6TH GRADE

MATERIALS &
THEIR STRUCTURE
Unit-2
Chemistry: Materials and their structure
Earth & Space: Cycles on Earth, Planet Earth
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS & GASES CHANGES OF STATES

03 04
EXPLAINING CHANGE OF STATE WATER CYCLE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
05 06
ATOMS, ELEMENTS & THE COMPOUNDS & FORMULAE
PERIODIC TABLE

07
COMPOuNDS & MIXTURES
 2.1
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS
& GASES
THREE STATES OF MATTER

SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Everything you see and feel is called matter. Matter is majorly

categorized into solids liquids and gases. They behave differently so they
have different properties
Properties of
Solids, liquids & gases
 PROPERTIES
SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

They keep the same shape. They take the shape of They flow like liquids and they fill
They occupy space container in any container

Solids keep the same volume

Liquids also keep their volume Volume of gases can be changed

Solids cannot be compressed Liquids cannot be compressed Gases can easily be compressed
PARTICLE THEORY
The best theory to explain how matter behaves uses
the idea of particles
Particles are tiny portions of matter arranged in
different ways.
Particles in a matter
solid Liquid Gas
Particle Theory

SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Particles are arranged Particles in liquids Particles in gases do

in a fixed pattern and touch each other but not touch each other
are held strongly. are held weakly. They and are free. They
The particles vibrate can move past one spread out and fill up
but stay in same place another & change their the space . Gases can
retaining the shape position and shape. change shape.
Particle Theory

SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

Particles are very close Particles in liquids are close

Particles in gases are away
together held by and cannot be compressed.
from each other, they do not
attractive forces. Their However they can move over
have attractive forces in
one another. The attractive
shape and volume cannot between, hence they do not
forces are not that strong
change. So solids cannot have shape and they can
and hence liquids can flow.
flow spread and flow freely
 What if there are
no particles at all?
 2.2

CHANGES
OF STATE
Changes of state
Changes of state
 2.3
EXPLAINING
CHANGES OF
STATE
TEMPERATURE AND MATTER
MELTING FREEZING

Solid Liquid Liquid Solid

VAPORIZATION CONDENSATION

Liquid Gaseous Gaseous Liquid

 CHANGES OF STATES

Heating Melting Boiling

Freezing
Cooling
 HEATING

Heating
 MELTING

Melting
 BOILING

Boiling
 COOLING

Cooling
 FREEZING

Freezing
COMPARING THE STATES OF MATTER
01 02 03
SOLID LIQUID GAS
____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________ ____________

CHANGING STATES OF MATTER
MELTING VAPORIZATION

SOLID LIQUID GAS

SOLIDIFICATION CONDENSATION
CONVERSION
ICE WATER

WATER VAPOUR

VAPOUR WATER DROPS

wATER ICE
ACTIVITY 01: MATTER & ITS CHANGES
Answer the following questions:

WHAT IS MATTER?
A. The space an object occupies

B. What things are made of

WHICH ARE THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER?

A. Mass and volume

B. Pure substances and mixtures

ACTIVITY 01: MATTER & ITS CHANGES
Answer the following questions:

WHAT IS MATTER?
A. The space an object occupies

B. What things are made of

WHICH ARE THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER?

A. Mass and volume

B. Pure substances and mixtures

ACTIVITY 02: CHANGING STATES
Answer the following questions:

WHAT OCCURS IN SOLIDIFICATION?

In solidification, matter changes from xxxxxx to xxxxxx.

WHAT OCCURS IN EVAPORATION?

In evaporation, matter changes from xxxxxx to xxxxxx.

WHAT OCCURS IN CONDENSATION?

In condensation, matter changes from xxxxxx to xxxxxx.
ACTIVITY 02: CHANGING STATES
Answer the following questions:

WHAT OCCURS IN SOLIDIFICATION?

In solidification, matter changes from liquid to solid.

WHAT OCCURS IN EVAPORATION?

In evaporation, matter changes from liquid to gas.

WHAT OCCURS IN CONDENSATION?

In condensation, matter changes from gas to liquid.
★ Water on the earth is
constantly moving.

★ Water moves between

water bodies, the
atmosphere and the
land

★ We are using the

same water that the
ancient people used.

★ The Earth has been

recycling water since
4 billion years.
 Water cycle-paper plate craft

Try this at home and mail the pictures to : reshma.tga@tgisb.education

 2.5
Atoms, Elements
and
the Periodic Table
Atoms
The Greek Philosopher Democritus
stated that everything is made up of tiny
pieces where you cannot cut them any
further.

These tiny pieces are called as atoms

The word atom means - Cannot be

divided

The below photograph has been

captured by a special microscope called
scanning tunnelling microscope. This is
a picture of carbon nanotubes
containing atoms.
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Different types of atoms
Scientists have discovered 94 different types of atom that
occur naturally on the earth.

There are 24 more atoms that are prepared in laboratories.

A substance having a single kind of atoms in it is called as

Element.

Some examples of elements are Gold, Carbon. Silver etc

Gold is made of only gold atoms, silver is made of only silver

atoms

Each atom has different properties. That is why elements look

different and have different behaviour and properties from
one another.
Atoms joining together.
In gases like neon, atoms are freely moving
around and they do not touch each other

In elements like gold (which is a metal), the

particles are packed tightly together

In few elements like oxygen and sulfur, the

atoms combine and are present like particles.

An oxygen particle is made of 2 atoms

A sulfur particle is made of 8 atoms

Arranging the elements
Just like we arrange alphabets in an orders and numbers in an order, scientists
have developed a very useful of arranging elements . It is the periodic table.
The Periodic Table
The full periodic table contains 118 elements. Out of theses 94 are natural and 24 are
man-made. We shall be learning about only 20 elements as of now
The Periodic Table
First 20 elements
Groups and Periods
The rows are called as periods and the columns are called as groups
Chemical Symbols
● Each element has a symbol
● The first letter of the symbol is
capital(uppercase) letter and if there is a
second letter, then it is a lowercase letter
● Sometimes the symbol is the first letter
of the element name
Example: Oxygen - O
● Sometimes the symbol has first 2 letters
or any 2 letters from the name of the
element
Example: Helium - He
● Sometimes it is taken from another
language
Example: Sodium - Na
Metals and Non Metals
Compounds
& Formulae
Compounds & Formulae
Compound
→ An element is made up of only one type of
atoms
→ But, many substances are made up of more
than one type of atoms
If different types of atoms are joined tightly
together, then the substance is a compound.
→ This tight joining is called as bonding
Naming Compounds
Naming Compounds
Naming Compounds
Click to play the video