CHEMICAL

BONDING
A guide for GCSE students

2010
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING SPECIFICATIONS
 CHEMICAL BONDING
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students
understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements
of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and
it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white
board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry
topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...

www.knockhardy.org.uk

All
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thisPowerpoint
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 CHEMICAL BONDING

OVERVIEW
The following slides illustrate how the three main chemical
bonds are formed.
The physical properties of elements and compounds are
influenced by the type of bonding.
To understand how structure and bonding affects the
physical properties of elements and compounds, view the
powerpoint ‘STRUCTURE & BONDING’ available from the
KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm
 WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.

The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms
 WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.

The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant
molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic
structures.
 WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.

The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant
molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic
structures.

COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different

elements are chemically combined’.
 WHAT IS BONDING?
Very few substances consist of single atoms.

The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms

All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant
molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic
structures.

COMPOUNDS are ‘substances in which two or more different

elements are chemically combined’.

Elements can be combined using… IONIC

COVALENT
or METALLIC bonds
The type of bonding depends on the outer shell electronic configurations of
the atoms being bonded.
 NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
Group 0
H He
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
Li Be B C N O F Ne
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca

2+ 10+ 18+

HELIUM NEON ARGON

2 2,8 2,8,8
 NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS
Group 0
H He
NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE
Li Be B C N O F Ne
THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE ‘FULL’
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ATOMS WITHOUT A ‘FULL’ OUTER SHELL TRY K Ca
TO GET ONE
THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS

2+ 10+ 18+

HELIUM NEON ARGON

2 2,8 2,8,8
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

ATOMS
ATOMSOF OFTHESE
THESE
ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC Li Be B C N O F Ne
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
JUST
JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THATOF
OF K Ca
AANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

Li 2,1
Na 2,8,1
K 2,8,8,1
Be 2,2
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

ATOMS
ATOMSOF OFTHESE
THESE ATOMS
ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC Li Be B C N O F Ne ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST
JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THATOF
OF JUST
JUSTSHORT
SHORTOFOFAA
K Ca
AANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS NOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

Li 2,1 O 2,6
Na 2,8,1 S 2,8,6
K 2,8,8,1 F 2,7
Be 2,2 Cl 2,8,7
Mg 2,8,2
Ca 2,8,8,2
Al 2,8,3
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

ATOMS
ATOMSOF OFTHESE
THESE ATOMS
ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC Li Be B C N O F Ne ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST
JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THATOF
OF JUST
JUSTSHORT
SHORTOFOFAA
K Ca
AANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS NOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT

Na 2,8,1 O 2,6
K 2,8,8,1
S 2,8,6
Mg 2,8,2 F 2,7
Ca 2,8,8,2 Cl 2,8,7
Al 2,8,3
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

ATOMS
ATOMSOF OFTHESE
THESE ATOMS
ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC Li Be B C N O F Ne ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST
JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THATOF
OF JUST
JUSTSHORT
SHORTOFOFAA
K Ca
AANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS NOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

Na 2,8,1 O 2,6
K 2,8,8,1
S 2,8,6
Mg 2,8,2 F 2,7
Ca 2,8,8,2 Cl 2,8,7
Al 2,8,3
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

ATOMS
ATOMSOF OFTHESE
THESE ATOMS
ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC Li Be B C N O F Ne ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST
JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THATOF
OF JUST
JUSTSHORT
SHORTOFOFAA
K Ca
AANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS NOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

ATOMS
ATOMSOF OFTHESE
THESE ATOMS
ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC Li Be B C N O F Ne ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST
JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THATOF
OF JUST
JUSTSHORT
SHORTOFOFAA
K Ca
AANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS NOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS
(CATIONS)
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

ATOMS
ATOMSOF OFTHESE
THESE ATOMS
ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC Li Be B C N O F Ne ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST
JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THATOF
OF JUST
JUSTSHORT
SHORTOFOFAA
K Ca
AANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS NOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS

THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS

(ANIONS)
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1

ATOMS
ATOMSOF OFTHESE
THESE ATOMS
ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC Li Be B C N O F Ne ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
JUST
JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THATOF
OF JUST
JUSTSHORT
SHORTOFOFAA
K Ca
AANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS NOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS

TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH
ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

CHARGED SPECIES CALLED IONS ARE FORMED

THOSE ON THE LEFT NOW HAVE FEWER ELECTRONS POSITIVE IONS

THOSE ON THE RIGHT NOW HAVE MORE ELECTRONS NEGATIVE IONS

THE IONS ATTRACT EACH OTHER TO FORM AN IONIC BOND

 IONIC
BONDING
 SODIUM CHLORIDE

Na Cl

SODIUM ATOM CHLORINE ATOM

2,8,1 2,8,7

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

 SODIUM CHLORIDE

Na+ Cl

SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION

2,8 2,8,8

both species now have ‘full’ outer shells; ie they

have the electronic configuration of a noble gas
 SODIUM CHLORIDE

Na+ Cl

SODIUM ION CHLORIDE ION

2,8 2,8,8

Na Na+ + e¯
2,8,1 2,8
ELECTRON TRANSFERRED

Cl + e¯ Cl¯
2,8,7 2,8,8
 CALCIUM CHLORIDE

Cl

Ca
CHLORINE ATOMS
2,8,7

Cl
CALCIUM ATOM
2,8,8,2

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

 CALCIUM CHLORIDE

Cl

2+
Ca
CHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8

Cl
CALCIUM ION
2,8,8

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

 CALCIUM CHLORIDE

CALCIUM ION
2,8,8
Cl

2+
Ca
CHLORIDE IONS
2,8,8

Ca Ca2+ + 2e¯
2,8,8,2 2,8,8 Cl
2 ELECTRONS
TRANSFERRED

2Cl + 2e¯ 2Cl¯

2,8,7 2,8
 MAGNESIUM OXIDE

Mg O

MAGNESIUM ATOM OXYGEN ATOM

2,8,2 2,6

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

 MAGNESIUM OXIDE

Mg2+ O2-

MAGNESIUM ION OXIDE ION

2,8 2,8

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

 MAGNESIUM OXIDE

Mg2+ O2-

MAGNESIUM ION OXIDE ION

2,8 2,8

Mg Mg2+ + 2e¯
2,8,2 2,8
2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED

O + 2e¯ O2-
2,6 2,8
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

H He ATOMS
ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
K Ca SHORT
SHORTOFOFAANOBLE
NOBLE
GAS
GAS
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

TYPICAL H He ATOMS
TYPICAL ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
COMBINATIONS
COMBINATIONS Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
Elements
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
HH2 OO2 NN2 Cl
2 Cl2
2 K Ca SHORT
2 2
SHORTOFOFAANOBLE
NOBLE
Compounds
Compounds GAS
GAS
HH2OO NH
NH33 CH
CH44
2
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

TYPICAL H He ATOMS
TYPICAL ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
COMBINATIONS
COMBINATIONS Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
Elements
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
HH2 OO2 NN2 Cl
2 Cl2
2 K Ca SHORT
2 2
SHORTOFOFAANOBLE
NOBLE
Compounds
Compounds GAS
GAS
HH2OO NH
NH33 CH
CH44
2

IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN

ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST…
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

TYPICAL H He ATOMS
TYPICAL ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
COMBINATIONS
COMBINATIONS Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
Elements
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
HH2 OO2 NN2 Cl
2 Cl2
2 K Ca SHORT
2 2
SHORTOFOFAANOBLE
NOBLE
Compounds
Compounds GAS
GAS
HH2OO NH
NH33 CH
CH44
2

IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN

ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2

TYPICAL H He ATOMS
TYPICAL ATOMSOFOFTHESE
THESE
COMBINATIONS
COMBINATIONS Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
Elements
CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
HH2 OO2 NN2 Cl
2 Cl2
2 K Ca SHORT
2 2
SHORTOFOFAANOBLE
NOBLE
Compounds
Compounds GAS
GAS
HH2OO NH
NH33 CH
CH44
2

IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN

ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS

A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BOND

COVALENT
BONDING
 COVALENT BONDING

A covalent bond consists of…

a shared pair of electrons with one electron being

supplied by each atom either side of the bond.

The atoms are held together because both their nuclei (which have an
overall positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of
negatively charged electrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG.STRONG

Nucleus
(positively
charged)
+ +

shared pair
of electrons
 HYDROGEN

H H H H

both atoms need one electron atoms share a pair of electrons

to complete their outer shell to form a single covalent bond

H H H H H2
 HYDROGEN

H H H H

both atoms need one electron atoms share a pair of electrons

to complete their outer shell to form a single covalent bond

H H H H H2
Covalent bonds are
represented by a line
 HYDROGEN

H H

Hydrogen atom needs atomsAnother

share hydrogen
a pair of electrons
atom to
one electron to also
form needs
a single
onecovalent
electronbond
to
complete its outer shell complete its outer shell
A hydrogen MOLECULE is formed

WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE

H H H H
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
 CHLORINE

Cl Cl Cl Cl

both atoms need one electron atoms share a pair of electrons to

to complete their outer shell form a single covalent bond
A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl2
 CHLORINE

Cl Cl

Chlorine atom atoms share

Anothera pair of
chlorine
needs one electron electrons to form
atom also a one
needs
to complete its single covalent
electron to bond
complete
outer shell its outer shell

WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE

Cl Cl Cl Cl
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

Cl H Cl H

atom needs one atom also needs one atoms share a pair of
electron to complete electron to complete electrons to form a single
its outer shell its outer shell covalent bond
A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
MOLECULE IS FORMED

H Cl H Cl HCl
 HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

Cl H

atoms
Chlorine
share aatom
pair of Hydrogen atom also
electrons
needs onetoelectron
form a needs one electron
single
to complete
covalent bond
its to complete its outer
outer shell shell

WAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE

H Cl H Cl
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
 METHANE

H
H H

C H C H

H H H

atom needs four each atom needs one Carbon shares all 4 of its
electrons to complete electron to complete electrons to form 4 single
its outer shell its outer shell covalent bonds

H H
H C H H C H CH4
H H
 METHANE
WAYS TO REPRESENT
H
THE MOLECULE

Each hydrogen
atom needs 1 H H
electron to
C
H C H
complete its
outer shell
H
H
H A
Carbon
carbonshares
atom needs
all 4 of4
H its
electrons
electrons
to complete
to form 4
single
its covalent
outer shell
bonds
H C H
H
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
 AMMONIA

H H
N
H N H

H H

atom needs three each atom needs one Nitrogen can only share 3 of
electrons to complete electron to complete its 5 electrons otherwise it will
its outer shell its outer shell exceed the maximum of 8
A LONE PAIR REMAINS

H N H H N H NH3
H H
 AMMONIA
WAYS TO REPRESENT
THE MOLECULE
H
Each hydrogen N
H
atom needs N H
one electron to H
complete its
outer shellH
H

H N H Nitrogen can
5to
atomonly
electrons
complete
needsshare
otherwise
3 of its
3 electrons
its outer itshell
will
exceed the maximum of 8
H A LONE PAIR REMAINS

PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION

 WATER

H H O
O
H H

atom needs two each atom needs one Oxygen can only share 2 of its
electrons to complete electron to complete 6 electrons otherwise it will
its outer shell its outer shell exceed the maximum of 8
TWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN

H O H O H2 O
H H
 WATER

WAYS TO REPRESENT
THE MOLECULE
Each hydrogen H
atom needs
one electron to O
complete its
H O
outer shell
H

H
Oxygen
Oxygen atom
can only
needsshare
2 electrons
2 of its 6
toelectrons
completeotherwise
its outer shell
it will
H O exceed the maximum of 8
2 LONE PAIRS REMAIN
H
PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION
 OXYGEN

O O O O

each oxygen atom needs each oxygen shares 2 of its

two electrons to complete electrons to form a
its outer shell
DOUBLE COVALENT BOND

Double covalent bonds are O O O2

represented by TWO lines
Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSIN IN
GROUPS
GROUPSI,I,IIIIIII
IIIand
and Li Be B C N O F Ne
THE
THECENTRAL
CENTRAL Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
SECTION*
SECTION*ARE ARE
METALS K Ca
METALS
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSIN IN
GROUPS
GROUPSI,I,IIIIIII
IIIand
and Li Be B C N O F Ne
THE
THECENTRAL
CENTRAL Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
SECTION*
SECTION*ARE ARE
METALS K Ca
METALS

•• The
Thecentral
centralsection
sectionofofthe
theperiodic
periodictable
table
contains
containsthe
thetransition
transitionmetals
metals

TRANSITION
METALS
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSIN IN ATOMS
ATOMSOF
OFTHESE
THESE
GROUPS
GROUPSI,I,IIIIIII
IIIand
and Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
THE
THECENTRAL
CENTRAL Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
SECTION
SECTIONARE ARE CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
METALS K Ca JUST
METALS JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THAT
OF
OFAANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSIN IN ATOMS
ATOMSOF
OFTHESE
THESE
GROUPS
GROUPSI,I,IIIIIII
IIIand
and Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
THE
THECENTRAL
CENTRAL Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
SECTION
SECTIONARE ARE CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
METALS K Ca JUST
METALS JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THAT
OF
OFAANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET

RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSIN IN ATOMS
ATOMSOF
OFTHESE
THESE
GROUPS
GROUPSI,I,IIIIIII
IIIand
and Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
THE
THECENTRAL
CENTRAL Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
SECTION
SECTIONARE ARE CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
METALS K Ca JUST
METALS JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THAT
OF
OFAANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET

RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION

ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS

 Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3

ELEMENTS H He
ELEMENTSIN IN ATOMS
ATOMSOF
OFTHESE
THESE
GROUPS
GROUPSI,I,IIIIIII
IIIand
and Li Be B C N O F Ne ELEMENTS
ELEMENTSHAVE
HAVE
THE
THECENTRAL
CENTRAL Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
SECTION
SECTIONARE ARE CONFIGURATIONS
CONFIGURATIONS
METALS K Ca JUST
METALS JUSTOVER
OVERTHAT
THAT
OF
OFAANOBLE
NOBLEGAS
GAS

ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO ‘GET

RID OF’ ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION

ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE ‘CLOUD’ OF ELECTRONS

THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDING

METALLIC
BONDING
 METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO

THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

 METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO

THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Atoms arrange themselves

in a regular lattice
 METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO

THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Atoms arrange themselves The outer shell electrons of each atom

in a regular lattice leave to join a mobile ‘cloud’ or ‘sea’ of
electrons which can roam throughout
the metal. The electron cloud holds
positive ions together.
 METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO

THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
 METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO

THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

SODIUM ATOMS
WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1
THE OUTER SHELL
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
 METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO

THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

SODIUM ATOMS POSITIVE SODIUM IONS

WITH ELECTRONIC WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 CONFIGURATION 2,8
THE OUTER SHELL
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED
 METALLIC BONDING
METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES

METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO

THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

Na Na Na Na Na

SODIUM ATOMS POSITIVE SODIUM IONS

WITH ELECTRONIC WITH ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 CONFIGURATION 2,8
THE OUTER SHELL THE ELECTRON CLOUD
ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED CONTAINS THE RELEASED
OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS
TO LEARN HOW THE TYPE OF BONDING AFFECTS THE
STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND
COMPOUNDS, VIEW THE ASSOCIATED POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION…

STRUCTURE & BONDING

WHICH CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM THE KNOCKHARDY GCSE

WEBSITE AT… www.knockhardy.org/gcse.htm
 CHEMICAL
BONDING
THE END

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