MATTER (Changes & Properties)

What is matter?

 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (Volume).

 Matter is made up of small particles, known as atoms.
 Matter can be presented in different states, each of them has specific characteristics.
(Solid, Gas, and Liquid)
 Can be described as physical and chemical properties.
 The characteristics that describe a sample of matter are called properties.
 The mass of an object is the measure of the amount of matter the object has.
 Volume is the measure of the space occupied by an object.
Three states of matter:
Solid

 Particles in a solid are tightly packaged and usually in regular pattern.

 Particles in a solid will vibrate but cannot move past each other.
 Solids retain their shapes.
Liquid

 Particles in a liquid are close together with no regular pattern.

 Particles in a liquid flow and can easily move or slide past one another.
 Liquids assumes the shape of their containers.
Gas

 Particles in a gas are well separated with no regular pattern.

 Particles in a gas vibrate freely at high speeds.
 Gasses assume the shapes of their containers.
Changes of states (1):

 Melting – When the temperature becomes high, the materials that were frozen will melt
and change into liquid. The process by which solid changes into liquid is called melting.
 Freezing – In freezing, water changes to solid without forming new materials. It is only
the state of water that is changed. The change is liquid to solid. The temperature at
which liquid changes to solid is called freezing point. Both the freezing point and melting
point of water is at 0⁰ C.
 Vaporization – The process by which liquid changes to gas is called vaporization. You can
observe how liquid changes to gas in boiling water. Water boils at 100⁰ C (one hundred
degrees Celsius). At boiling point, liquid water changes to steam or vapor. The steam
exists into the air while the amount of boiling water in the kettle decreases in volume.
Changes of states (2):

 Condensation – Gas condenses into liquid.

 Sublimation – Few solids changes to gas without passing through the liquid state. This
process is called sublimation.
 Deposition – Deposition is when a substance in gas form changes states to become as
solid.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER (Physical & Chemical)
-Properties of matter can be classified as physical or chemical.

 Physical properties - Can be observed or measured with the changing the composition
of matter. (Length, Color, Density, Mass, Elasticity, Pressure, Volume, Luster.)
 Chemical properties - Are associated with the change in the composition of matter; they
can be described based on how a substance changes into another substance.
 Intensive properties - A physical property that will be the same regardless of the
amount of matter. (Color, Density, Temperature, Odor, Luster, Hardness, Malleability,
Ductility, Opacity, Attraction to magnets.)
 Extensive properties - A physical property that will change if the amount of matter
changes. (Mass, Height, Length, Width, Volume.)
Physical Properties of Elements:
1. Luster – Shiny in appearance.
2. Volume – Amount of space occupied by an object.
3. Color – The aspect of the appearance of objects and light sources
4. Mass – The amount of material it contains
5. Shape – Appearance or form of a sample matter.
6. Ductility – Stretched and shaped into wires or threads.
7. Malleability – Pounded and shaped into very thin sheets without breaking.
8. Density – Dependent on the size and arrange of the atoms in a substance.
Chemical Properties of Elements (1):

 Flammability – Ability to be burnt easily or undergo combustion.

 Oxidation – To be rusted or being oxidized and form oxides.
 Toxicity – The relative degree of being poisonous.
 Acidity – The state of being acidic by nature.
 Stability – Resistance to chemical change or to physical disintegration.
Chemical Properties of Elements (2):

 Tarnishing – Combination of a shiny metal with oxygen, sulfur, or another substance

producing a dark coating, losing its brightness.
 Oxidation (2) – Interaction of oxygen with a substance to form a new product.
 Combustion – Combination of fuel with oxygen.
 Electrolysis – Use of electricity to separate or break a compound.
What is Pure Substance?

 Made of identical particles.

 Have definite set of properties.
 All particles are the same throughout.
 Made of atoms of two or more elements that are combined chemically.
 Cannot be separated by physical means.
 They fixed melting point and boiling point.
 Can be neither and element or a compound.
 Forms of matter that have a definite and constant chemical composition.
Elements

 Are pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance.
 Simplest form of pure substance/matter.
 Made up of one type of atom and has unique properties with other atoms.
 It is presented on the periodic table of elements.
 Cannot be broken into anything else by physical or chemical means.
 There are 118 elements.
 96 are naturally made while 22 are artificially made.
Compounds

 Compounds are made up of two or more elements that are chemically combined
producing a new set of properties.
 It is a combination of two or more kinds of atoms which can be separated using
chemical processes.
 Is represented by a formula.