangement of neon.
[1]
(iii) What is the state of argon at —188 °C?
[1]
(iv) Which element in the table has the highest melting point?
[1]
37) June 2015 [22] Q (6_a, b, c)
6 The table shows some properties of aluminium, copper, iron and sodium.
metal electrical density in melting strength colour

conductMty 3
glcm point/°C
aluminium very good 2.70 660 fairly strong silver
copper very good 8.92 1083 very strong pink-brown
iron good 7.86 1535 verystrong sflver
sodium good 0.97 98 weak silver
(a) Which two metals in the table are transition elements? Explain your
answer by referring to a specific property of transition elements given in the
table.
[2]

(b) Use the information in the table to suggest

(i) why overhead electricity cables are made from aluminium with a steel core,
[2]
(ii) one reason why sodium is not used for electricity cables.
[1]
(C)Cobalt chloride is a transition element compound.
Calcium chloride is a compound of a Group II metal.
Describe one difference between cobalt chloride and calcium chloride.
[1]
38) June 2015 [22] Q (7_b, c)
(b) Bromine is a halogen in Group VII.
The properties of some halogens are given in the table below.
halogen melting boiling pointPC density at electron

pointPC boiling point in arrangement of
3
g/cm halogen atom
fluorine —220 —188 1.51 2,7
chlorine —101 —35 1.56 2,8,7
bromine —7 ±59 2,8,18,7
iodine ÷114 ÷184 4.93 2,8,18,18,7
Use the information in the table to:

(I) Deduce the state of fluorine at —200 °C.
[1]
(ii) Describe how the melting point changes down Group VII.
[1]
(iii) Estimate the density of bromine.
[1]
(iv) Deduce the number of completely filled electron shells in an atom of
chlorine.
[1]
246 10-Periodic Tabi Mostafa Barakat (0100165 44 62)

(c) Aqueous bromine reacts with aqueous potassium iodide to form iodine and
potassium bromide.
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
+2K1
2
Br +2KBr
[1]
(ii) Explain why aqueous bromine does not react with an aqueous solution of
potassium chloride.
[1]
39) June 2015 [23] Q (6_a, iii, b)
6 The table below shows the properties of some non-metallic elements, A, B,
CandD.
state at room melting point electrical

element colour
temperature / GC conductivity
A solid black 3317 good

B solid grey 1410 poor
C gas green —101 1 conduct
does no
D solid yellow 119 does not conduct
(iii) Which element is chlorine?

[1]
(b) When aqueous chlorine is added to aqueous potassium bromide, the
solution turns orange.
An aqueous solution of bromine and potassium chloride is formed.
Describe and explain what happens when aqueous bromine is added to
separate solutions of aqueous potassium chloride and aqueous potassium
iodide.
[4]
Periodic Table Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

Cambridge Pre ‘GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 10
40) Nov 2015 [21] Q (5_c)

(c) The symbol equation for the reaction of lithium with water is shown below.
2Li(s) + 2H
0
2 (I) > 2
L IOHaq + H2(g)
(I) Write the word equation for this reaction.
[1]
(ii) Describe two observations which can be made when lithium reacts with
water.
[2]
(iii) Describe how the reactivity of potassium with water compares with the
reactivity of lithium with water.
[1]
41) Nov 2015 [23] Q(5_b) .. .. “.
(b) The table below compares the properties of some metals.
melting point boiling point

metat corrosion resistance
aluminium 660 resistant to corrosion because

2467
of oxide layer
copper 1083 2567 fairly resistant to corrosion
iron 1535 2750 corrodes easily
potassium 63 760 corrodes very easily
Use the information in the table to answer the following questions.

(i) What is the state of potassium at 100 °C?
[2]
(ii) Which two metals in the table are transition elements?
[2]
(iii) Why is aluminium used for food containers?
[1]
1654462)
42) Nov 2015 [23] Q (7_b, c),

(b) Chlorine reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride.
Sodium chloride contains Na ions and C ions.
Explain why sodium ions are positively charged and chloride ions are
negatively charged.
[2]
(c) When chlorine reacts with aqueous potassium iodide, the solution turns
brown.
(i) Suggest why the solution turns brown.
[1]
(ii) Explain why aqueous potassium chloride does not react with iodine.
[1]
43) June 2016 f31] Q. (3_as b)
3 The table shows some properties of the Group I metals.
metal density melting point boiling point
in g 1crn IC
lithium 053 181 1342
sodium 98 883
potassium 086 63 760
rubidium 153 39 886

caesium 29 669
(a) (i) Describe the trend in boiling points of the Group I metals.
[1]
(ii) Predict the density of caesium.
[1]
(iii) Deduce the state of caesium at 20 °C.
[2]
(b) Complete the word equation for the reaction of rubidium with water.
rubidium + water + [2]

44 June 2016 [31] Q (5_a)

5 The Group VII elements are called the halogens.
(a) Describe the trends in
• the physical properties of the halogens,
• the reactivity of halogens with other halide ions.
Include a relevant word equation in your answer.
[5]
45) June 2016 [32] Q(5_a, b)
5 Chorne, bromine and iodine are halogens.
(a) The melting point of bromine is —7 °C. The boiling point of bromine is ÷59
OC.
Deduce the state of bromine at +6 O

[2]
(b) (I) Complete the word equation for the reaction of chlorine with potassium
iodide.
chIorne + potassium iodide + [2]
(ii) Suggest why iodine does not react with aqueous potassium bromide.
[1]
46) June 2016 t321 Q (6_a)
6 Sodium is a metal in Group I of the Periodic Table.
(a) Describe some physical and chemical properties of sodium. In your
answer include
• any observations about the reactions of sodium,
• at least one word equation.
[5]
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper...3 Topic 10
47) June 2016 [33] Q (3_a, b)

3 The table gives some information about the halogens.
element colour melting pontPC boiling pointPC

chlorine light green —101 —35
bromine red-brown —7 ÷59
iodine grey-black ÷114 ÷184

astatine +302 +337
(a) (i) Predict the colour of astatine.

[1]
(ii) Describe the trend in the boiling points of the halogens.
[1]
(iii) Deduce the state of chlorine at —50 °C.
[2]
(b) (I) Complete the word equation for the reaction of bromine with aqueous
potassiumastatide.
bromine + potassium astatide +
[2]
(ii) Suggest why bromine does not react with aqueous potassium chloride.
[1]
48) June 2016 f33] Q (5_a, b)
5 Iron is a transition element.
(a) Describe the physical and chemical properties of iron.
[5]
(b) Iron carbonyl, Fe(CO)
, is a covalent liquid.
5
(i) Suggest two physical properties of iron carbonyl.
[2]

49) Nov 2016 [31]Q (1_a)

I The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table.
Li B C N 0 F Ne
Na AJSI P SC1Ar
KCa CuZn BrKr
Answer the following questions using only the elements in the diagram.
(a) Which element
(i) has a smaller proton number than lithium,
[1]
(ii) is formed at the cathode when a dilute solution of sulfuric acid is
electrolysed,
[1]
(iii) has an oxide of the type X0
2 which is used to bleach wood pulp,
[1]
(iv) forms ions which when tested with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide
produce a white precipitate,
[1]
(v) is extracted from bauxite?
[1]
50) Nov 2016 (31] Q (4_c, 1, ii)
(c) Chlorine reacts with potassium bromide to form bromine and potassium
chloride.
(i) Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
+2KBr +
2
>Br KCI
[2]
(ii) Give one use of chlorine.
[1]
252 10 — Periodic Table Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

51) Nov 2016 [32] Q (1_a)

He
Li C N 0 F Ne
Na Al Ar
KCa Fe N1CuZn — —
Ag
(a) Which element
(i) gives a lilac colour in a flame test,
[1]
(ii) is a pinkish-brown metal,
[1]
(iii) can exist in at least two different solid forms,
[1]
(iv) has a full outer electron shell containing two electrons,
[1]
(v) is extracted from hematite?
[1]
52) Nov 2016 [32] Q (7d)
(d) Niobium is a transition element. Sodium is an element in Group I of the
Periodic Table.
(I) Describe two properties of niobium which are different from sodium.
[2]
253 10— Periodic Table Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

53) Nov 2016 t33]{1_a)

Li C N 0 F Ne
Si CIAr
TI Cr CuZn Ge Br Kr
Sn IXe
(a) Which element
(i) forms 21% of the air,
[1]
(ii) reacts with water to form a solution which turns litmus paper from red to
blue,
[1]
(iii) forms ions of type X
3 which when tested with aqueous sodium hydroxide
produce a green precipitate,
[1]
(iv) is a red-brown liquid at room temperature and pressure,
[1]
(v) is a noble gas with only three complete electron shells?
[1]
54) Nov 2016 t33] Q (6_a, b, c, I)
6 The Periodic Table is a method of classifying elements.
(a) (i) In what order are the elements arranged in the Periodic Table?
[1]
(ii) How does the character of the elements change from left to right across a
period?
[1]
(iii) Describe two trends in the properties of the elements going down Group I.
[2]

(b) The halogens are a group of elements with diatomic molecules.

(i) Chlorine reacts with an aqueous solution of sodium iodide.
+2Nal
2
C1 l+2NaCI
What colour change would be observed in the solution?
from to [2]
(ii) Astatine, At
, is a halogen.
2
Suggest why astatine does not react with aqueous potassium iodide.
[1]
(c) Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.
+
2
C1 HC1
[2]
:55) June 2017 f31] Q (4_a, b)
4 Chlorine is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
(a) Chlorine is a diatomic molecule.
Explain what is meant by the term diatomic.
[1]
(b) Aqueous chlorine reacts with aqueous potassium bromide.
+2KBr
2
C1 > Br+2KCI
(i) How does this equation show that chlorine is more reactive than bromine?
[1]
(ii) Aqueous potassium bromide and aqueous potassium chloride are both
colourless.
Predict the colour change when aqueous chlorine reacts with aqueous
potassium bromide.
[1]
(iii) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction of aqueous bromine with
aqueous potassium iodide.
+2K1
2
Br +
[2]
56) June 2017 [31jQ (6_b).
(b) Tungsten is a transition element.
State two physical properties of transition elements which are not shown by
Group I elements.
1
2 [2]
Cambridge Pre lGSE Chemistry Classified Papei3 Topic 11
UU
;ssc jws ncIy

frce fEJ1osj
Jeof erps.
Cdp asvfrawWqu4d.’ woXir fa4N -zGi4d
- Cp frocAZd4 OnZ:y.
256 j 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)
1) June 2010 Q (2_e, 1)

(e) Hydrochloric acid reacts both with metals and with metal carbonates.
(I) A student observed the reaction of hydrochloric acid with four different
metals.
The student used the same concentration of hydrochloric acid and the same
mass of metal in each experiment
metal observations
cobalt dissolves very slowly and very few bubbles produced

iron dissolves slowly and a few bubbles produced slowly
magnesium dissolves very quickly and many bubbles produced very rapidly
zinc dissolves quickly and many bubbles produced rapidly
Use the information in the table to suggest the order of reactivity of these
metals.
[21
2) June 2010 Q (6_a, b)

6 Many metals are extracted from their ores by reduction with carbon.
(a) Name the main ore of iron.
[1]
(b) Iron is extracted from its ore in a blast furnace.
(i) Other than iron ore, state the names of two other raw materials used in the
extraction of iron.
I
2 [2]
(ii) One of the reactions taking place in the blast furnace is
FeO+C >Fe+CO
[2]
(iii) The diagram shows a blast furnace.
Label the diagram to show each of the following:
• the slag,
• where the molten iron collects,
• where air is blown into the furnace,
257 j 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

where the iron ore is put into the furnace
Ii
[41
3) Nov2010 Q(2_c)
(c) The product remaining in the test-tube is calcium oxide.
(I) Calcium oxide is used in steelmaking.
Describe how and why calcium oxide is used in making steel.
[2]
(ii) Steel is an alloy. What do you understand by the term alloy?
[1]
4) Nov 2010 Q (6b, d)
(b) The table gives information about the reduction of four different metal
oxides by heating with carbon.
metal oxide reduction conditions
Iead(ll) oxide reduced very easily using a Bunsen burner
magnesium oxide reduced with difficulty in a furnace above 2000 °C
nickel(ll) oxide reduced very easily in a furnace above 680 °C
zinc oxide reduced fairly easily in a furnace above 1200 °C
258 11 — Metals and reactivIty series Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Use the information in the table to suggest the order of reactivity of these
metals.
most reactive least reactive
]
[2]
(d) Match the metals on the left with their uses on the right.
nickel electrical wiring
copper maldng coins
a I urn mi urn chemical plant
mild steel car bodies
stainless steal aircraft bodies
[4]
5) June 2011 [21] Q (6)
6 A student observed the reaction of various metals with both cold water and
steam. Her results are shown below.
Metal Reaction with cold water Reaction with steam
Calcium Reacts rapidly Reacts very rapid’y
Copper No reaction No reaction
Magnesium Reacts very slowly Reacts rapidly
Zinc No reaction reacts
259 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(a) (i) Put these metals in order of their reactivity.

L
[2]
(ii) Iron is a metal between zinc and copper in the reactivity series.
Predict the reactivity of iron with
cold water
steam [2]
(b) The equation for the reaction of zinc with steam is:
Zn + 2
H
0 ZnO + 2
H
[1]
(c) State three physical properties which are characteristic of most metals.
1
2
3 [3]
6) June2011 [21]Q(7)
7 The diagram shows a basic oxygen converter. This is used to convert
impure iron from the blast furnace into steel. During this process, some of the
impurities in the iron are converted into a slag.
(a) Label the diagram to show each of the following:

• where the oxygen enters;
• the slag;
• the molten steel.
[3]
260 11 — Metals and reactivftyserie Niostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

(b) In the converter, the oxygen oxidises sulfur, carbon and phosphorus to
their oxides.
(I) Explain why sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide are easily removed from the
converter.
[1]
(ii) Explain how calcium oxide is used to remove phosphorus(V) oxide from
the converter.
[3]
(c) Stainless steel is an alloy.
(i) Which one of the diagrams, A, B, C or D, best represents an alloy?
àcciàà
[1]
(ii) State one use of stainless steel.
[1]
7) June 2011 t22 Q (2)
2 Many metal oxides can be reduced with carbon.
The table shows the temperatures required to produce different metals from
their oxides by heating with carbon.
reaction temperature I °C
aluminium oxide > Aluminium 2100
iron oxide > Iron 425
nickel oxide > nickel 475
zinc oxide > zinc 925
261 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

(a) (i) Use the information in the table to arrange aluminium, iron, nickel and
zinc in order of their reactivity.
least reactive most reactive
1
[2]
(ii) Suggest why aluminium is extracted by electrolysis rather than by heating
with carbon.
[1]
(iii) State the name of the main ore of aluminium.
[1]
(b) Iron is extracted by heating iron ore with carbon in a blast furnace.
(i) Apart from iron ore and carbon (coke), state the names of two other raw
materials
used in the blast furnace for the extraction of iron.
and [2]
(ii) Complete this equation for the reaction of iron(lll) oxide with carbon.
3
0
2
Fe + CO Fe + 2
3C0
[2]
(iii) In the blast furnace, carbon dioxide reacts with red hot carbon to form
carbon monoxide.
C0
+
2 C >2C0
Which substance gets reduced during this reaction? Explain your answer.
[2]
(iv) State one adverse effect of carbon monoxide on health.
[1]
(v) The reaction between carbon dioxide and red hot carbon is endothermic.
What do you understand by the term endothermic?
[1]
(c) Iron is usually made into steel alloys.
(i) What do you understand by the term alloy?
[1]

(ii) Mild steel is an alloy.

State one use of mild steel.
[1]
8) Nov2011 [22]Q(2_a)
2 Many of the elements in the Periodic Table are metals.
(a) State one common use for each of the following metals.
(i)copper [1]
(ii) platinum [1]
(iii) aluminium [1]
9) Nov 2012 [21] Q (3_a, b)
3 The reactivity of different metal oxides was compared by heating them with
metals in a crucible.
mixture of metal
-oxide and metal
heat
The results are shown in the table below.
mixture observations
iron oxide + zinc reacts
lead oxide + iron reacts
magnesium oxide ÷ zinc no reaction
(a) (i) Use the results in the table to suggest the order of reactivity of the
metals iron, lead, magnesium and zinc.
Most reactive Least reactive
[2]
(ii) Predict whether iron will react with zinc oxide.
[1]
T67M
a
t
s lneadiv
&es e i rMostafaBarakat (01001654462)
(b) Which two of the following statements about metals are correct?
Tick two boxes.
Metals conduct electricity and heat.
All Group IV elements show metallic properties.
Magnesium is extracted by heating its oxide with carbon
All metals have high densities
Iron is a transition element.
[2]
10) Nov2012 t22] Q (5a, b) . . ... ..
5 Aluminium is in Group Ill of the Periodic Table. Iron is a transition element.

(a) Both aluminium and iron have high melting points and boiling points.
State two differences in the physical properties of aluminium and iron.
[2]
(b) State one use of aluminium.
[1]
11) Nov 2012 [23] Q (6a, b, d)
8 The diagram shows a type of blast furnace built about 230 years ago. It was
used to extract iron from iron ore.
(a) Which letter on the diagram shows

(i) where the solid raw materials are put into the furnace [1]
(ii) where air is blown into the furnace [1]
(iii) where iron is removed from the furnace’? [1]

(b) Describe the main reactions occurring in a blast furnace for extracting iron
from iron ore.
• the names of the raw materials used
• the main chemical reactions which occur
• relevant word equations. V
[5]
(d) Steel is an alloy of iron.
Which one of the following statements about steel is correct?
Tick one box.
Steel is a mixture of iron with sulfur atoms,
Stainless steel is commonly used to make car bodies.
The physical properties of steel are exactly the same

as those of iron.
Steel is made by blowing oxygen through the molten

iron obtained from the blast furnace.
[1]
12) June 2013 [21] Q (8) V
8 The diagram shows a silvered light bulb.

thin layer of
thin coil of
tungsten wire
brass
lamp holder
copper wires’

Some properties of metals used in the light bulb are shown in the table below.
electncal melting point price

meta’ hardness
conductivity C $ per tonne
brass hard good about 1000 7 000
copper fairly soft very good 1083 9600
silver fairly soft very good 962 1 300000
tungsten hard good 3410 450
(a) (i) Suggest why copper rather than tungsten is used for electrical wiring?
[1]
(ii) Suggest why silver is not used for electrical wiring.
[1]
(iii) Suggest two reasons why tungsten rather than copper is used to make
the bulb filament.
reason I
reason 2 [2]
(iv) Explain why the copper wires are covered with p’astic.
[2]
(b) Brass is an alloy.
Which one of the following diagrams, A, B, C or D, best represents an alloy?
A B C 0
[I]
266 [11 — Metals and reactivity series Most afa Barakat (01001654462)
13) June 2013 f22] Q (6_a,, b)

6 (a) The tab’e below describes the reaction of some metals with water.
metal reaction
reacts rapidly with cold water producing many
calcium
bubbles of gas
reacts very slowly with cold water but reacts
magnesium
rapidly with steam
reacts very rapidly with coki water producing
rubidium
many bubbles of gas and will explode
only reacts with steam when in powdered form
zinc
and heated very strongly
Put these metals in order of their reactivity.

ieast reactive - most reactive
(b) The list below shows part of the reactivity series.

potassium
sodium
aluminium increasing
carbon reactivity
zinc
iron
Give the names of two metals from this list that can be extracted from their
oxide ores by heating with carbon.
and [1]
14) June 2013 [23] Q (3b, d, e)
3 Aluminium and gallium are in Group Ill of the Periodic Table.
(b) Gallium is a metal. Describe three physical properties of gallium which are
typica’ of most metals.
I
2
3 [3]
267 f 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(c) When it is a gas, gallium(lll) chloride has the structure shown below.
Cl Cl Cl
Ga Ga
/\/\
Cl Cl Cl
Write the molecular formula for gallium(lll) chloride.

[1]
(d) Aluminium is used to make high voltage electricity cables.
electricity
bles
pylon
The table shows some properties of four metals which could be used for
overhead power cables.
relative density in relative electrical price

metal
strength g 1cm
3 conductivity $ per tonne
aluminium 9 210 0.4 2120
copper 30 8.92 01 9600
tungsten 100 i935 0.2 450
steel 50 7.86 0.1 700
(I) Suggest why aluminium, rather than tungsten, is used in overhead power
cables?
[1]
(ii) Suggest why steel, rather than copper, is used as a core for overhead
power cables.
[1]
(iii) Give two reasons why aluminium is used for overhead power cables
rather than copper.
1
2 [2]
(e) State one use of aluminium other than as an electrical conductor.
[1]

15) Nov 2013 [21] Q (4_d,. e)

(d) In the blast furnace for the production of iron, carbon monoxide reduces
iron(llI) oxide.
2
Fe
3
0 + 3C > 2Fe ÷ 3C0
How does this equation show that carbon monoxide is acting as a reducing
agent?
[1]
(e) Iron(lll) oxide and coke (carbon) are raw materials used in the production
of iron.
State the names of two other raw materials used in the blast furnace for the
production of iron.
1
2 [2]
16) Nov 2013 [21] Q (7_a)
7 The table shows some properties of seven different substances.
relative
density relative relative electricil
substance .. thermal
fg per cnr strength conductivity
conductivity
aluminium 27 15 42 200.0
ceramic 2.5 15 does not conduct 1.6
copper 8.9 20 63 3851)
iron T9 25 11 80.0
lead 11.4 15 5 38.0
poly(ethene) 0.9 1 does not conduct 0.3
steel 7.8 90 2 250
(a) Use the information in this table to answer the following questions.
(i) Which substance is the best conductor of heat?
[1]
(ii) Suggest why copper is preferred to iron for electrical wiring in houses.
[1]
(iii) What property of ceramic makes it a good electrical insulator?
[1]
(iv) Which pure metal in the table conducts electricity least well?
[1]
4462)
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic.11
(v) Suggest why steel rather than iron is used in making machinery.
[1]
(vi) Which metal in the table is the most dense?
[1]
17) Nov 2013 [22] Q (2_a)
2 (a) The table describes the reactivity of some metals with hydrochloric acid.
metal observations
calcium Many bubbles produced. Reaction mixture may boiL
magnesium Steady stream of bubbles produced. Reaction mixture gets hot
sodium Many bubbles produced. May explode
zinc Slow stream of bubbles produced. Reaction mixture rises
slightly in temperature.

least reactive • most reactive
L
[2]
18) Nov 2013 [22] Q (5_a, b ii)
5 (a) Explain why metals are often used in the form of alloys.
In your answer, write about
• the structure of an alloy,
• why alloys are often more useful than pure metals.
[3]
19) Nov 2013 [23] Q (1_c)
(c) Describe briefly how iron from the blast furnace is made into steel.
[2]
270 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)
20) Nov 2013 [23] Q (6_b)

(b) Copper ore contains copper, iron and sulfur.
Copper is extracted by heating copper ore with sand and oxygen.
(i) In the first stage of this process, the copper ore is heated in a furnace.
A liquid mixture containing copper sulfide and iron sulfide is formed. The sand
reacts with the impurities to form a slag.
waste gases
-.— oxygen
slag
slag out
mLxture of .
. . . ..
— mixture out
copper sulfide — .. : .. “I
+ iron sulfide
What information in the diagram above suggests that the slag is less dense
than the mixture of copper and iron sulfides.
[1]
(ii) In a later stage, copper sulfide is reacted with more oxygen.
S
2
Cu + > 2Cu + 2
SO
How does this equation show that the sulfur in copper sulfide gets oxidised?
[1]
21)4une2014[21]Q(4_de)
(d) The table below describes the reaction of some metals with dilute
hydrochloric acid
bubbles of gas produced and temperature

iron
of the mixture rises slowly
many bubbles of gas produced rapidly and
magnesium
temperature of the mixture rises rapidly
no bubbles of gas given off and no
silver
temperature change
a few bubbles of aas given off slowly and
tin
temperature of the mixture rises very slowly


[2]
(e) Tin is extracted by heating tin(IV) oxide with carbon.
+
2
Sn0 C > Sn+ CO
[2]
22) June 2014 £21] Q. (5)
5 The diagram shows a blast furnace for extracting iron.
(a) On the diagram above, write:

• the letter A to show where the air blast enters the furnace,
• the letter W to show where the waste gases exit the furnace.
[2]
(b) Which one of the following is an ore of iron?
calcite fluorite hematite halite
[1]

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified - Paper_3 Topic 11
23) June 2014 t21] Q (7_e, ii, f)

(e) The diagram shows the ball-point pen used in the experiment.
cap
alloy tip
ink
(ii) The tip of the pen is made from an alloy.

What is meant by the term alloy?
[1]
(f) The table shows some properties of four alloys.
thermal
strength density
aoy COndUCtIVItY
/GPa 3
ing/crn
in W1m1K
low strength steel 250 710 60

high strength steel 300 T90 56
low strength aluminium 70 212 170
high strength aluminium 220 2.80 100
(I) How does the strength of the steel and aluminium alloys vary with their
thermal conductivity?
[1]
(ii) Which one of these alloys is the best one to use to make the body of an
aircraft?
Give two reasons for your answer.
[3]
24) June 2014 E21] Q (8_a, I)
8 Zinc can be extracted from zinc sulfide ore in three steps.
(a) In the first step, zinc sulfide is heated in air to produce zinc oxide.
2ZnS + .02 > 2ZnQ + 2
SO
[2]
273 f 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 TopIc 11
25) June 2014 E22]Q(5_b,,c, d, f ,....
5 Iron from a blast furnace contains carbon, sulfur, silicon and phosphorus as
impurities.
(b) Carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide. Sulfur is oxidised to sulfur dioxide.
Explain why these oxides are easily removed from the molten iron.
[1]
(c) Phosphorus is converted to phosphorus(V) oxide.
P +502 5
0
2
>2P
[1]
(ii) Is phosphorus(V) oxide an acidic or basic oxide?
[1]
(d) Phosphorus(V) oxide is a solid.
Explain how this oxide is removed from the molten iron.
[3]
(e) Steel is an alloy.
(i) State one use of:
mild steel
stainless steel
[2]
(ii) Which diagram, A, B, C or D, best represents an alloy?
cxm c*m •ooo•

.Me.
(XXXXD (XJJ
oao
000
A B C D
[1]

(f) The table shows the composition of some different brasses.
composition of the brass strength

% zinc % copper Pa
8
/iO
10 90 26
20 80 30
30 70 33
40 60 36
How does the composition of brass affect its strength?

[1]
26) June 2014 [23] Q (5_e, I)
(e) (I) The table describes the ease of reduction of some metal oxides with
carbon monoxide.
lead oxide moderate heating to about 200 °C needed

iron oxide high temperature furnace at 150 °C needed
magnesium oxide temperatures above 1000°C needed
zinc oxide very high temperature furnace at 900°C needed
Put these metals in order of their reactivity with carbon monoxide.

[2]
27) Nov 2014 [21] Q (4f, i) . .
(f) The metal can is made of mild steel coated with tin.
(i) Steel is an alloy.
What is meant by the term alloy?
[1]
28) Nov 2014 [22] Q (7_b, c, d) .
(b) Gallium burns in air at a high temperature to form gallium(lll) oxide.

2
Ga+30 3
0
2
Ga
[2]

(c) Explain why aluminium is often used in containers for food and drinks.
[2]
(d) Aluminium chloride can be made by heating aluminium foil in a stream of
ch Ia ri ne.
chlorine —
aluminium chloride
(i) On the diagram above, draw an arrow to show where heat should be
applied. [1]
(ii) At temperatures between 178 °C and 400 °C, aluminium chloride has the
structure shown below.
Cl Cl Cl
Al Al
/\/\
Cl Cl Ci
Deduce the molecular formula of this structure.
[1]
(iii) Some properties of aluminium and silver are shown in the table below.
density electrical me Wng point

cost
in g / cm
3 conductivity / °C
aluminium high 21 good 660
silver very high iO5 very good 962
Use the information in the table to suggest why aluminium rather than silver is
used in overhead power cables.
[1]
29) June 2015 [21] Q (6_a, ill, iv)
(iii) Cobalt is a transition element.
When it is heated very strongly in steam, hydrogen is given off.
CO(S) + 4
O
2
H (g) > 00304(S) +
1
2 (g)
[2]
276 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)
(iv) Iron is also a transition element.

Describe how iron is converted to steel.
In your answer, refer to basic oxides and oxygen.
[3]
.0) June 2015 [22f (6_cl, f)
(d) The table below shows some observations about the reaction of four
metals with water or steam.
metal observations
aluminium reacts with steam when strongly heated
lithium reacts rapidly with cold water
magnesium reacts very slowly with cold water but rapidly with steam
silver does not react with steam
Place these metals in order of their reactivity.
‘east reactive most reactive
1
[1]
(f) Steel is an alloy of iron. Write about alloys of iron.
In your answer refer to:
• the meaning of the term alloy,
• why alloys are used instead of pure iron,
• an example of the use of an alloy of iron.
[4]
31)Nov2015[21j 0(3_a)
3 (a) Nickel is extracted from nickel(ll) oxide, NiO, by heating with carbon.
NiO+C >2Ni+
[2]
277 Jj ii — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

:32) Nov 2015 [21] Q (5_e)

(e) The table below describes the reaction of water or steam with different
metals.
metal observations
calcium reacts rapidly with cold water
cerium reacts slowly with hot water and very rapidly with steam
cobalt reacts with steam when cobalt powder is very hot
iron reacts very slowly with hot water and readily with steam

[
[2]
.33) Nov 2015 22] Q (3_a)
3 The order of reactivity of zinc, magnesium, calcium and barium is shown
below.
zinc -÷ magnesium — calcium — barium
(a) Equal-sized pieces of zinc, magnesium, calcium and barium are placed in
water.
Some observations from these reactions are shown in the table.
(i) Complete the box for barium.
metal observations
zinc no reaction with cold water
magnesium gives a few bubbles with hot water, does not disappear
calcium gives off bubbles steadily with cold water, gets smaller slowly
barium
[2]
(ii) Give the name of a metal in the above table which is extracted by heating
with carbon.
[1]
(iii) Suggest why barium cannot be extracted using carbon.
[1]

34)Nov2015[22]C(5_çi)
(d) The table below gives some properties of some metals that are used to
make electrical cables and wires.
electrical melting point price

meta’ strength
conductivity $Ikg
aluminium comparatively weak good 660 15
copper strong very good 1093 29

steel strong fairly good 1535 21
silver fairLy strong very good 962 635
(I) Suggest why aluminium with a steel core is used for overhead power
cables.
[2]
(ii) Copper is used in electrical wiring in the home rather than silver.
Suggest why.
[1]
35) Nov 2015 123] Q (5_c, e)
(c) Iron undergoes a form of corrosion called rusting.
(I) State the conditions needed for rusting?
and [2]
(ii) Explain why painting a clean iron object prevents it from rusting.
[1]
(e) Stainless steel is an alloy of iron.
Give one use of stainless steel.
[I]
36) June 2016 E31] Q (2_aJ

A bicycle maker wants to choose a suitable material to make bicycle frames.
The table shows the properties of some materials that could be used.
metal density melting point boiling point

inglcm
3 1°C /°C
lithium CL53 181 1342
sodium 98 883
potassium 086 63 760
rubidium 1.53 39 686
caesiurn
J 29 669
(a) Which material is the most suitable for making the bicycle frame?
Explain your answer using information from the table.
[3]
37) June 2016 [32] Q (2_a)
2 (a) The table describes the ease of reduction of some metal oxides with
carbon.
metal oxide ease of reduction on heating

lead oxide moderate heating at 200 C needed
nickel oxide high temperature at 750 C needed
titanium oxide very high temperatures above 1700 C needed
• zinc oxide very high temperature at 900 C needed
Put the metals in order of their reactivity. Put the least reactive metal first.
[2]
(d) Iron rusts very easily.
(i) Complete the following sentence.
Iron rusts in the presence of and [2]
280. 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (0100 16544 62)
(ii) Describe one method of rust prevention and explain how it works.
[2]
38) June 2016 1323 Q (8_a)
8 Solder is an alloy of lead and tin.
(a) What is the meaning of the term alloy?
[1]
(b) State the name of another alloy.
[1]
39) June 2016 f33] Q (2_a, b)
2 This question is about metals.
rneta relative electrical relative heat density in melting point

conductivity conductMty 3
glcrn /C
R 4.3 11.8 2.7 660
• S 1.2 4.2 7,9 1535
T 6.2 22.3 — 89 1083 —
U 4.1 12.4 7.1 420
(a) The table shows some properties of the metals, R, S, T and U.

Which metal would be best to make the base of a pan for cooking food?
Use the information in the table to explain your answer.
[3]
(b) Zinc chloride can be made by reacting excess zinc with hydrochloric acid.
Suggest how the excess zinc can be removed from the reaction mixture.
[1]
i81 11-Metalsanci reactivity series arakat(0100 l544 62)

40) Nov 2016 [31] Q (5)

5 The table shows the properties of some steels.
steel percentage of relative melting point

carbon in the steel strength ease of corrosion
range IC
A 1.0 8.0 1430—1460 corrodes easi[y
B 0.50 6.5 1430—1450 corrodes fairly easily
C 0.25 5.0 1410—1430 corrodes fair’y easily
D 0.10 4.0 1440—1450 resistant to corrosion
(a) Use the information in the table to answer the following questions.
(I) What is the relationship between the percentage of carbon in the steel and
its strength?
[1]
(ii) State whether there is a relationship between the percentage of carbon in
the steel and its melting point range.
[1]
(iii) Which steel would be best to use for making a bicycle chain?
[1]
(b) Steel is an alloy.
Which one of the diagrams best represents an alloy?
Cr Fe Fe Fe Ni Fe Fe Fe F Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni
Fe Fe Cr Fe Ni Ni Ni Ni Fe Fe Fe Fe Ni Ni Ni Ni
Fe Fe Fe Fe Ni Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni
Fe Ni Fe Cr Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Ni Ni Ni Ni
A B C 0
[11
(c) High voltage electricity cables are made from aluminium with a steel core.
(i) Apart from conducting electricity, what is the purpose of the steel core?
[1]
(ii) Aluminium is a good electrical conductor.

Give one other use of aluminium and state a property of aluminium which
makes it suitable for this use.
use
property [2]
(d) Aluminium powder reacts with powdered iron(lll) oxide. The equation for
this reaction is shown.
2A1 + Fe
3
0
2 > AIO + 2Fe
(i) Which substance is oxidised in this reaction?
[2]
41) Nov 2016 [32] Q (3)
3 Iron is a metal.
(a) The equation for the reaction of iron with steam is shown.
0
2
3Fe+4H > FeO+4H
[2]
(b) Iron is extracted by heating iron ore with carbon in a blast furnace.
(I) What is the meaning of the term ore?
[1]
(ii) Air is blown into the blast furnace.
What is the purpose of this air?
[1]
(iii) The impurities in the iron ore are removed as slag.
Which one of the following is slag?
Tick one box.
iron(U) oxide
calcium silicate
El
calcium carbonate
coke
El
[1]
hi t1sandreactivity seriesT Mosifa Barakat (0100165 44 62)

(iv) Slag is less dense than iron.

The diagram shows a blast furnace used to extract iron.
On the diagram, write the letter S to show where the slag is removed.
[1]
(c) Iron from the blast furnace contains impurities.
The diagram shows a converter used to make steel from iron,
molten iron from

b[ast furnace
In your answer
• describe the impurities present,
• describe how the impurities are removed
• include a relevant word equation.
[4]
284 . 11 — MetQls and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)
42) Nov 2016 [33] Q (1_b)

(b) The table gives some information about the properties of four metals.
density relative resistance relative electrical melting

me a
in g 1cm
3 strength to corrosion conductivity pointfC
chromium 7.2 8 very good 8 1857
copper 89 30 good 60 1283
iron L9 21 poor 10 1535
titanium 4.5 23 very good 2 1660
Which one of these metals is most suitable for making the frame of an
aircraft?
Explain your answer using information from the table.
[3]
:43) June 2017 [31] Q (6_a, c, d)
6 (a) The table shows the properties of some metals.
relative
density melting point relative
metal electrical cost
in g /cm
3 in C strength
conductivity
aluminium 2.7 660 7.0 4.0 expensive

iron 7.9 1535 21.0 1.1 cheap
lead lt.3 328 1.5 0.5 expensive
silver 10.5 962 2.0 6.7 very expensive
tungsten 19.4 3420 12.0 2.0 expensive
Use the information in the table to answer the questions.

(i) Which metal would be most useful for making overhead power cables?
metal
reason 1
reason 2
[2]

(ii) Why is iron and not tungsten used to reinforce concrete?

[1]
(iii) The front part of a space rocket is called a nose cone. The nose cone
gets very hot as the space rocket moves through the air.
Which metal is best to make a space rocket nose cone? Explain your answer.
[1]
(c) When extremely hot tungsten reacts with oxygen, tungsten(Vl) oxide is
formed.
Balance the chemical equation for this reaction.
W+ 02 3
>2W0
[2]
(d) Some information about the reaction of four metals with oxygen is given.
cobalt: reacts slowly at high temperatures
iron: thin wire burns when heated strongly
magnesium: burns when heated
tungsten: reacts very slowly at extremely high temperatures
List these metals in order of their reactivity. Put the least reactive metal first.
[2]
44) June 2017 [32] Q (4_a, c, d, e, I)
4 Aluminium and zinc are both metals.
Aluminium is extracted from its purified ore by electrolysis.
(a) (I) State the name of an ore of aluminium.
[1]
(ii) Explain why aluminium is extracted from its purified ore by electrolysis and
not by heating with carbon.
[1]
(c) State one use of aluminium. Give a reason why it is used for this purpose.
use
reason
[2]

(d) Give two advantages of recycling aluminium.

1
2
[2]
(e) Zinc is extracted from zinc oxide by heating zinc oxide with carbon
monoxide.
ZnO+CO 2
>Zn+C0
(i) How does this equation show that zinc oxide is reduced?
[1]
45) June 2017 [32] Q (6_a, be)
6 (a) The table shows the properties of some types of steel.
type density resistance re’ative relative

of stee’ in g Scm
3 to corrosion strength hardness
L 7.80 poor 4.8 200 —
M L82 very good 6.1 210 —
N L85 good 4.6 210
Which type of steel, L, M or N, would be best to reinforce concrete?

type of steel
reason 1
reason 2
[2]
(b) Steel is an alloy.
Which diagram, P, Q, R or S, represents an alloy?
Fe Fe Fe Fe C Fe C Fe S S S C C C C C
Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe C S C C S C C C C
Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe C Fe Fe C S S C C C C C
P Q R S
[1]
(e) Some information about the reaction of four metals with oxygen is given.
copper: surface turns black slowly when heated strongly
iron: thin wire burns when heated strongly
gold: remains a gold colour when heated strongly
potassium: bursts into flame when heated gently
(01001654462)
least reactive - most reactive
E H_____
[2]
46) June 2017 [33] Q (4_a, d)
4 Iron is extracted from its ore by heating the ore with carbon in a blast
furnace.
(a) (i) State the name of an ore of iron.
[1]
(ii) In the blast furnace, iron(llI) oxide is reduced by carbon monoxide.
Explain how the carbon monoxide is formed in the blast furnace.
[2]
(iii) Balance the chemical equation for this reaction.
3 ÷ 3C0
0
2
Fe Fe + 2
CO
[2]
(iv) How does this equation show that iron(lll) oxide is reduced?
[1]
(v) Calculate the relative formula mass of iron(IlI) oxide, Fe
.
3
0
2
relative formula mass = .. . [2]

(d) Give two advantages of recycling steel.
1
2
[2]
288 1 11 — Metals and reactivity series Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

47)June2Qi7[33]Q(6’a)
6 (a) The table shows the properties of some alloys.
relative
density relative relative
alloy electrical cost
in g/cm
3 hardness strength
conductivity
J 7.8 4.0 24.0 1.1 cheap
K 2.8 2.5 7.5 3.8 expensive
L 11.3 0.2 1.5 0.5 cheap
M 10.2 5.6 16.5 0.2 very expensive
Use the information in the table to answer the questions.

(I) Which alloy would be most useful for making a bridge?
alloy
reason 1
reason 2
[2]
(ii) Which alloy is best to make the tips of high-speed drills?
Give one reason for your answer.
alloy
reason [1]
(iii) Which alloy is best to make aircraft bodies?
Give one reason for your answer.
alloy
reason [1]
48)June2Ol7[33]Q(7_c)
(c) Some information about the reaction of four metals with water is given.
cerium: reacts slowly with cold water
iron: reacts with steam only when extremely hot
lithium: reacts rapidly with cold water
magnesium: reacts slowly with hot water
[2]

ii
Ak’ and Water
290 12—Air and water Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

1) June2010 [22] Q (7_e, f)

(e) Coal is a fuel containing carbon.
When coal is burnt, carbon dioxide is produced.
Explain how the increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
affects the world’s climate.
[2]
(f) Coal also contains small amounts of sulfur.
Explain how burning coal leads to acid rain.
[2]
2) Nov 2010 21] Q(5_c)

(c) Some farmers use calcium hydroxide to control soil acidity.
(i) Why is it important to control soil acidity?
[1]
(ii) Acid rain can cause soil to become acidic.
Describe how acid rain is formed.
[3]
3) June 2011 [21]Q(3 b,ii, e, f)’
3 Water is present in the atmosphere, the seas and in ice and snow.
(b) State one use of water in industry.
[1]
(ii) State two adverse effects of acid rain.
I
2 [2]
(e) Water from lakes and rivers can be treated to make the water safer to
drink.
Describe two of the steps in water purification.
For each of these steps, give an explanation of its purpose.
E9112iranTf Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

step 1
step 2
[4]
(f) Water is formed when hydrogen burns in air.
(I) State the percentage of oxygen present in the air.
[1]
4), 4Lpe2O1122jQ(3_a,i.).
3 The pie chart shows the composition of air.
nitrogen
a_—oxygen
bther gases
(a) (i) What is the percentage of nitrogen in the air?

[1]
(ii) Apart from nitrogen and oxygen, state the names of two gases present in
unpolluted air.
and [2]
(b) The percentage of oxygen in air can be found using the apparatus shown
below.
air copper wire ,ir

//
i
gas syringe’
heat
Air is passed backwards and forwards over the heated copper using the
syringes. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air.
copper + oxygen > copper(ll) oxide

As the experiment proceeds, suggest what happens to
(i) the total volume of air in the gas syringes,
[1]
(ii) the mass of the wire in the tube.
[1]
292 12 — Air and water Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

5) Nov 2011 [21] Q (2_a, b, c, e)

2 A student set up an experiment to demonstrate rusting as shown below.
He made observations at the start of the experiment, after 2 weeks and after 4
weeks.
iron wool
3
8cm
10 cm
3
start after 2 weeks after 4 weeks
(a) What conditions are needed for the iron wool to rust?
[2]
(b) Two weeks after the start of the experiment, the volume of air in the
measuring cylinder had decreased. After a further two weeks there was no
change in the volume of air.
Explain the results of this experiment.
[3]
(C) What change would you observe in the iron wool as it rusted?
appearance at start
appearance after 2 weeks [2]
(e) Clean iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Fe + 2HCI > Fe Cl
2 + 2
H

[2]
293 12—Air and water Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

6) Nov 2011 21] Q (5_c, iii, iv)

(c)
(iii) Sulfur dioxide is formed when coal is burnt in power stations.
State one harmful effect of sulfur dioxide on the environment.
[1]
(iv) Sulfur dioxide can be removed in power stations by flue gas
desulfurisation.
Which one of these compounds is used to remove the sulfur dioxide in this
process?
Tick one box.
calcium chloride
[ 1
calcium oxide
nitrogen dioxide
potassium nitrate
[1]
.7) Nov 2011 [21] Q (6_e)
(e) Methane is a greenhouse gas.
(I) State one source of the methane in the atmosphere.
[1]
(ii) State one effect of an increased concentration of methane in the
atmosphere.
[1]
.8) June 2012 f21] Q (7_a, b, C) , ... , .
7 (a) the equations A and B below show two reactions which lead to the
formation of acid rain.
A 2
S+0 >502
B 3
+
2
S00 >S03O2
(I) Write a word, equation for reaction A.
[2]
12-A ir an Ta lMo St afa Barakat (0100165 44 62

(iii) Complete the equation to show how an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid,
S0 is formed from SO
2
H
,
4 .
3
3
SO + > SO
2
H
[1]
(b) Describe and explain the effect of sulfuric acid on buildings made from
limestone (calcium carbonate).
[3]
(c) State one effect of acid rain other than on buildings.
[1]
9)Nov2Oi2f21]Q(5c)
(c) Air is needed for fuels to burn.
The pie chart below shows the composition of the air.
mainly argon
State the name of

gas A
gas B [2]
10) Nov 2012 [21] Q (7_c),
(C)Explain how acid rain is formed when fossil fuels containing sulfur are
burnt.
• the name of a fossil fuel which contains sulfur,
• the gas formed when sulfur burns,
• the reactions which lead to the formation of acid rain.
[4]
295 12 — Air and water )

2
S
44
sfaBaratlOOTi
cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 12
11) Nov 2012 22] Q (3_d)

(d) (I) Explain why chlorine is used in water purification.
[1]
(ii) Impure water contains particles of minerals and remains of dead plants
and animals.
One stage in water purification is the removal of these particles by filtration.
The diagram below shows a water filter.
small particles
of sand
water
Explain how this water filter works.
[2]
12) Nov 2012 [23] Q (4_b, ill) ,. ..,.
(iii) Carbon monoxide is a common atmospheric pollutant.

State a source of the carbon monoxide in the atmosphere other than from the
manufacture of hydrogen.
[1]
13).N°’. 2012 [23] Q (6a)
6 Lead and lead compounds are common pollutants of the air.
(a) (i) State one source of lead in the air.
[1]
(ii) State one effect of lead on human health.
[1]

14) June 2013 [21] Q (7_d)

(d) A student investigates various methods of protecting iron from rusting. She
sets up four tubes as shown in the diagram below.
tube 1 tube2 tube 3 tube4
iron
iron
water I iron iron iron
completely incompletely
coated with coated with
plastic plastic
(I) Tube 1 contains unprotected iron. What is the purpose of this experiment?
[1]
(ii) State the names of the two substances needed for iron to rust.
and [2]
(iii) Explain why the iron in tube 4 does not rust.
[1]
(iv) Explain why the iron in tube 3 eventually rusts.
[1]
15) June 2013 [22] Q (5_a)
5 Clean air is a mixture of gases.
(a) State the composition of clean air and describe how it gets polluted by
gases such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen.
• the names and percentages of the two main gases present in clean air,
• the source of each of the pollutant gases named above.

[51
16) June 2013 [23] Q (4_a)
4 Impure water needs to be treated if it is to be used in the home.
(a) (I) Explain why filtration and chlorination are used in the water treatment
process.
[2]
(ii) State one use of water in the home.
[1]
17) Nay 2013 t21.] ci (4_c)
(c) When graphite is burnt in a limited supply of air, carbon monoxide is
formed.
State one adverse effect of carbon monoxide on health.
[1]
18) Nov 2013 [22] Q (6_c, iii, iv)
(iii) Some fuels contain sulfur as a contaminating substance.
Complete the following sentences using words from the list below.
coal dioxide hydrogen monoxide

nitrogen oxidised reduced water
Fuels such as contain sulfur.
When these fuels burn, the sulfur is to sulfur
This reacts with in the atmosphere to form an acidic
solution. [4]
(iv) Describe and explain the effect of acid rain on buildings made of
limestone.
[2]
298
-------
19) Nov 2013 [22] Q (5_b ii)

b (ii) Describe one method of rust prevention and explain how it works.
method
how this works
[2]
20) June 2014 [21] Q (1_a, UI, v)
I (a) Choose from the list of substances below to answer the following
questions.
calcium oxide
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
copper
hydrogen
magnesium
methane
oxygen
water
Which substance:
(iii) is a product of the incomplete combustion of carbon,
[1]
(v) is manufactured by heating limestone?
[1]
21) June 2014 [21] Q (4_e, U) .
(ii) State one adverse effect of carbon monoxide on health.

[1]
.22) June 2014 [21] Q (8_a, ii)
(ii) The product sulfur dioxide, SO
, is harmful to the environment.
2
Explain why it is harmful to the environment and state one effect it has on
buildings.
[2]
299 12—Air and water Mota;a Baraka (UtOO 163 4462)

.23) June 2014 [22] Q(1 _c)

(c) Lead compounds are atmospheric pollutants.
State one adverse effect of lead compounds on health.
[1]
24) June 2014 [22] Q (1_a, c)
3 River water contains a variety of ions and gases, and insoluble materials
such as soil particles.
(a) Describe how you could remove the insoluble materials from a sample of
river water. Include a labelled diagram.
[4]
(c) The table shows the solubility of oxygen in river water at different
temperatures.
Temperature! °C 0
Solubility in mg/dm
3 11.0
(I) On the axes below, plot a graph to show how the solubility of oxygen
changes with temperature. Draw a curve of best fit through the points.
300 , 12—Air and water Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

12- - -
10-
_L
— r.
solubility
3
nmg/dm :
6-” -
temperature I C
[3]
(ii) Deduce the solubility of oxygen in river water at 25 °C.
[1]
(iii) State the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air.
[1]
.25) June 2014 [23] Q (5c, d, e)
(c) A student put some clean iron nails in two test-tubes, as shown in the
diagram. She then left the test-tubes for several weeks.
cotton wool
anhydrous
calcium chloride
2
CaCI cotton wool
A B
iEfand water fMastafaBarakat (01001654462)

Explain why the nails in tube A did not rust but the nails in tube B rusted.
[2]
(d) Rust is hydrated iron(lll) oxide.
What does the (Ill) in iron(lll) oxide refer to?
Tick one box.
the oxidation state of the oxygen
the oxidation state of the iron
the number of atoms of oxygen in a

formula unit of iron(lll) oxide
the number of water molecules in the

hydrated iron oxide
26) June 2014 [23) Q (8_e)

(e) Describe how impure water is treated so that it can be used for drinking.
[2]
27) Nov 2014 [22] Q (2_c)
(c) Dry air contains mainly nitrogen, noble gases and oxygen.
(I) Which one of the following shows the correct composition of dry air?
Tick one box.
nitrogen 21%, oxygen 78%. noble gases 1%
nitrogen 1%, oxygen 78%, noble gases 21%
[1]
(ii) Metals can be joined together by high temperature welding.
This process is sometimes carried out in the presence of argon.
302fraeT Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Suggest why welding is carried out in the presence of argon.
[2]
28) Nov 2014 t23j Q (6_a),
6 Sulfur burns in air to form sulfur dioxide.
(a) (i) Is sulfur dioxide an acidic or basic oxide?
[1]
(ii) Sulfur dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant.
Explain why sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere can erode buildings made of
limestone.
[3]
(b) Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide.
Sulfur trioxide can be made in the laboratory using the apparatus shown
below.
Sulfur trioxide has a melting point of 17 °C and a boiling point of 45 °C.
sulfur dioxide —.. platinum catalyst
oxygen -
concentrated
sulfuric acid trioxide
crystals
(I) Suggest one safety precaution when carrying out this experiment.
[1]
(ii) What is the purpose of the platinum catalyst?
[1]
(iii) Complete the symbol equation for the reaction.
2 °2 +
[2]
(iv) Suggest why the sulfur trioxide is collected in a flask surrounded by ice.
[1]

29) June2015 [21] Q (5_b, III) ..
(iii) State one adverse effect of carbon monoxide on humans.

[1]
30) June 2015 [23] Q (6_c)
(C)Chlorine is used in water treatment.
Explain why.
[1]
31) Nov2015 [21] Q(5_b) .
(b) Water is used in industry and in the home.

(i) Give one use of water in industry.
[1]
(ii) Give one use of water in the home.
[1]
:32) Nov 2015 [22] Q (Sb)
(b) Sulfur dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant.
(i) Describe how sulfur dioxide is formed and how it gets into the atmosphere.
[2]
(ii) What type of oxide is sulfur dioxide?
[1]
(iii) Flue gas desulfurisation removes sulfur dioxide from exhaust gases in
factories.
Describe the process of flue gas desulfurisation.
[2]
33) Nov 2015 [23] Q (5_c)
(c) Iron undergoes a form of corrosion called rusting.
(i) State the conditions needed for rusting?
and [2]
(ii) Explain why painting a clean iron object prevents it from rusting.
[1]
]2-Airanwtfl4ostafaBarakat(O1OO165 4462)
34) June2016 f32]q (4_d), ,
(d) The alcohol with the formula C

0 burns in a limited supply of air to form
6
H
2
carbon monoxide and water.
0
6
H
2
C + 202 CO + 0
2
H
[2]
(ii) State an adverse effect of carbon monoxide on health.
[1]
35) Nov 2016 [31] Q (7_d)
(d) Some compounds of sulfur are found in coal.
Explain why the presence of sulfur in coal has an adverse effect on human
health when the coal is burnt.
[2]
36) Nov 2016 [32] Q (2_e, f)
(e) River water contains dissolved oxygen.
The graph shows how the concentration of dissolved oxygen changes with
temperature.
concentration
of ci issoived
oxygen
3
inmg/dm 5..
0- 1
0 5 10 20 25 30
a
temperature I
(I) Describe how the concentration of dissolved oxygen changes with

temperature.
[1]
(ii) Determine the concentration of oxygen present in the water at 10 °C.
[1]
(iii) Suggest how the rate of corrosion of iron water pipes changes with
temperature.
[1]
(f) Describe how water is treated to make it suitable to drink.
[2]
(g) Oxides of nitrogen are common pollutants in the air.
(i) State one source of oxides of nitrogen in the air.
[1]
(ii) State one adverse effect of oxides of nitrogen on health.
[1]
37) Nov 2016 [32] Q (5_c)
(c) Reinforced concrete contains steel bars within the concrete.
concrete
stee I bars
Some properties of concrete and steel are shown in the table.
relative
relative relative
expansion heat cost
-
strength
• when heated conductivity
concrete 60 12 15 low
steel 250 12 600 high
Use the information in the table to suggest why concrete must be reinforced
with steel when it
is used to make bridges.
[1]
(d) If reinforced concrete becomes cracked, liquids and gases can reach the
steel bars. The steel bars rust.
Which two substances are needed for steel to rust?
and [2]
38) Nov 2Q16 [33] Q (2_a)

3 sample of river
2 A scientist analysed the substances present in a 1 dm
water in an agricultural area.
The table shows the mass of each ion dissolved in the I dm
3 sample.
name of ion formula of ion masslg

calcium 2
Ca 1.2
chloride Cl- 0.1
hydrogencarbonate HCO 1.0
magnesium ’
2
Mg 0.5
nitrate NO tO
sodium Na
SO 0.5
phosphate 4
PO 11
Total 6.0
(a) (I) Which negative ion has the highest concentration, in g I dm

, in this
3
sample of water?
[1]
(ii) Give the name of the ion with the formula S0
.
2
4
[1]
(iii) Calculate the mass of sodium ions in I dm3 of this river water.
[1]
39) June 2017 [31] Q (7_b)
(b) Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane are all atmospheric
pollutants.
• Give the sources of these gases.
• Describe the effects that both carbon dioxide and methane have on the
environment.
• State an adverse effect of carbon monoxide on health.
if AirandwateT aBarakat (010016544 62)

[5]
40) June 2017 £32] Q (7_d)
(d) Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are both atmospheric pollutants.
• Give the sources of these gases.
• Describe the effects of these pollutants on the environment.
• Describe the effects of these pollutants on health.
[5]
41)June 201 [33]Q{7_d) ,.,..
.
.
(d) (I) State the conditions needed for iron to rust.
[2]
(ii) State two methods of rust prevention.
I
2
[2]
(01001654462)
Cambridge Pre lGSE chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 13
a cr f q4
6 9 10
Ne
1
a2
Cl
35 36
Br I Kr
54
F
Xe
86
NanMet!s n Periodic Table
Th
309 13 -. Non-rn eta!s Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Pcipcr_3 Topic 13
1) June 2010 [21] Q(5_a,b, e f)

5 Ammonium sulfate is used in fertilisers.
(a) State the names of the three elements found in most fertilisers.
I
2
3 [3]
(b) Suggest why farmers use fertilisers.
[2]
(e) Fertilisers containing ammonium salts are often slightly acidic.
(i) State the name of a compound which farmers add to the soil to make it less
acidic.
[1]
(ii) Explain why it is important for farmers to control the acidity of the soil.
[2]
(f) The formula of ammonium sulfate is .
S0
2
)
4
(NH
In this formula state:
(i) the number of different types of atoms present [I]
(ii) the total number of atoms present [1]
2) June 2010 [22j Q (Ba, b, C, d) .
...
8 The diagram shows a rotary kiln used to make lime from limestone.
Limestone is fed in at the top of the kiln and lime comes out at the bottom.
kiln moves air out

limestone
hot air
hme
(a) What is the chemical name for lime?

[1]
(b) State the name of the type of chemical reaction that takes place in the
rotary lime kiln.
[1]
(c) Suggest why the air coming out of the rotary kiln has a greater percentage
of carbon dioxide than the air entering the kiln.
[1]
(d) State one use for lime.
[1]
3) Nov 2010 [21] Q (a, b, c)
5 A solution of calcium hydroxide in water is alkaline.
H
(a) Which one of the values below is alkaline?
7
H 11
H
[1]
(b) Which of the following is the common name for calcium hydroxide?
Tick one box.
cement
limestone
quicklime
slaked lime
[1]
(c) Some farmers use calcium hydroxide to control soil acidity.
(i) Why is it important to control soil acidity?
[1]
4 Nov 2010 t22] Q (7c)
(c) Urea is used as a fertiliser.
(i) Which element present in urea is an essential part of most fertilisers?
[1]
(ii) Explain why farmers put fertilisers on their fields.
[2]
5) June 2011 [22] Q (6_ce ii
(ii) Farmers can add a solution of dilute sulfuric acid to their fields if the soil is
too alkaline.
Explain why farmers do not want their fields to become too alkaline.
[1]
11’i-on-metaIs tMostafa Barakat (01001654462)
Cambridge Pre lGSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topic 13
H
(iii) Which one of the following values best describes a solution which is
slightly alkaline?
6
H 7
H 8
H
[1]
(iv) Give the name of a compound which farmers add to the soil to make it
less acidic.
[1]
6) June2011 [22]Q(7_c,i)
(c) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers such as ammonium sulfate.
(I) State the names of the three chemical elements, essential for plant growth,
that are present in fertilisers.
[3]
7) Nov 2011 [22] Q (1_b)
(b) The diagram shows the apparatus used to prepare carbon dioxide in the
laboratory
concentrated
hydrochEorc acid
delivery tube
jar
water
calcium carbon ale
(I) State the name of a rock which is made up largely of calcium carbonate.
[1]
(ii) Which one of these statements about carbon dioxide is correct?
Tick one box.
312 13— Non-metals Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Carbon dioxide is lighter than air.
Carbon dioxide is a liquid at room temperature.
Carbon dioxide is heavier than air.
Carbon dioxide has the same density as air.
[1]
(iii) Complete the equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with
hydrochloric acid.
3
CaCO + HCI > CaCI + 2
CO +
[2]
8) Nov 2011 [22] Q (6_b)
(c) The liquid which contains ammonia can be reacted with sulfuric acid.
(i) Complete the word equation for this reaction
ammonia + sulfuric acid
[1]
(ii) Which one of the following elements do most fertilisers contain?
chlorine nitrogen sodium sulfur
[1]
9) June 2012 £21] Q (3_c)
(c) Acids react with metal carbonates.
(i) Write a word equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with
hydrochloric acid.
[3]
(ii) Calcium carbonate can be used to treat acidic soil.
State one other use of calcium carbonate.
[1]
(iii) Name one other compound that can be used to treat acidic soil.
[1]
.1 0) June 2012 [22] Q(2_d) ....
(d) When excess fertilisers are put on the soil, the soil may become acidic.
(I) Why is it important to farmers that the soil does not become too acidic?
[1]
(ii) Calcium carbonate is used to decrease the acidity of the soil. Explain how
calcium carbonate decreases soil acidity.
[2]
11) Nov2012 [21] Q(7_d)
(d) Potassium sulfate can be used as a fertiliser.
The potassium in this fertiliser is an important element for plant growth.
Name two other elements, important for plant growth, which are present in
most fertilisers.
and [2]
12) Nov2012 f22] Q (2_a, b, C) .
.
2 Ammonia, NH, is an alkaline gas.

3
(a) Describe a test for ammonia.
test
result [2]
(b) What is the p’ of an aqueous solution of ammonia?
5
H 7
H
[1]
(C) Ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid.
NH
+
3 HCI
[1]
4462)
13) Nov 2012 (22] Q (6_a, b, c

6 The diagram below shows a kiln used for manufacturing lime.
waste gases
1
mixture of
II calcium carbonate
and coke
lime
removed
The reaction taking place in the kiln is

calcium carbonate > calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(lime)
(a) (i) State the name of a rock which is largely calcium carbonate.
[1]
(ii) Explain why, at the end of the reaction, there is only lime left in the lime
kiln.
[1]
14)June2013t21]Q(4_a)
4 Farmers spread fertilisers on the soil where crops are to be grown.
(a) Why do farmers use fertilisers? In your answer, include
• the names of the essential elements present in most fertilisers,
• the reasons why farmers use fertilisers.
[4]
15) June 2013 t22] Q (3_c)

(c) (i) Which two of the following compounds could a farmer use to control the
pH of soils which are too acidic?
Tick two boxes.
aluminium chloride
calcium carbonate
calcium oxide
copper sulfate
potassium chloride
[2]
(ii) Explain why farmers need to control the p’ of soils which are too acidic.
[1]
16) Nov 2013 [22J Q (5_c, iii)
(iii) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers.
Explain why farmers need to add fertilisers to the soil.
[2]
17) Nov 2013 [22] Q (7_a, i, II, c, I)

7 The diagram shows a kiln for making lime (calcium oxide) from limestone
(calcium carbonate).
lime kiln
(a) (i) Which letter on the diagram above shows

where the limestone is added
where the waste gases exit from the kiln [2]
(II) Complete the symbol equation for the decomposition of limestone.
3
CaCO CaO +
[1]
(c) Lime is calcium oxide.
(i) State one use of lime.
[1]
.18) Nov 2013 [23] Q(4_e, iii)
(e) Calcium oxide can be used to neutralise acidic industrial waste.
(i) Complete the word equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with nitric
acid.
calcium oxide ± nitric acid •—

+
[2]
(ii) State one other use of calcium oxide.
[1]

ie 2014 £2310 (3)

3 The diagram shows the best H
ranges for growing different plants.
pH 4 5 6 7 8
beans
carrots
clover
potatoes
tomatoes ]
(a) (i) Which two plants grow best in acidic conditions only?
and [1]
(ii) Which pH shown in the diagram above represents a neutral pH?
[1]
(b) (i) Explain why lime is added to acidic soils.
[2]
(ii) Farmers fertilise soil by adding compounds containing ammonium salts.
Explain why adding lime to fertilised soil may cause a loss of nitrogen from the
soil.
[31
(c) The graphs below show the rate of uptake of potassium and phosphate
ions by plant roots at different H values.
rate of rate of
uptake uptake
of of
potassium ///// phosphorus
I I I I I I I
3456 78 910 3456 789 1011
pH pH
(i) Describe the effect of p’ on the rate of uptake of potassium by plant roots.
[2]

H
(ii) At which value is the rate of uptake of phosphorus by plant roots the
highest?
[1]
20)Nav2014[21]Q(7_a,b,c,e)
7 Fertilisers usually contain compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium.
(a) Why do farmers use fertilisers?
[1]
(b) Many fertilisers contain ammonium sulfate.
Ammonium sulfate is made by reacting aqueous ammonia with sulfuric acid.
[1]
(c) Aqueous ammonia reacts with nitric acid to make another compound often
found in fertilisers.
State the name of this compound.
[1]
(e) Ammonium salts react with alkalis. For example:
ammonium sodium sodium ammonia water

+ —> + +
sulfate hydroxide sulfate
Use this information to explain why adding slaked lime to fi elds which have
fertilisers spread on them may result in loss of nitrogen.
[2]
191 3-Nonmetals ostafa Barakat (0100165 44 62)

21) June 2015 [21]Q (1_b)

A B C
H H
0=C =0 H —C—C—H
H H
D E F
H H
\ /
C =C
/ \
H H
(b) Complete the word equation for the thermal decomposition of substance B.
> calcium oxide +
[2]
22) June 2015 [22] 0 (1_aJi,iii, iv)
I The structures of six compounds containing oxygen are shown b&ow.
A B C
D E F
0
H_0\f
0=C=0
H—O”\
320 13— Non-metals Mostcifa Barakat (01001654462)

(a) Answer the following questions about these compounds. Each compound,
A, B, C, D, E or F, may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(ii) Which compound can be used as a fertiliser? [1]
(iii) Which compound can be used to neutralise acidic soil? [1]
(iv) Which compound is a greenhouse gas? . [1]
.23) June2016 [31] Q(7c)

.
. .
(c) When calcium carbonate is heated strongly, calcium oxide is formed.

(i) Give one use of calcium oxide.
[1]
.24) June 2016 [32] Q (3_e)
(e) Give one use of sulfur dioxide.
[1]
25) June 2016 [32] Q (7_c, d)
(c) Give one use of hydrogen.
[1]
(d) Explosions have occasionally been reported where tiny particles of metal
dust escape into the air.
Explain why metal dust can form an explosive mixture with air.
[1]
26) June 2016 f33] Q(7_d) . .
(d) Sulfuric acid is a compound.

(i) What is the meaning of the term compound?
[1]
(ii) Sulfur is used to make sulfuric acid.
Give bne source of sulfur.
[1]
(iii) Sulfur is oxidised by air to form sulfur dioxide.
Give one use of sulfur dioxide.
[1]
321 13— Non-metals Most afa Barakat (0100 165 4462)

27) June 2016 [33] Q (8_c, ii, iii)

(ii) Which one of these processes does not produce carbon dioxide?
Tick one box
respiration
reaction of an acid with a rneta oxide
reaction of an acid with a carbonate
thermal decomposition of limestone
[1]
(iii) Give two problems caused by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere.
[2]
.28) Nov 2016 [31] Q (2_a, ill, iv) .
(iii) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which causes climate change.

Explain how carbon dioxide contributes to climate change.
[1]
(iv) State the name of one other greenhouse gas and give one source of this
gas.
gas
source
[2]
29) Nov2016 [31] Q (3_d)
(d) Describe the manufacture and uses of lime (calcium oxide).
Include at least one relevant word equation relating to the manufacture or use
of lime.
[4]
322TT3ontIMostafaBarakat(O1OOi65 4462)
30) Nov 2016 [32] Q (5_a,i, ii)

5 Cement is made by heating clay with limestone. Some of the limestone
(calcium carbonate) breaks down to form calcium oxide and a gas which turns
limewater milky.
(a) (I) Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
3
CaCO +
[2]
(ii) What type of chemical reaction is this?
[1]
31) Nov 2016 [33] Q (2_d)
(d) Most of the nitrate ions En river water come from fertilisers.
(i) Explain why farmers use fertilisers.
[2]
(ii) Ammonium nitrate is a fertiliser.
Ammonium nitrate reacts with calcium hydroxide.
ammonium nitrate + calcium hydroxide —> calcium nitrate + ammonia + water
Explain why adding calcium hydroxide to the soil at the same time as nitrate
fertilisers results in loss of nitrogen from the soil.
[2]
32) Nov 2016 [33] Q (5_b, c)
(b) The diagram shows a furnace for making lime.
•rn[xture of
I imestone
and coke
323 13— Non-metals Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62

(i) On the diagram, write

• the letter C to show where the waste gases exit the furnace,
• the letter L to show where the lime is removed from the furnace.
[2]
(ii) Suggest a reason for adding coke (carbon) to the furnace.
[1]
(c) Explain why farmers use lime to treat acidic soils.
[2]
33) June 2017 [31] Q (7_c)
(C)Calcium carbonate decomposes to form calcium oxide (lime) and carbon
dioxide.
(I) State one use of calcium oxide.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the relative formula mass of calcium carbonate, 3
CaCO
.
relative formula mass = . . . [2]

34) June 2017 [32] Q (7_b)
(b) Give one source and one use of sulfur.
source
use
[2]
32413- Non-metals -
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Tcpic 14
TpIc 14
organic Cherniaby
CC
KEEP
CALM
IT’S ONLY
ORGANIC
CHEMI S TRY
ii4-ganihemistrE[MostafaBarakatft31OO16S4462)
1) June 2010 [21] Q (7)

7 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Two of the processes carried out in an oil refinery are fractional distillation of
petroleum and cracking of hydrocarbon fractions.
(a) Which property of hydrocarbons is used to separate petroleum into
fractions?
Tick one box.
boiling point
chemical reactivity
electrical conductivity
melting point
[I]
(b) Match the fractions on the left with their uses on the right.
The first one has been done for you
!uel for home heating
fueloil
[ kerosene waxes and polishes
lubicating rraction j making chemicals
naphtha
1 jettuel
[4]
(c) Cracking is used to break down long chained alkanes into shorter chained
alkanes and alkenes.
(i) State two conditions needed for cracking.
I
2 [2]
326 14— Organic Chemistry Mastafa Barakat (01001654462)

(ii) The hydrocarbon, ,

10
C
3
H 4 can be cracked to make ethene and one other
hydrocarbon.
10
C
3
H 4 > H
2
C +
[1]
(iii) Draw the full structure of ethene showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(d) State the name of the polymer formed from ethene.
[1]
(e) Ethene is used to make ethanol.
(i) Which substance is needed for this reaction?
ammonia hydrogen oxygen steam
[1]
(ii) Phosphoric acid is a catalyst in this reaction.
What do you understand by the term catalyst?
[1]
2) June 2010 [22] Q(4_c, d)
(c) The list shows some of the substances present in ink.
carboxylic acids
cobalt(Il) ions
ethanol
iron(ll) ions
nickel(ll) ions
tan n ins
water
(i) Water is a good solvent.
From the list choose one other substance that is a good solvent.
[1]
(ii) What is the meaning of the symbol (II) in iron(II)?

Tick one box.
the number of outer shefl electrons

tZ
the difference between the
neutron and proton number
the oxiciahon state
me type of isotope
El
[1]
(iii) Tannins are polymers.
What do you understand by the term polymer?
[2]
(d) One of the carboxylic acids present in ink is gallic acid.
The structure of gallic acid is shown below.
(i) On the structure above, put a ring around the carboxylic acid functional
group. [1]
(ii) Gallic acid is a good reducing agent.
What do you understand by the term reduction?
[1]
3) June 20 (5d)
(d) The structure of some organic compounds found in plant leaves are
shown below
A B C D
H H H 0 H H 0 H H
\ /
C=c H—C—C H—C—C—C H—C—C—0—H
/ \ IIH
H H H 0—H H 0—H H H
328. j 14— Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(I) Which one of these compounds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

[1]
(ii) Describe a chemical test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
test
result [2]
(iii) What do you understand by the term hydrocarbon?
[1]
(iv) State the name of compound B.
[1]
(v) To which homologous series does compound D belong?
[1]
4) June 2010 [22] Q (7_i)
(g) Methane is a fuel.
(i) Which one of the following is a natural source of methane?
Tick one box.
waste gases from respiration in p’ants

[]
waste gases from digestion in animals
gases from photosynthesis in plants

[]
gases from forest fires
[]
[1]
(iii) Methane belongs to the alkane homologous series.
Name one other alkane.
[1]
5) Nov 2010 f21] Q (7)
, is manufactured by cracking petroleum fractions.
7 Ethene, C
4
H
2
(a) (i) What do you understand by the term petroleum fraction?
[1]
(ii) Complete the equation for the manufacture of ethene from dodecane,
1.
C 26
H
2
16
C
2
H 2 > 4
H
2
C +
[1]
62)
(b) Two fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum are refinery gas
and gasoline.
State one use of each of these fractions.
refinery gas
gasoline [2]
(c) Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
What do you understand by the following terms?
unsaturated
hydrocarbon [2]
(d) Ethene is used to make ethanol.
(i) Which of these reactions is used to make ethanol from ethene?
Tick one box.
catalytic addition of steam
Fermentation
oxidation using oxygen
reduction using hydrogen
[1]
(ii) Draw the structure of ethanol showing all atoms and bonds.
[2]
(e) Ethene is used to make poly(ethene).
Complete the following sentences about this reaction.
Use words from the list below.
Additions carbohydrates catalysts monomers polymers
The ethene molecules which join to form poly(ethene) are the
The poly(ethene) molecules formed are [2]
6) Nov 2010 [22]Q(4)

4 The formulae of four organic compounds are shown below.
A B C 0
H H H 0 H H H H
\
C=C
/ I4’
H—C—C
II
H—C—C—H
II
H—C—C—C—H
H
/ \
H H 0—H
II II
H H H H
(a) (i) State the name of the type of bonding between the atoms in these four
compounds.
[1]
(ii) Which one of these compounds, A, B, C or D, is a saturated hydrocarbon?
[1]
(iN) Which one of these compounds is acidic?
[1]
(iv) State the name of compound D.
[1]
(v) Compound A contains a C=C double bond.
Describe a test for a CC double bond.
test
result [2]
(b) Compound C is a member of the alkane homologous series.
(i) State two features of an homologous series.
I
2 [2]
(ii) State the formula and name of another alkane in the same homologous
series as compound C.
formula
name [2]
___c
331 14—Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)
(c) The alkanes present in petroleum can be separated by fractional

distillation.
The diagram below shows a fractional distillation column.
-
IL.
(I) On the diagram, label where the temperature in the column is the lowest.
Mark this with the letter X. [1]
(ii) On the diagram, label where the bitumen fraction is collected.
Mark this with the letter Y. [1]
7) June2011 [21]Q(4)
4 The structures of some organic conpounds are shown below.
A B C
H H H H H H BrBr
I I I
H—C—C—C—H
I I I I I
C=C—C—H H—C—C—H
III
H H H
I I IIH
H H H
D E
rH H H H
I I
H—C—C----O—H
[H H H H
332 14— Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(a) Which one of these structures represents

(i) a polymer,
(ii) an unsaturated hydrocarbon,
(iii) the product of the catalytic addition of steam to ethene,
(iv) a product of the addition of aqueous bromine to ethene?

[
[4]
(b) (I) Balance the equation for the complete combustion of compound A, C
.
8
H
3
8
H
3
C + > 2
3C0 + 0
2
H
[2]
(ii) State the name of two substances formed when compound A undergoes
incomplete combustion.
and [2]
(C) Complete the structure of ethanoic acid to show all atoms and bonds.
H
H—C
H
[1]
8) June 2011 [22] Q (4)
4 Ethanol can be produced by fermentation or by the catalytic addition of
steam to ethene.
(a) (i) Complete the word equation for fermentation.
glucose + ethanol
[1]
(ii) State the conditions needed for fermentation.
[2]
(b) (i) Complete the equation for the catalytic addition of steam to ethene by
drawing the structures of water and ethanol in the boxes.
4
H
2
C + 0
2
H C
O
5
H
2 H
H H
CC +
lii
[2]
(ii) Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
Describe a test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
test
result [21
(c) Ethanol can be used as a fuel.
State the names of the products formed when ethanol undergoes complete
combustion.
and [2]
(d) Complete these sentences using words from the list.
different functional homologous similar unreactive unsaturated
Ethanol is a member of the alcohol series.
All alcohols have chemical properties because they contain
the same group [3]
9) Nov 2011 [21] Q (4)
4 Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon. Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
(a) Describe how you can distinguish between ethane and ethene using
aqueous bromine.
[2]
(b) The diagram shows the apparatus used to crack long chain alkanes into
alkenes and shorter chained alkanes in the laboratory.
alkene
long chain alkane

absorbed into
mineral wool
water

(i) State two conditions needed for cracking.

[2]
(ii) What information in the diagram shows that alkenes are insoluble in
water?
[1]
(iii) Propene is an alkene.
The formula of propene is C
.
6
H
3
Calculate the relative molecular mass of propene.
[1]
(iv) Complete the equation for the cracking of the alkane tetradecane, .
10
C
3
H 4
10
C
3
H 4 + 12
C
2
H 0
(c) Poly(ethene) is formed from ethene monomers.

Select two words from the list that describe this reaction.
addition condensation dehydration

fermentation neutralisation polymerisation
and [2]
10) Nov 2011 [21] Q (7_b)
(b) The structure of citric acid is shown below.
COOH
HO—C—COOH
1H2
COCH
(i) On this structure, put a ring around the alcohol functional group. [1]
(ii) Write the simplest formula for citric acid.
[1]
(01001654462)
11) Nov 2011 [22] Q (4)

4 Natural gas and the hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum
are important fuels.
(a) State the name of the main substance present in natural gas.
[1]
(c) The diagram shows a distillation column used to separate petroleum into
fractions.
fractions
refinery gas
gasoline
x
kerosene
‘- fueloil
lubricating oil
bitumen
(I) On the diagram, draw an arrow to show where the petroleum vapour enters
the column. [1]
(ii) What do you understand by the term fraction?
[2]
(iii) In the diagram on page 9, two fractions have not been named.
State the name of
fraction X
fraction Y [2]
336 J 14— Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(iv) One of the refinery gases is ethane.

Draw the structure of ethane showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(v) Which one of these phrases describes ethane correctly?
Tick one box.
Ethane is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon
Ethane polymerises to form poly(ethene).
Ethane is an alkene
12) Nov 2011 [22] Q (7_a)

7 Ethanol, COH, is a member of the alcohol homologous series.
5
H
2
(a) (i) Give two characteristics of a homologous series.
I
2 [2]
(ii) Draw the structure of ethanol showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
13)June 2012 [21]Q(3_e)
(e) (i) Complete the table below to show:
• the molecular formula for ethanoic acid
• the full structural formula for ethanol.
Eiiigicistr ]4ostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre !GCSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topic 14
ethanoic acid ethanol
H 0
full structural formula

I
H—C—C
H 0—H
molecular formula C
H
2 0
[2]
(ii) Ethanol can be manufactured by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene.
+ >C
O
5
H
2 H
[1]
14)June2Ol2[21]Q(4)
4 Fractional distillation is used to separate petroleum into different fractions.
Each fraction has a particular use.
(a) Match the fractions on the left with their uses on the right.
gas oil heating
bitumen fuel for ships
lubricating fraction surfacing roads
refinery gases waxes and polishes
naphtha
] making chemicals
[4]
(b) Petroleum fractions contain hydrocarbons.
What do you understand by the term hydrocarbon?
[1]
&anicheisWi Mostafa Barakat OiOO 165 44 62)

(c) Methane, CH
, is a hydrocarbon.
4
(I) Draw the structure of methane, showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(ii) Complete the following equation for the burning of methane in excess
oxygen.
÷
4
CH 02 Q
2
+2H
[2]
(iii) Methane belongs to a homologous series called the alkanes.
What do you understand by the term homologous series?
[2]
(iv) Name the second member of the alkane homologous series.
[1]
15) June 2012 [22]Q(6)
6 The diagram shows a fractionating column used to separate different
hydrocarbon fractions in an oil refinery.
fractions
refinery gas
gasoline
—‘.- A
kerosene
diesel oil
fuel oil
lubricating oil
petroleum—’
bitumen
(a) On the diagram, draw an X to show the place in the column where the
temperature is the highest. [1]

Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Ciassifhd Paper_3 Topic 14
(b) State the name of the fraction labelled A.

[1]
(c) State a use for
the kerosene fraction
the diesel oil fraction [2]
(d) Complete the following sentences about fractional distillation using words
boiling condenses cooled heated higher
lower melting mixture pressure vaporizes
Petroleum is a of hydrocarbons. This mixture is
and the hydrocarbons vaporise. The temperature in the fractionating column
is at the top than at the bottom. As the vapours move up the
column, each hydrocarbon fraction when the temperature in
the column falls below the point of the hydrocarbon fraction.
[5]
(e) The structures of four hydrocarbons, A, B, C and D, are shown below.
A B
H H H H H H H
I I I
H—C—C—C—H
I I I I
H—C—C=C—C—H
I HI HI
H H
I I
H
C D
H H H H H H H
I
H—C—C—C—H
I I I I
C=C—C—C—H
I I
I
H H
I I
H H
IIH
H—C—H
(i) Which two of these structures A, B, C or D have the same relative

molecular mass?
and [1]
(ii) Which two of these structures A, B, C or D will decolourise aqueous
bromine?
and [2]
340 14—Organic Chemistry rfaaat (01001654462)

16) Nov 2012 f21] Q (1_a, b),

I The diagram shows the structures of five compounds, A, B, C, D and E,
containing carbon.
A B c D E
ci H H H
H H
O=C=O
\
C=C
/ II
H—C—C---O—H
cii ci H
/ \
H HI H H
I
H
Cl H

Which one of these compounds
(I) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon [1]
(ii) is a product of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon [1]
(iii) belongs to the alcohol homologous series [1]
(iv) is an alkane [1]
(v) is a product of respiration [1]
(vi) is a product of fermentation
2 [1]
(b) Write the molecular formula of compound C [1]
17)Nov2012[21]Q(5_a,b)
5 (a) Match the fuel on the left with the information on the right.
N
uranium-236 a fuel with a relative
molecular mass of 2
the main constituent

of natural gas
hydrogen
methane a nudear luet’

I
fuel oil fuel for aircraft
I
kerosene fuel for ships
[4]
341 14—Organic chemistry Mostafa Barakat (010016544 62)
(b) Two students investigated some fuels to find which gave off the most
energy.
They tested four liquid fuels using the apparatus shown below.
— __—thermometer
copper can—-_
lOOg of water
spirit burner
_—liquid fuel
(i) In each experiment, the amount of fuel burnt was the same.
Suggest one other factor that should be kept the same in each experiment.
[1]
(ii) The students used the thermometer to stir the water.
Suggest why it is important to keep the water stirred.
[1]
(iii) The results are shown in the table below.
initial temperature final temperature

fuel
of the water! °C of the water! °C
ethanol 24 40
propanol 24 42
paraffin 22 33
petroleum spirit 20 40
Which fuel transfers the most energy to the water?

[2]

18) Nov2012 [22] Q (4)

4 The process of distillation is used in an oil refinery to separate petroleum
into different fractions.
(a) What do you understand by the term petroleum fraction?
[2]
(b) Some petroleum fractions are more useful than others. There is a greater
demand for these fractions.
The diagram shows the demand from customers and the ability of an oil
refinery to supply these fractions by fractional distillation alone.
percentage El supply from refinery

demand
C) 0) =
0 00)
2
0)
(I) State the name of two fractions for which demand is greater than supply.
[2]
(ii) State one use for each of the following fractions.
refinery gas
bitumen [2]
(C) More gasoline can be made by cracking long-chain hydrocarbons.
State the conditions needed for cracking.
[2]
(d) Dodecane, ,
16
C
2
H 2 can be cracked to form smaller hydrocarbons.
(i) What do you understand by the term hydrocarbon?
[1]
(ii) Complete the equation for the cracking of dodecane.
16
C
2
H 2 > CH
1 +
[1]
343 j 14—Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(e) Ethene, C
, can be formed by cracking.
4
H
2
(I) Draw the full structure of ethene showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(ii) Poly(ethene) can be made from ethene.
Complete the following sentences using words from the list below.
addition atoms condensation dimers
monomers polymers subtraction
The small ethene molecules which join together to form poly(ethene) are
called ethene The process of joining the ethene molecules
together is an example of an reaction. The long-chain
molecules which are formed are called
[31
19) Nov 2012 [23] Q (2_a, b)
2 Vinegar contains ethanoic acid. The formula of ethanoic acid is shown
below.
H—C-—C
H 0—H
(a) (i) On the formula above, put a ring around the carboxylic acid functional
group. [1]
(ii) Write the simplest formula for a molecule of ethanoic acid.
[1]
(b) Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form the salt sodium
ethanoate.
ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide > sodium ethanoate + water
[1]
20) Nov 2012 [23] Q (3_c)

(c) Part of the structure of a dye called indigo is shown below.
0 H
/
C=C
113
H
ii
0
Is this a saturated or unsaturated compound?
[1]
21) Nov 2012 [23] Q (5)
5 Ethanol can be made by
• an addition reaction with ethene or
• by fermentation.
(a) (I) State the name of the substance that needs to be added to ethene to
make ethanol.
[1]
(ii) What conditions are needed to make ethanol from ethene?
[2]
(b) (i) Complete the word equation for fermentation in the presence of yeast.
ethanol +
[2]
(ii) The yeast contains enzymes.
What do you understand by the term enzyme?
[2]
(c) The speed of ethanol formation during fermentation depends on the

temperature.
(i) Use the information in the table below to describe how the speed of this
reaction changes with temperature.
temperature speed of reaction

fg ethanol formed
per hr
10 1
2:0 3
30 7
4:Q 11
U
-
60 2
70 0
[3]
(ii) State two factors which should be kept constant during this experiment.
[2]
(d) Ethanol belongs to the alcohol homologous series.
The boiling points of some alcohols are given in the table below.
number of carbon atoms boiring point

alcohol
in the alcohol C
methanol I 65
ethanol 2 79
propanol 3 98
butanol 4 117
346 14— Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

Cambridge Pre IGCSE ChemIstry Classified Paper_3 Topic 14
(i) On the grid below, plot a graph of boiling point against the number of
carbon atoms. Join the points with a smooth line.
160-
140-
120-
boillng
point! C
number of carbon atoms in the alcohol
[3]
(ii) Use your graph to estimate the boiling point of the alcohol having five
carbon atoms.
boiling point = °C [1]
Barakat (01001654462)
22) June 2013 [21] Q(3)

3 (a) Match the name of the homologous series on the left with its formula on
the right.
N
halogenoalkane 6
H
2
C
al kane CH
C
3 OOH
alkene C
H
2 OH
aco ha!
I
carboxylic acid 4
H
2
C
[4]
(b) Draw the full structural formula of the compound, C
, showing all atoms
6
H
2
and bonds.
[1]
(c) The compound with the formula 2 C is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
4
H
Describe the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon
in terms of the bonds they contain.
[2]
(d) Describe a test to distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbon.
test
result with saturated hydrocarbon
result with unsaturated hydrocarbon

[3]

23) June 2013 [22] 0(4)

4 Methane belongs to the alkane homologous series.
(a) (i) Draw the structure of methane showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(ii) State the name of one other member of the alkane homologous series.
[1]
(iii) Methane is an atmospheric pollutant.
Give one natural source of methane in the atmosphere.
[1]
(iv) Methane burns in excess oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
+
4
CH 02 0
2
+2H
[2]
(b) (I) In an oil refinery, hydrocarbons are separated into different fractions.
On what physical property does this fractionation depend?
[1]
(ii) Match the fraction on the left with the use of the fraction on the right. The
first one has been done for you.
gasoline fuel for lores
diesel fuel for ca
fuel oil fuel for ships
kerosene making chemicals
naphtha fuel for jet aircraft
[41

24) June 2013 221 Q (8_b, c)

(b) Glucose is a sugar. The structure of a glucose molecule is shown below.
H
Ii —
H—V \ / NOH
c—C
H—O1 O—H
1
H H
(i) How many different types of atom are there in one molecule of glucose?
[1]
(ii) How many hydrogen atoms are there in one molecule of glucose?
[1]
(iii) On the diagram of the glucose molecule above, put a ring around an
alcohol functional group. [1]
(iv) Glucose is oxidised in the body by a process called respiration.
Complete the word equation for respiration.
glucose +oxygen +water
[1]
(v) When glucose solution is fermented, ethanol is produced.
Describe how you would carry out fermentation in the laboratory.
[2]
(vi) State one use of ethanol other than in alcoholic drinks.
[11
diEMostafaBarakat(O165 4462)
25) June 2Q13 f23]Q (5_c, d)

(c) Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing between 5 and 10
carbon atoms.
Four of these hydrocarbons are shown below.
A B
H H H H H H H H H H H H H
11111
H—C—C—C—C—C—H
11111111
H—C—C—C—C—C—C—C—C—H
11111
H H H H H H
11111111
H H H H H H H
C 0
H H H H H H H H H H H H H
111111
H—C—C—C—C—C—C—H
1111111
H—C—C—C—C—C—C —C—H
111111
H H H H H H
1111111
H H H H H H H
(i) Which one of these structures, A, B, C or D, has the highest relative

molecular mass?
You are not expected to do any calculations.
[1]
(ii) Give one use of gasoline.
[1]
(d) The table shows the boiling points of the straight-chain hydrocarbons in
the gasoline fraction.
number of carbon atoms 5 6 7 8 9 10

boihng point/°C 36 69 126 151 174
(I) On the grid below, plot a graph to show how the boiling point changes with
the number of carbon atoms in these hydrocarbons. Draw a smooth curve
through the points.
62)
__________________________________
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified

Paper_3 Topic 14
180- —
160
140
120
boiling point
100 I
I I
Il
Ii
60 1
40
205 H
number of carbon atoms
[3]
(ii) Use your graph to deduce the boiling point of the hydrocarbon with 7
carbon atoms.
boiling point °C [1]

(e) The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons.

(i) What is meant by the term homologous series?
[2]
(ii) Alkanes can be cracked to form alkenes and smaller alkanes.
[2]
26) June2013 [23] Q (6_c, e)
(c) Some inks contain ethanoic acid.
Complete the structure of ethanoic acid.
H—C—
H
[1]
(e) The structure of a dye called Gambine R is shown below.
H 0
H
I I O—H
1 1
H
I
H
I
H
(i) How many different types of atom are there in one molecule of Gambine R?
[1]
(ii) How many carbon atoms are there in one molecule of Gambine R?
[1]
27) Nov 2013 [211 . . .. .
3 Organic compounds can be put into groups called homologous series.

(a) Complete the following sentences about organic compounds and
homologous series.
Use words from the list below.
carbon chlorine different elements functional

hydrocarbon hydrogen oxide similar sulfur
Organic compounds usually contain atoms of and
Each homologous series contains compounds with chemical
properties due to the presence of the same group. [4]
(b) Ethanol belongs to the alcohol homologous series.
(i) Draw the structure of ethanol, showing all atoms and bonds.
[2]
(ii) State the name of the two compounds formed when ethanol burns in
excess air.
and [2]
(c) Salicylic acid is used to make aspirin.
The structure of salicylic acid is shown below.
H
I 1
H —m
H
(i) On this structure, put a ring around the carboxylic acid functional group. [1]
(ii) How many carbon atoms are there in one molecule of salicylic acid?
[1]

28) Nov 2013 [22] Q (4)

4 (a) Match the compounds on the left with the statements on the right.
a hydrocarbon containing
butane
four carbon atoms
it decolouiises
po[y(ethene)
bromine water
it is the main constituent

ethene
of natura’ gas
it contains a —CDOH
methane
funcbona[ group
it has a very tong chain

ethanoc acd
of carbon atoms
[41
(b) Methane and ethene are hydrocarbons.
(i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?
[1]
(ii) The structure of ethene is shown below.
H H
\ /
c=c
/ \
H H
Use this structure to explain why ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

[1]
(c) Molecules of ethene react together at high temperature and pressure to
form poly(ethene).
Which one of the following words best describes the molecules of ethene in
this reaction?
Acids alkanes monomers polymers
[1]
(d) Ethanoic acid can be made by the oxidation of ethanol.

(i) What is meant by the term oxidation?
[1]
(ii) Ethanol can be made by fermentation.
Complete the word equation for fermentation.
yeast
÷ ethanol
[2]
29) Nov 2013 [23] Q (4)
4 The diagram shows how a liquid alkane can be cracked in a school
laboratory to form a mixture of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons.
catalyst
(aluminium oxide granules)
liquid
(absorbed in
water
(a) What piece of apparatus is missing from the diagram?
[1]
(b) On the diagram above, put an X to show where the gas is collected. [1]
(C) What is the purpose of the catalyst?
[1]
(d) Complete the equation to show the cracking of dodecane, ,
16
C
2
H 2 to form
octane and one other substance.
H
1
C
2 2
6 > C
1
H
8 8 +
[1]
(e) Cracking produces a mixture of shorter-chain alkanes and alkenes.
356 [14— Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(i) Describe what you would observe when a few drops of bromine water are
added to an alkene.
[1]
(ii) Which one of the following compounds, A, B, C or D, is formed when
bromine water reacts with ethene?
A B C D
H H Br Br OHOH Br Br
I I
C=C
I I
H—C—C—H
I I
H—C—C—H
I I
Br—C—C—Br
I I
Br Br H
I HI I I
OHOH
I I
Br Br
[1]
(iii) Poly(ethene) is made by combining ethene monomers.
Which one of the following describes this reaction?
Tick one box.
decomposition
neutralisation
oxidation
polymerisation
[1]
(f) Many alkanes found in petrol are branched hydrocarbons.
One example is shown below.
H
H—C—H
H H H H
I
H—C—C—C—C—C—H
I I I
I
H H
I HI I
H
H—C—H
H
(i) Write the molecular formula for this hydrocarbon.
[1]
3574 - Orgarnc Chemistry Mos Wfa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

(ii) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

[1]
(g) State the name of the two products formed when a hydrocarbon burns in
excess air.
and [2]
30) Nov, 2013 [23] Q (5)
5 Ethano’ can be made by fermentation.
U-shaped tube
containing water
fermentation
(a) Apart from yeast, what other substances are present in the reaction
mixture?
Tick two boxes.
copper sulfate
ethene
sugar
methane
water
[2]
(b) What method is used to separate ethanol from the rest of the reaction
mixture?
[1]
(c) Complete the structure of ethanoL
H H
I
H—C—C—
I
I
H
I
H
[1]
358 j 14— Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barcikat (0100 16544 62)
(d) Ethanol belongs to the alcohol homologous series.

Which one of the following compounds also belongs to the alcohol
homologous series?
butene hexane ethanoic acid octanol
[1]
(e) Describe one other way, apart from fermentation, by which ethanol can be
made on an industrial scale. Include the necessary reaction conditions in your
answer.
[31
31) June 2014 [21] Q(3) . .. .
3 The table shows some fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum.
number of boiling point of

fraction
.
carbon atoms the fraction i

. -
refinery gas 1—4 under 40

gasoline 5—10 40—160
kerosene 10—16 160—250
diesel 16—20 250—300
fuel o 20—30 300—350
(a) What is the relationship between the number of carbon atoms and the
boiling points of the fractions?
[1]
(b) State the names of two petroleum fractions not given in the table.
and [2]
(c) Two of the compounds present in refinery gas are methane and ethane.
(i) Draw the structure of ethane. Show all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(ii) Complete the dot and cross diagram of methane to show all the electrons.
[21
(d) Refinery gas also contains propane.
Propane can be cracked in the presence of a catalyst to form hydrogen.
8
H
3
C
[1]
(ii) A catalyst is one condition needed to crack an alkane.
State one other condition needed to crack an alkane.
[1]
32) June2014 21] (6) •...
6 The structure of ethanol is shown below.
H H
I I
H —C—C—O—H
I
H H
I
(a) On the structure above, put a ring around the alcohol functional group. [1]
(b) Ethanol can be made by fermentation.

(I) Complete the word equation for fermentation.
> ethanol +
[2]
(ii) What type of catalysts are used in fermentation?
acids carbonates enzymes metals
[1]
360 ; 14— Organic Chemistry Mastafa Barakat (010016544 62)
(c) Ethanol can also be made by hydration.

+ HO > CH
OH
5
[1]
(d) The diagram below shows how the rate of fermentation changes with
temperature.
rate
temperature/°C
Describe how the rate of fermentation changes with temperature.
[2]
(e) The table shows some properties of different alcohols.
melting point boiling point density

alcohol formula
1°C /°C ing/crn
methanol O
4
CH —94 65
ethanol 0
6
H
2
C —117 79 0189
propanol HO
3
C —‘126 98 0.804
butanol 10
H
4
C
0 —89 ‘117 0.810
pentanol O
2
CH, —79 138 0,815
(i) Describe how density changes with the number of carbon atoms in the
alcohol.
[1]
(ii) Which one of these alcohols has the lowest melting point?
[1]
(iii) Is pentanol a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature?
[1]
361. 14— Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)
•33).une..2Q14 t21] Q(7_e, I). •.,
(e) The diagram shows the ball-point pen used in the experiment.
poly(ethene) cap
alloy tip /
ink
(i) The cap of the pen is made of poly(ethene).

Describe the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene. In your answer, include
the words:
• monomer,
• polymer.
[21
34) June 2014 [22] Q (4)
4 The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons.
(a) Name another homologous series of hydrocarbons.
[1]
(b) The graph below shows how the melting points of the first eight alkanes
vary with the number of carbon atoms.
0-
--50-
melting
point! C
—100-
—150-
—200-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
number of carbon atoms
(I) Describe how the melting points of these alkanes vary with the number of
carbon atoms.
[2]
362 14— Organic chemistry Mastafa Barakat (01001654462)
(ii) On the graph above, continue the line to show the melting points of the
hydrocarbons having 9 and 10 carbon atoms. [2]
(c) The first member of the alkane homologous series is methane.
(I) State one source of the methane in the atmosphere.
[1]
(ii) State one adverse effect of methane in the atmosphere.
[1]
(d) Complete the symbol equation to show the complete combustion of
methane.
+....0
4
CH
2 0
2
+2H
[2]
35) June 2014 f22 Q (7)
7 Ethanol is an alcohol.
(a) Complete the structure of ethanol showing all atoms and bonds.
-C-C-H
[1]
(b) State the name of the products formed when ethanol undergoes
and [2]
(c) Ethanol can be manufactured by fermentation or by the hydration of
ethene.
(I) Complete the word equation for the manufacture of ethanol from ethene.
ethene + > ethanol
[1]
(ii) What conditions are needed for the manufacture of ethanol from ethene?
Tick two boxes.
temperature above 100°C
room temperature
presence of inorganic catalyst
presence of yeast
presence of hydrogen
[2]
7
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified . Paper_3 Topic 14
36) June 2014 £23] Q,(4_c) . .... ...
(C) The fibres in the chromatography paper are polymers.

(i) What is meant by the term polymer?
[1]
(ii) State the chemical name of the polymer formed from ethene.
[1]
37) June 014 [23] Q (5_as b) •.. . .
5 The table shows some properties of the first four carboxylic acids.
molecular melting point boiling point density

a
formula iC in g/cm
3
methanoicacid 2
CH,0 ÷10 ÷101 t22
ethanoic acid 0
4
H
2
C -i7 +118 105
propanoic acid C
H
3 eO, —21 099
butanoic acid C
H
4 eO 4 ±lG6
(a) (I) How does the boiling point of these carboxylic acids vary with the
number of carbon atoms?
[11
(ii) Suggest a value for:
the boiling point of propanoic acid
the density of butanoic acid g / cm
3
[2]
(iii) Is butanoic acid a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature?
Use the data in the table to explain your answer.
[1]
(b) Complete the diagram below to show the structure of ethanoic acid.
Show all atoms and bonds.
H—C—C
[1]
•38) Nov 2014 [21] Q (1)

I The structures of five carbon compounds are shown below.
A B C
H H H H H BrBr
I
H—C—C—C—H
I I
C=C
I I
H—C—C—H
I
I
H
I
H
I
H
I
H H
I I
H H
I
D E
H—i—H H——/
H H 0—H
(a) Answer the following questions about these compounds. Each compound
may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) Which compound, A, B, C, D or E, is ethanoic acid
9 [1]
(ii) Which two compounds are saturated hydrocarbons’? and [1]
(iii) Which compound is the main constituent of natural gas? [1]
(iv) Which compound reacts with steam to form ethanol? [1]
(v) Which compound is causing concern as a greenhouse gas? [1]
(vi) Which two compounds are in the same homologous series? ... and [1]
(b) Deduce the molecular formula for compound C [1]
(c) Complete the symbol equation for the complete combustion of compound A.
8
H
3
C + 02 > 2
3CC + 0
2
H
[2]
39) Nov 2014 [21] Q (2_c)
(c) The mineral water bottle is made of poly(ethene).
Complete the following sentence about poly(ethene) using words from the list
below.
atom ionic monomer polymer reactant saturated
Poly(ethene) is a made by the addition of units.
[2]
365 14— Organic Chemistry : Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pie IGCSE Chemistry aasujkd Paper_3 TopIc 14
40)Nov2014(21JQ(3a,b)
3 Rose oil contains 2-phenylethanol.
The structure of 2-phenylethanol is shown below.
H H
H—C
‘‘I I
C—C--C--O—H
JI H
H’’H
(a) On the structure above, draw a ring around the alcohol functional group.[1]
(b) When heated with an alkali, 2-phenylethanol forms styrene.
Styrene Is an unsaturated compound.
Describe a test for an unsaturated compound.
test
result
[2]
41) Nov 2014 [flj q (2_bc) _.
(b) The fats In the apple juice are both saturated and unsaturated.
Describe a test to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated compounds.
lest
result wIth sat.irated compound
result witli unsaturated compound
[3]
(c) Apple juice is slightly acidic.
(I) Which one of the following pH values Is slightly acidIc?
pH9
[1]
366 14-Organic Chemlstrg Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

(ii) One of the acids found in apple juice is malic acid.

The structure of malic acid is shown below.
H
H—C —0—H
H—C—H
0 O
H
On the structure of malic acid above, put a ring around a carboxylic acid
functional group. [1]
42) Nov 2014 [22] Q (6)
6 The table below shows some properties of the first five members of the
alkane homologous series.
molecular boihng point density of the quid

a 1k ane
formula /°C alkane in g/cm
3
methane 4
CH —164 047
ethane H
2
C —88
propane Ha
3
C 42 059
butane 10
H
4
C 0 060
pentane +36 063
(a) (i) What do you understand by the term homologous series?
[2]
(ii) Deduce the molecular formula for pentane.
[1]
(iii) Describe how the boiling points of these alkanes change as the number of
carbon atoms increases.
[1]
(iv) Deduce the density of liquid ethane.
[1]
Cambridge Pre 1GCSE Chemistry CIassifid Paper_3 Topic 14
(b) Methane is a fuel which is a gas at room temperature.

State the name of a fuel which is:
a solid at room temperature
a liquid at room temperature
[2]
(C) The diagram below shows a distillation column used to separate petroleum
into different fractions. (c) The diagram below shows a distillation column
used to separate petroleum into different fractions.
(I) On the diagram above:

• put a letter X to show where the temperature in the column is lowest,
• put a letter F to show where the fraction containing the largest molecules
is collected,
• put a letter M to show where petroleum enters the distillation column.
[3]
(ii) The refinery gas fraction contains ethane.
Hydrogen is one of the products formed when ethane is cracked.
Complete the symbol equation for the cracking of ethane.
6
H
2
C ÷
[2]
(iii) State the conditions needed for cracking.
[2]
368 14— Organic Chemistry Mostafci Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre lGSE Chemistry classified Paper_3 Topic 14
43)Nàv 2014 [23j 0 (3c, d)

(c) Rhubarb leaves contain ethanedioic acid.
The structure of ethanedioic acid is shown below.
H
oc—o
H
(i) On the structure above, put a ring around a carboxylic acid group. [1]
(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of ethanedioic acid.
[1]
(d) A teacher heated ethanedioic acid with concentrated sulfuric acid.
The equation for the reaction is:
COOH SO >
2
H
I
000H(s)
CO(g) + (g) ÷ X
2
C0
(I) Deduce the formula of compound X.

[1]
(ii) At the end of the reaction, the contents of the test-tube contained diluted
sulfuric acid only.
Explain why.
[1]
(iii) Carbon dioxide is a product of this reaction.

State one common source of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
[1]
(iv) Explain why an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere is harmful to the environment.
[2]
.44)FJpv2O14[23]Q15_a,b,c)
5 Methanol reacts with excess hydrochloric acid to form chloromethane and
water.
methanol + hydrochloric acid > chloromethane + water
(a) To which homologous series does methanol belong?
[1]
(b) Complete the structure of methanol below to show its functional group.
H—C—
H
(c) Methanol can be made from synthesis gas which contains carbon
monoxide and hydrogen.
Synthesis gas is made from methane.
0
+H
4
CH
2 >00+ 2
H
[1]
(ii) Suggest two hazards associated with the products of this reaction.
[2]
45) June 2015 f21] 0(1_a, ii)
I The structures of six substances containing carbon are shown below.
A B C
O==C=O H—
—
1 C—H
H H
D E F
H H
\ /
CC
/ \
H H
370 14 — Organic Chemistry Mostafa Bcirakat (010016544 62)


(a) Which substance, A, B, C, D, E or F,
(ii) is a saturated hydrocarbon, [1]
46) June 2015 [21] Q (2_b)

(b) Complete the structure of ethanol to show all atoms and bonds.
H
[1]
(c) Ethanol can be made by the reaction of steam with ethene.
(i) Write the word equation for this reaction.
[1]
(ii) What conditions are needed for this reaction?
Tick two boxes.
enzyme catalyst
1
high temperature (300°C)
low temperature (10°C)
hosphoric acid catalyst
presence of light
[2]
(iii) What will be observed when ethene is bubbled through aqueous
bromine?
[1]
47) June 2015 [21] Q (5_a, e, f)
5 The structure of glycolic acid is shown below.
H
H—C—C
I,
o 0—H
H
(a) On the structure above, put a ring around the carboxylic acid functional group. [1]
Cambridqe Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper 3 Topic 14
(e) Glycolic acid can undergo polymerisation.

Ethene can also undergo polymerisation.
The equation for the polymerisation of ethene is shown below.
catalyst
ethene polythene)
high temperature
Give the name of the monomer in this equation.
[1]
(f) Long chain alkanes can be cracked to produce shorter chain alkanes and
a Ikenes.
(I) What conditions are needed for cracking?
[2]
(ii) Complete the equation for the cracking of hexadecane, ,
14
C
3
H 6 to form
octane, ,
18 and ethene only.
H
8
C
H
1
C
3 6
4 > C
1
H
8 8 + 4
H
2
C
[1]
48) June 2015 [22] Q (2_c, d, e)
(c) Citric acid can be made by fermentation.
Ethanol can also be made by fermentation.
Which of the following are required to make ethanol by fermentation?
Tick two boxes.
enzymes from yeast
temperature above 100°C
high pressure
concentrated sulfuric acid

[]
glucose
[2]
(d) Complete the structure of ethanol to show all atoms and all bonds.
—0-—H
[1]
E
7 214 — Organic chemistry Mostafa Barakatt”OlOO 1654462)
(e) Ethanol can be made from ethene.

Complete the following sentence about the formation of ethanol from ethene
using words from the list below.
carbonate catalyst
hydrogen proton steam
Ethanol can be made by reacting ethene with in the
presence of a [2]
49) June 2015 [22] Q (5_a, b, c, d)
5 Cinnamic acid is found in plants called balsams.
The structure of cinnamic acid is shown below.
H H
\ / H H
H—C
/ \C—C==C—C
li
C—C 0—H
/ \
H H
(a) On the structure of cinnamic acid above, put a ring around the carboxylic
acid functional group. [1]
(b) Cinnamic acid is an unsaturated compound.
(i) What is the meaning of the term unsaturated?
[1]
(ii) Describe a test for an unsaturated compound.
[2]
(c) Cinnamic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form styrene.
CH=CHCOOH
5
H
6
C + 2 NaOH > 2
C
5
H
6
C H=CH + 3
C
2
NaO + 0
2
H
cinnamic sodium
+ —styrene÷ +
acid hydroxide
.
[2]
(d) Styrene is used to make the polymer poly(styrene).
Poly(ethene) is also a polymer.
Describe how poly(ethene) is made.
‘[Tgaihemistry f,afa Barakat (010016544 62)

In your answer include the words:

• addition
• ethene
• monomer
• polymerisation
[31
50) June 2015 [23] Q (2_b)
(b) Ethanoic acid belongs to the carboxylic acid homologous series.
Which two of the following statements describes the members of the same
homologous series?
Tick two boxes.
They have the same physical properties.
They have different functional group&
They have similar chemical properties.
They are all inorganic chemicals.
They have the same functional group
[2]
51) June 2015 [23] Q (5a, c, d)
5 Linalool is a compound found in the seeds of the coriander plant.
The formula of linalool is shown below.
3
GH H H H H
3
CH H
\ liii
cc.— /
3
/
CH ii H H O
\
H
H
(a) (i) On the formula above, put a ring around an alcohol functional group. [1]
(ii) How many different elements are there in one molecule of linalool?
[1]
(iii) How many carbon atoms are there in one molecule of linalool?
[1]
(iv) Linalool is an unsaturated compound.

What feature in the formula of linalool shows that it is an unsaturated
compound?
[1]
(c) Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons which can be separated into useful
fractions by fractional distillation.
The diagram below shows a fractional distillation column.
fractions
fuel gas
gasoline
naphtha
kerosene
diesel oil
petroleum
• lubricating oil
and bitumen
(i) On the diagram above, put
• a letter X to show where the temperature in the column is lowest, [1]
• a letter H to show where the fraction containing molecules with the highest
relative molecular mass exits the column. [1]
(ii) Give one use of the naphtha fraction.
[1]
(d) Methane is a hydrocarbon present in natural gas.
(I) Give one other source of methane.
[1]
(ii) Give one reason why scientists are concerned about the increasing
amount of methane in the atmosphere.
[1]
(iii) To which homologous series does methane belong?
[1]
375 14 — Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

52 June 2015 1231 .Q (7_c)

(c) Many plant oils are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alkenes are also unsaturated hydrocarbons.
The table shows some properties of four alkenes.
alkene molecular relative molecular melting point boiling point

formula mass I °C /0Q
ethene 4
C,H 28 —161 —103
propene H
3
C 42 —185 —47
butene 3
H
4
0 56 —6
pentene 10
CH 70 —165 ±30
(i) How does the boiling point of these alkenes change as the number of
carbon atoms in the alkene increases?
[1]
(ii) Why is it difficult to predict the melting point of butene?
[1]
(iii) The relative molecular mass of each alkene differs from the next by 14.
Which group of atoms is responsible for this difference.
Tick one box.
4
CH
Li
3
CH
]
2
OH
CHE
[11
(iv) Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of ethene.
ethene + > carbon dioxide +
[2]
%rganicemWjMosfaBarakat(OlOOl 654462)
53) Nov 2015 [21]Q (2e)

(e) Fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum are also sources of
energy.
(i) Which one of the following fractions is used as a fuel for jet aircraft?
bitumen gasoline kerosene naphtha
[1]
(ii) Heptadecane, ,
16
C
3
H 7 is present in the fuel oil fraction.
Complete the equation for the cracking of heptadecane to form two
hydrocarbons.
16
C
3
H 7 > 12
C
6
H +
[1]
54) Nov 2015 [211 Q (6)
6 When rubber is distilled, a chemical called isoprene is formed.
The structure of isoprene is shown below.
H
H H—C—H H
\I
C=C—C=C
/
H
/ H
H
(a) Deduce the molecular formula of isoprene.

[1]
(b) Isoprene is an unsaturated compound.
Describe a test for an unsaturated compound.
test
result
[2]
(c) Isoprene forms an addition polymer.
(i) What feature of the isoprene molecule is responsible for it forming an
addition polymer?
[1]
(ii) Give the name of another addition polymer.
[1]
(d) lsoprene does not conduct electricity.

Explain why.
[1]
(e) State the names of two substances formed when isoprene undergoes
and [2]
(f) Isoprene can be prepared from 3-methylbutan-1-ol.
To which group of compounds does 3-methylbutan-1-ol belong?
Tick one box.
alcohols
alkanes
alkenes
carboxylic acids
[1]
55) Nov 2015 [21] Q (7_b) .
(b) Sodium carbide, Na

, reacts with water to form ethyne, C
C
2 .
H
2
C
2
Na + 0
2
H NaOH + H
2
C
[2]
(ii) Ethyne is a hydrocarbon.
What is the meaning of the term hydrocarbon?
[1]
(iii) Calculate the relative formula mass of sodium carbide.
[1]
378l&ganicZhist[MostafaBarakat(O1OO 1654462)
56) Nov 2015 [22] Q (2_d, e)

(d) Methane is a fuel.
(I) Draw the structure of methane showing all atoms and all bonds.
[1]
(ii) Which one of the following fuels is largely methane?
Tick one box.
coat
fuel oil
gasoline
natura’ gas
[1]
(e) Pentane and hexane belong to the same homologous series.
(i) How can you tell this from their names?
[1]
(ii) Complete the following sentence about a homologous series using words
acidic alcohol compounds density different
elements functional masses properties solid
A homologous series is a family of similar with similar

due to the presence of the same group.
[3]
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistiy Classified Paper_3 Topic 14
57) Nov2015 [22] Q (6L

6 Geraniol is a chemical found in rose petals.
The structure of geraniol is shown below.
3
ci-i H 3
CH
-—CH
2
C=C—CH
— C =C—CH
-—OH
2
3
CH H
(a) (i) On the structure above, put a ring around the alcohol functional group.
[1]
(ii) Is geraniol a saturated or an unsaturated compound?
[1]
(b) Geraniol can be extracted from rose petals by steam distillation using the
apparatus shown below. The geraniol is carried off in small droplets with the
steam.
x
rose petals
and water
t
heat
(i) Give the name of the piece of apparatus labelled A.

[1]
(ii) The vapour at point X is a mixture of geraniol and steam.
Give one property of a mixture which distinguishes it from a compound.
[1]
(iii) The geraniol and water are collected in the beaker.
What information in the diagram above shows that geraniol is less dense than
water?
[1]

(c) Geraniol can also be extracted from rose petals by grinding the petals in
ethanol.
(I) Draw the structure of ethanol showing all atoms and all bonds.
[1]
(ii) Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
ethanol + oxygen +
[2]
(d) What is the percentage by volume of oxygen in the air?
[1]
58) Nov 2015 [23] Q (2_cl, e, f)
(d) Waste paper can be converted into an ‘oil’ by heating it at 350 00 under
pressure in the presence of a catalyst.
(i) What is the purpose of the catalyst?
[1]
(ii) The ‘oil’ has the formula, 2
0
C
2
H
. 2
Complete the word equation for the complete combustion of this oil.
‘oil’ + oxygen +
[2]
(e) Some plastics contain sulfur.
Explain why plastics containing sulfur are harmful to the environment when
burned.
[2]
(f) When organic matter decomposes, methane and carboxylic acids are
formed.
(i) To which homologous series does methane belong?
[1]
(ii) Ethanoic acid is a carboxylic acid.
State one physical property of ethanoic acid.
[1]
4-Organic Chernistry Most afa Barakat (0100165 44 62

(iii) Complete the formula for ethanoic acid showing all atoms and all bonds.
Fr
H—C—
H
[1]
59) Nov 2015 [23] Q(6)
6 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon fractions are
separated in an oil refinery. The diagram shows the chemical plant used.
fractions
refinery gas
low
gasoline
naphtha
temperature
x
diesel
high lubricating fraction
petroleum
- bitumen
(a) Name the process by which hydrocarbon fractions are separated and state
the physical property which allows this process to be carried out.
[2]
(b) Use the information in the diagram above to answer these questions.
(i) Which fraction contains hydrocarbons with the lowest relative molecular
masses?
[1]
(ii) State the name of the fraction labelled X.
[1]
382 f 14— Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(c) In some oil refineries, naphtha is heated with steam at 800 °C.
A mixture of hydrocarbons is formed.
Some of these hydrocarbons are shown below.
A B C
H H H H H H H
H—C-—C—-H
I
C=C C=C—C—H
I
H
IIH IIH
H H
I
H
D E
H H H H H H H H
H—C—C-—C—H H—C—C—C—C—C—H
I I
H H H H
I H
I
H
I
H H
(I) Which two of these hydrocarbons are unsaturated?

and [1]
(ii) Compound D can be cracked to make hydrogen.
8
H
3
C +
[2]
(d) Bitumen is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Bitumen is heated with copper(ll) oxide.
bitumen+
I
heat
copper(IT) oxide
(i) A pinkish-brown solid appears at the bottom of the test-tube. This solid
conducts electricity.
Suggest the name of this pinkish-brown solid.
[1]
(ii) Water collects on the walls of the test-tube at W.
Suggest why water collects at this point?
[1]

60) June 2016 f31]Q(4) .
4 The structures of some organic compounds are shown.

P Q R
HH
HC/
H \/ H H H H H H
H——— H——c=C
I I III I
H H H H H
HC\
/\
HH
H
S T U
H H H H H H H H H
I I I
H—C—C—C——C——H H—C—C——H
I I I
H—C—C—C—C—O—H
H
I HI H I
H
I
H
I H) HI HI
H
(a) (i) Which two of these compounds are alcohols?

[2]
(ii) Which two of these compounds are saturated hydrocarbons?
[1]
(b) Methanol and ethanol are alcohols in the same homologous series.
Complete the following sentence about a homologous series using words
from the list.
alcohols chemical compounds elements

functional mixtures physical
A homologous series is a family of similar with similar
properties due to the same group.
[3]
(c) Ethene is an alkene.
(I) Draw the structure of ethene showing all atoms and all bonds.
[1]
384 14—Organic Chemistry — Mostafa Barakat (0100 16544 62)
(ii) Describe how aqueous bromine is used to show that ethene is an

unsaturated compound.
[2]
(iii) Ethene is manufactured by cracking.
[1]
(iv) Complete the chemical equation for the cracking of hexadecane, ,
14
C
3
H 6
to form propene and one other hydrocarbon.
14
C
3
H 6 > 6
H
3
C +
61)June 2016 [32] Q (4)

4 Alkanes, alkenes and alcohols are three different homologous series of
organic compounds.
(a) What is meant by the term homologous series?
[2]
(b) The structures of some alkanes, alkenes and alcohols are shown below.
F G H
H H H H H H
I
H—C—-H H—C——C-—H
II \ II
)D=C_C_H
H H H H H
I J K
H————OI
\H
H
(i) Which two of these compounds, F, G, H, I, J and K, are saturated

hydrocarbons?
[3]
(ii) Which one of these compounds is the main constituent of natural gas?
[1]

(iii) Which two of these compounds are alkenes?

and [2]
(iv) Why are two compounds, I and K, not hydrocarbons?
[1]
(c) The table gives some information about four alcohols.
alcohol molecular dens1v bothng point

formula 3
mg/cm 1°C
methanol O
4
CH 0 793
CHQ 0 789 79
propanol C
H
3 ..O 0.804 — 98
butanol C
H
4 O 0.810 17
(I) Give the name of the alcohol with the formula 2

C
0
6
H .
[1]
(ii) A student predicts that the density of the alcohols increases as the number
of carbon atoms increases.
Does the data in the table support this prediction?
[1]
(iii) Suggest a value for the boiling point of methanol.
[1]
(d) The alcohol with the formula C
0 burns in a limited supply of air to form
6
H
2
carbon monoxide and water.
(I) Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
0 ÷ 202
6
H
2
C CO + 0
2
H
[2]
(ii) State an adverse effect of carbon monoxide on health.
[1]
1654462)
62)Jüne 2016 t33] Q (4)

4 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a) What is the meaning of the term hydrocarbon?
[1]
(b) Petroleum can be separated into different fractions by fractional distillation.
The diagram shows a fractionating column. The fractions are shown by
letters.
frF
Describe how fractional distillation is used to separate the petroleum into

fractions.
In your answer refer to
• changes of state,
• differences in boiling points.
[51
387 14— Organic Chemistry Most afa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre 1GC5E Chemistry Classified Paper_3 Topic 14
(c) The properties of the fractions are shown in the table.
fracbon number of percentage by mass of the boiling range

carbon atoms fraction
A .1—4 3 lessthan40
B 4—10 14 40—160
c 10—16 13 160—250
D 16—20 9 250—300
E 20—25 9 300—350
F more than 25 more than 350
tota= 100
(i) Describe how the number of carbon atoms affects the boiling range.
[1]
(ii) Determine the percentage by mass of fraction F in this sample of
petroleum.
[1]
(iii) Which one of the fractions is mainly gaseous at 25 °C?
[1]
(iv) Fraction F is the residue. It contains bitumen.
Give one use of bitumen.
[1]
(d) Fraction C can be cracked to form alkenes.
(i) Describe one condition required for cracking.
[1]
(ii) Complete the chemical equation for the cracking of dodecane, ,
15
C
2
H 2 to
form heptane, ,16 and one other hydrocarbon.
H
7
C
CH
12 26 ‘CH
7 16
[1]
EiiijFaihiTJtafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

63) June 2016 [33] Q (6_e)

(e) (I) Complete the structure of ethanol, C
OH, to show all atoms and all
5
H
2
bonds.
H——
111
[1]
(ii) Give one use of ethanol.
[1]
Complete the chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.
C
O
5
H
2 H + > 2
CO + ..
[2]
64) Nov 2016 [31] Q(6)
(b) The table shows some properties of the first five members of the
carboxylic acid homologous series.
molecular melting point boiling point density

acid
formula /C JC in glcm
3
methanoic acid 2
0
CH 8 101 122
ethanoicacid 2
0
4
C,H 17 118 1.05
propanoic acid 2
H
3
C O —21 141 099
butanoic acid C
H
4 O, —5 164 096
pentanoic acid 0
1
H
5
C
2 0 —34 093
(i) How does the density of the carboxylic acids vary with the number of
carbon atoms in the molecule?
[1]
(ii) Suggest a value for the boiling point of pentanoic acid.
[1]
(iii) Determine the state of ethanoic acid at 15°C.
Exp’ain your answer.
[2]
(iv) Draw the structure of the functional group present in carboxylic acids.
Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
[1]
(v) Calculate the relative molecular mass of butanoic acid.
[2]
65) Nov 2016 [32] Q (6) .
.
6 Petroleum can be separated into useful hydrocarbon fractions by fractional

distillation.
(a) (i) Explain the term hydrocarbon fraction.
hydrocarbon
fraction
[2]
(ii) State one use for each of the following hydrocarbon fractions.
naphtha
kerosene
[2]
(b) Organic compounds can be grouped into different homologous series.
Explain the term homologous series by referring to alkenes.
[4]
(c) The table shows some information about alkenes.
density of liquid melting point boiling point

alkene formula
alkeneing/cm
3 IC /C
ethene f-{
2
C
4 0.58$ —169 —104
propene l-l
3
C 0.610 —185 —47
butene H
4
C 0626 —185 —6 —
pentene 10
CH 0.640 —165 +30
hexene 12
CH 0.673 —140
(I) A student predicts that the density of the liquid alkenes increases as the
number of carbon atoms in creases.
Describe whether the data in the table support this prediction.
[1]
(ii) Predict the boiling point of hexene.
[1]
(iii) Deduce the state of pentene at — 60 °C.
[2]
(d) Draw the structure of ethene. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
[1]
(e) Alkenes are manufactured by cracking.
When tetradecane, ,10
C
3
H 4 is cracked the products are ethene, an alkene with
four carbon atoms and an alkane.
10
C
3
H 4 > 4
H
2
C + +
[2]
66) Nov 2016 33] Q (3)

3 Ethanol can be manufactured by fermentation and from ethene.
(a) Describe the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation and from ethene.
In your answer include
• the essential conditions required for each reaction,
• one or more relevant word equations.
[51
(b) The table shows some properties of different alcohols.
melting boiling relative

alcohol formula
point/°C paint/°C viscosity
methanol O
4
CH —94 65 054
ethanol 0
8
H
2
C —117 79
propanol 0
8
H
3
C —126 98 1.94
butanol C
H
4 O —89 117 2.54
pentanol O
12
CH —79 3.47
(i) Deduce the state of methanol at room temperature.

[2]
(ii) Predict the boiling point of pentanol.
[1]
(iii) Describe how the relative viscosity changes with the number of carbon
atoms in the alcohol.
[1]
(C) (I) Draw the structure of ethanol. Show all of the atoms and all of the
bonds.
[2]
(ii) Give one major use of ethanol.
[1]
392 j 14—Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

Cambridge Pre 1GCSE Chemistry Ckissified Paper_3 Topic 14
67) June 2017 £31] Q

(d) Chlorine is used to make the polymer PVC.
(i) Give one other use of chlorine.
[1]
(ii) The monomer used to make PVC is made by the thermal decomposition of
dichloroethane.
CH2C —CH
CI
2 > CH=CHCI + HCI
Explain what is meant by the term thermal decomposition.
[2]
(iii) PVC is a non-biodegradable plastic.
Describe two pollution problems caused by non-biodegradable plastics.
1
2
[2]
68) June 2017 £31] Q (5)
5 Citronellol is found in rose oil.
The structure of citronellol is shown.
3
,.-,‘
—.
CH 3
/\
3 H
CH
(a) On the structure shown draw a circle around the alcohol functional group.
[1]
(b) How many hydrogen atoms are there in one molecule of citronellol?
[1]
(c) What feature of the citronellol structure shows that it is unsaturated?
[1]
Cambridge Pre IGCSE Chemistry Classified Paper_.3 Topic 14
(d) The table shows the properties of some alkanes.
akane number of carbon melting point boiling point density of liquid

atoms in one molecule in C in C •alkane in a/cm
methane 1 —182 —162 0A66
ethane 2 —183 —88 0.572
propane 3 —188 0.585
butane 4 0 0601
pentane 5 —130 36 0626
(I) Describe how the density of the liquid alkanes varies with the number of
carbon atoms in one molecule.
[1]
(ii) Predict the boiling point of propane.
[1]
(iii) Why would it be difficult to predict the melting point of butane from the
information in the table?
[1]
(iv) What is the state of pentane at 30 °C? Explain your answer.
[2]
(v) Alkanes are hydrocarbons.
What is the meaning of the term hydrocarbon?
[2]
(vi) Draw the structure of ethane. Show all of the atoms and all of the bonds.
[1]
(vii) Complete the chemical equation for the combustion of propane.
5
H
3
C + 02 2
CO + 0
2
4H
[2]
69) June 2017 [32] Q (5)

5 The structure of lactic acid is shown.
H
H —0-—C—H
H—C—H
H
(a) (i) On the structure shown draw a circle around the carboxylic acid
functional group. [1]
(ii) State the name of one other functional group found in lactic acid.
[1]
(b) Give the molecular formula of lactic acid showing the number of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
[1]
(c) Complete the structure of ethanol. Show all of the atoms and all of the
bonds.
—C—C—
[2]
(d) The table shows the properties of some alcohols.
melting point boiling point

alcohol volatility
/°C /°C
methanol —98 65 decreases
ethanol —114
propanol —126 98
butanol —89 117
(I) What is the meaning of the term volatility?

[1]
(ii) Which alcohol in the table has the highest melting point?
[1]
(iii) Predict the boiling point of ethanol.
[1]

(iv) What is the state of propanol at 120 °C? Explain your answer.
[2]
(e) (I) Complete this chemical equation far the incomplete combustion of
methanol.
OH+
3
CH >CO+ HO
[2]
(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass of methanol, CH
OH.
3
relative molecular mass = . [2]

70) June 2017 [33] Q (5_a, b, c, e)
5 Glycolic acid is found in the stalks of sugar-cane plants.
The structure of glycolic acid is shown.
H o
H_O__C\
H 0—H
(a) On the structure shown draw a circle around the carboxylic acid functional
group. [1]
(b) Give the molecular formula of glycolic acid showing the number of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
[1]
(c) Suggest how you could obtain a solution containing glycolic acid from
sugar-cane plants.
[3]
Barakat (01001654462)
(e) The table shows the properties of some carboxylic acids.
number of
carboxylic acid carbon atoms melting point boilrng pont density
in C in C inglcm
3
in one molecule
.
methanoic acid 1 8 101 t220

ethanoic acid 2 17 118 t049
propanoic acid 3 —21 0 993
butanoic acid 4 164 0958
(i) Describe how the density of the carboxylic acids varies with the number of
carbon atoms in one molecule.
[1]
(ii) Predict the boiling point of propanoic acid.
[1]
(iii) What is the state of butanoic acid at —10 °C? Explain your answer.
[2]
71) June 2017 [33] Q (7f)
(f) Carbon dioxide and water are formed when hydrocarbons burn.
Complete the chemical equation for the combustion of butene.
8
H
4
C + 602 2
CO + 0
2
H
[2]
397 14 — Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

Periodic Table of Elements
I I ii III I l\’ I ‘ti’ll ‘j’lII

1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be atomic symbol B C N 0 F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium
aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 40
35.5
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine kryplon
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Sn
rubidium stronlium
In Sb Te I Xe
yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium rulheniurn rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 117 122 128
—
127 131
55 56 57—71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium plalinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 — - — —
87 88 89—103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meilnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium fterovium livermorium
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymbm neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173
—
175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
— 232 231 238 — — — — — — — — — — —

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Pre

Topic 2 Methods of separation 24

Topic 3 Atoms, elements and bonding 46

Topic 5 Electrochemistry 112

Topic 6 Rates of Reactions 135

Topic 7 EnergyChange 168

j ‘ Contents Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

Topic 8 Reversible Reactions 181

Topic 9 Acids, Bases and Salts 186

Topic 10 The periodic table 224

Topic 11 Reactivity series and metals 256

Topic 12 AirandWater 290

Topic 13 Non_metals 309

Topic 14 Organic Chemistry 325

Contents Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

phosphoric acid H3PO4(aq)

Barium calcium hydroxide 2Ca(OH

aqueous ammonia NH3(aq)

1 I1—Statesofmatter Mostcifa Baitikcxt (010016544 62)

represents one atom of argon

3 1—States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

6) June 2012 t21]Q (Ic)

4 1 — States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

5 1 — States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

10) Nov 2012 [22] Q (7_a).

iodine potassium iodide

6 11—States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

long glass tube-

cotton wool soaked

at the start after 15 seconds after 25 seconds

Use ideas about moving particles to explain these observations.

7 1 — States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

14) June 2013 1221Q (8_a)

(a) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

3 Aluminium and gallium are in Group Ill of the Periodic Table.

S 11—States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

16) Nov 2013 [21] Q (6_a)

As the water vapour cools it turns back to water droplets.

9 1 —States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

17) Nov 2013 [22] Q (6_a)

1.0 1 — States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

(a) Use the information on the graph to deduce

crystal after 10 minutes after 2 hours

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

tin condensation liquid solidification solid

EateofmateT Mostafa Barakat (0100 1654462)

20) Nov 2014 [21] Q (8_a)

at the after after

Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

What is the state of carbon dioxide under these conditions?

at the after after

26) June 2015 [23] Q (3_a., iii)

What is the state of sulfur trioxide at 30 °C?

at the start after 10 minutes after 30 minutes

15 1—States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

31) June 2q16 f31] Q (2_c)

[_1 condensaon[jfreezng solid

Explain what happens during these changes in terms of

at the start after 2 minutes

17 1—States of matter Mostafa Barakat (01001654462)

33) June2016 [33] Q (8_a, b)

(a) Describe how the volume of gas changes with pressure.

at the start after 10 minutes