…

Central Visayan Institute Foundation

Jagna, Bohol 6308 Philippines
INTERVENTION LAS, SY 2020-2021
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

I. States of Matter

Properties Solid Liquid

Gas
No fixed shape;
No fixed shape;
Shape Definite shape Takes the shape
Takes the shape
of the container
of the container
No definite
Volume Definite volume Definite volume
volume
Can be easily
Very hard to
Compressibility Hard to compress compressed or
compress
expanded*
*Compression and expansion of gas does not change the size of the gas
molecules. It, however, changes the distance between the molecules.

Molecule
Solid Liquid Gas
Description
Not too tight like
Relative
Tightly packed solid and not too Far apart
Spacing
far like gas
Very little Slides past one
Relative Motion Constant Motion
movement another

Arrangement**

**Photo Source: States-of-Matter-template.svg. (2014, April 22). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository.
Retrieved 10:32, March 16, 2021 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:States-of-matter-template.svg.
Note: This photo has been modified.

II. Phase Changes

These states of matter can undergo
different processes converting one state into
another. These processes are:
1. Freezing – Example: Placing liquid water
in the freezer produces ice.
2. Melting – Example: Ice melts if taken out
of the freezer.
3. Evaporation – Example: Boiling turns liquid water into water vapor (gas).
4. Condensation – Example: Condensation in the air produces clouds.
5. Sublimation – Example: Naphthalene balls which are used to drive away
cockroaches vanish after some time.
6. Deposition – Example: In Baguio City when it is cold, frost is seen on grass
and lowlying vegetables. Frost is formed when water vapor (gas) changes
into ice.
Page 1 of 4
…

These processes where there is a phase change are all physical changes.
There is a change in appearance, but the composition is still the same.

III. Properties of Matter

• Intensive Physical Property – measured and observed without changing

the composition of the substance; do not depend on the amount of matter
being measured.
• Extensive Physical Property - measured and observed without changing
the composition of the substance; depend on the amount of matter present.
Values of the same extensive quantities can be added.
• Chemical Property – observed as the change of identity of a substance into
another substance through chemical change.
Examples:
1. Odor is an intensive physical property. Observing odor through smelling does
not change the composition of the substance. It is also independent of the
amount of matter (i.e., 50 mL of ethyl alcohol smells the same as 100 mL of
ethyl alcohol).
2. Malleability, the ability of a substance to be flattened into thin sheets, is an
intensive physical property. Flattening the substance does not change the
composition. Gold and lead are malleable substances; regardless of the
amount, they can still be flattened into thin sheets.
3. Combustibility, the ability of a substance to burn, is a chemical property. It
can change one substance to another.

IV. Classification of Matter

Page 2 of 4
…

Pure substances – have distinct properties and the composition does not vary.
Mixtures – are combination of two or more substances; each substance retains
its chemical identity.
• Homogeneous mixtures – are mixtures that have a uniform appearance.
For example, if we mix sugar and water, the two components cannot be
distinguished from each other. Homogeneous mixtures are also known as
solutions.
• Heterogeneous mixtures – are mixtures that have a non-uniform
appearance. For example, if we combine oil and water, there are two visibly
different components that can be distinguished from each other.
Elements – are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances.
Examples are all the elements found in the periodic table.
Compounds – are made up of two or more elements that are chemically
combined. Examples are NaCl, KBr, H2O.

V. Separation of Matter
Separation Technique Set-up

Gravity Filtration –
Insoluble solid (residue)
stays on the filter paper
while the liquid (filtrate)
passes through.

Suction Filtration – The

same thing that happens in
gravity filtration, happens in
suction filtration. However,
a suction is connected to
expedite the separation.

Evaporation – The
mixture is heated until all
the solvent evaporates and
only the solute remains. For
a salt solution, the water
evaporates and the salt
remains on the evaporating
dish.

Page 3 of 4
…

Magnetism – Applicable
for solid mixtures wherein
one component is attracted
to a magnet.

Simple Distillation –
Mixture is heated until all
the vapor of one
component condenses and
forms into a distillate.
Meanwhile, the other
component remains in the
container. This process is
applicable to solid-liquid
and miscible liquids that
have varying boiling points.

Crystallization – An
impure compound is added
with a solvent and heated.
The impurity is soluble
while the desired compound
is not. When the mixture is
cooled, it can be filtered to
obtain the desired
compound.

Paper Chromatography –
As the water travels
upwards from the ink spot,
the ink components are
separated.

Decantation – It is the
process of removing a layer
of liquid from a phase in
which it is immiscible. It is
applicable to insoluble solid-
liquid mixture and
immiscible liquids.

Page 4 of 4