*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam

SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED

CARBON AND ITS

COMPOUNDS
NOTES
 Covalent Bond
-

Examples of covalent Bonding

- formation of Hydrogen molecule
-
formation of chlorine molecule
-

formation of Oxygen molecule

-
formation of Nitrogen molecule
-

formation of Methane
-

formation of sulphur
properties of covalent Bond

Allotropes of carbon

f- graphite
Diamond
-

- fullerenes

Hydrocarbons
-
saturated → Alkanes
-

Unsaturated Alkenes→
& Alkynes
Carbon and it’s
Compounds IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons
f- Nomenclature rules
1- How to draw structure

functional Groups
series
Homologous
structural Isomerism

some compounds
Important carbon
-
Ethanol
-
Ethan oic acid .
 Atomic number of carbon 6
{ &
-

Hat at stable tetetgtend

-

stable
configuration
:O Its electronic
att I hit 85041¥ etat (in
,
→

outermost shell) but UET 4k¥ Ha at tf -

274 that 21T 4 lose the II

gain
gain four electrons forming Ct anion , but it would be difficult for the
-

° It could

olnyfkahfdtfosheoldougixefechrtoonnstfoohmoihdg.nu
of energy to
#catenane' Tutto't would
,
'

require a large amount

f remove four electrons . .

⑧based hfgt.ge#afaf*tagilEH5Tl9hThFeHGuyzz9i
,
But of stat carbon

20M
Therefore in order to
,
this problem, overcome
carbon shares its valence electrons with other
atoms of carbon or with atoms of other
elements These shared electrons
. to the belong
outermost shells of both atoms and in this
way , both atoms attain the nearest noble gas
configuration This
type of bonding is called
.

covalent Bonding .

EXAMPLES OF COVALENT BONDING

IN
formation of Hydrogen Molecule ( Hz) :

Hg Atomic no .
=L '
I
Electronic configuration =

-0 to
Need I more e till K shell -

completely ooo two H atoms

.
-

share their electrons

gas configuration
to form a Hz molecule , also it will attain nearest noble ie
of helium .

H* t * H -
H ¥ H or t.ee H .

T covalent bond
III Formation of chlorine Molecule (Ck) : k3B*
f single bond ( because aint
-

-0
Eti th e share D
Cdg Atomic no =
17 single bond
E b II
.
•-• =

Electronic configuration g I .
I no

Need 1 more e
-0 in outermost shell to complete octet .

:c :* . +
¥¥¥ -

¥:* : i:* or
eerie
single covalent
bond .
III formation of Molecule CO2 )
Oxygen
or

0g Atomic number 8
I I
-
-

Electronic configuration =

Need 2 more e
-0 to
complete octet 4 attain Noble gas
.

configuration .

¥: : + :
:O: -

:O:* : : oooo

-0
2e share →
singlebond G-d
Yeo share →
double bond :(2.9

similarly it 60 share ?
↳ triple bond t.EE)
INI formation of Nitrogen Molecule ( Nz ) : -

Ng Atomic No .
=
7
E I
Electronic
configuration
=

Need 3 more eos to complete octet 4 achieve noble

gas configuration .

.
ii. ¥ +
*¥ -
:
n ¥
:* .
ii. or NEN

N formation of Methane cc Hy) :

H
.
H H
*
* l
H . * ( K . H → H •
* C * .
H →
H -
C -

H
* *
•
I
• H H
H
k¥3 Methane also called marsh
gas g
used as a fuel and B a
major
component of CNG ( compressed Natural Gas) and
Biogas .

ttf HI GIT
compounds IT 3447 3-HT 9.413¥ : -

→
Ammonia ( N Hs)
→ Water ( H2O)
-
carbon Dioxide ( CO2)
HIT formation of Sulphur (Ss) : -

# Properties of covalent Bond : ( Cbse 2019 20181 ,

° Low
melting and
boiling points too weak inter molecular forces) .

in
As electrons are shared between atoms and no
charged particles are formed
°

these compounds .

Allotropes of carbon
↳
Allotropy is the property by which an element exists in more than one form
and each form has different physical Properties but identical chemical prop .

DIAMOND GRAPHITE

Very Hard diamond ,

Property lighter than slippery
- o o

o
Non conductor of
-

colourless transparent
Electricity o

0
conduct
Electricity
Greyish black , opaque
Uses - o Used as a
cutting instrument o used as a lubricant
°
Making jewellery 0
Used in electric cell
°
To make core of pencil .

# fullerenes : fullerene ( Coo) was named

Buk Minster fullerene The first known .

fullerene was Go which contains 60

carbon atoms .
 -

K' B CARBON IT 21¥ Jal we 42T It ? ⑧ g

what are the factors that enables carbon to form large no .
of compounds?
⑧ , versatile Nature of carbon : (Cbse 20201
-

L . CATENATION carbon has a self linking property in which C- atoms

: -

links through covalent bonds to form long , straight or bra need chains
and rings Carbon shows maximum catenation in the periodic table
.
.

due to its small size and

strong C C bond
-
.

2. TETRA VALENCY OF CARBON : carbon has 4 eos in outermost shell Hence, its .

valency
is four ie it is capable of
bonding or pairing with four other carbon
.

atoms or with the atoms of some other monovalent elements like hydrogen ,
halogen ( chlorine , bromine ) etc .

3. TENDENCY FORM MULTIPLE BONDS : Due to its small size carbon has a strong
TO

tendency to form multiple bonds ( double and triple bonds) by sharing more than
pair with its own atoms or with the atoms like oxygen , nitrogen etc
-0
one .

⑧ Compounds of carbon are called Organic compounds .

Hydrocarbons .
lcbse 2017.20121
A compound made of hydrogen and carbon only is called hydrocarbon .

Types of Hydrocarbons -

I . SATURATED :
compounds of carbon which are linked only by single bonds between
the carbon atoms .

Types of saturated hydrocarbons -

Alkanes .

2. UNSATURATED :
Compounds of carbon having
carbon atoms
double or triple bonds between
their .

Types of Unsatured hydrocarbons

-
Alkenes g Alkynes .

¥10 WAYKanes : The hydrocarbons in which all the carbon atoms are linked by only
single covalent bonds are called alkanes or paraffin s .

General formula Cn Hzntz

Alkenes : Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which have at least one double bond
along with single bonds are called alkenes .
or Olefins .

General formula Cn Hzn In > 4

Alkynes : Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which have one or more triple bonds
 along with the single bonds are called alkynes .

*
. General formula : Cntkn -
z In > IT
here In Dire
>
minimum no .
of carbon for double triple or bond must be two .

=
↳ HAT carbon at
doublet triple bond
et that insist !
IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons HIATT )
↳ 4141907 AT IT lit : -

PREFIX + SUFFIX - left aettittl If

→
Prefix is based on number of carbon atoms in the chain .

Prefix
Cs → Meth
Cz → Eth
# Rata MaarLo :
-

Cz →
Poop
Cy →
But
Cs →
pent
CG →
Hex
→
Suffix is based on it hydrocarbon is alkane , alkene g alkyne .

Suffix
Alkane -
ane
# Rata Maar lo :
Alkene →
ene

Alkyne →
yne
Method : o
suffix I total no of carbon at lifted DWI
31K¥ at .

° THAT hydrocarbon E 2741T him if ro of Gte compound ight fat

tidal formulae tf Att It (like Cn In iz g Cn Heng Cn Han 2) -
-

" "

: Cz Hy carbon 2 :O Eth is prefix

elf →
-

alkene
"

in Cn Han we
"

If we put A- 2
get catty - so its → To ene
is suffix .

% Name → Prefix -1 Suffix -

Ethene
''

G- Hu prefix i' Pent

fs Pentane
-

suffix →
"
ane
"
f : put n -5in -
Cn Hantz to
get G- His ) -

tf
Ctb CHIH , -
Get club up -
th
simplify that ) i

= CzH8
Prefix
"
↳ Now
"

,
Affix →
→
"
prop
ane
" Is propane -

"
"

Cz Hy Prefix prop
t Propylene
-
→

" "
suffix →
yne
 → fc bye 20151
# HOW TO DRAW STRUCTURE OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS:
CB connect all the carbon atoms together with single bond .

EB After that use the hydrogen atoms to satisfy the remaining valencies of carbon (as
we know, carbon forms 4 bonds due to its 4
valency) .

Iii) It number of available H atoms are less than what is required , satisfy
-

remaining
valency by using double or triple bond .

↳ Trick →
→ yet et ITT at # Alkane , alkene at Alkyne Ehs formulae tf I
at IBT Helf et Ite htt etat tf double gtriple AT MYATT Bond 41¥
=

et Rs Cz H 8 Name Propane
→

all single bonds HIT steps follow tht

+, +,
Is .
To simple 34T

l l l
H -
C -
C -

C -
H
l l l
H H H

Eu, ez Hy
Ethenes
→

, double bond
H H

H - c' =D -

ai, Cz Hy →

PROPHET le
boyd .

Triple bond 91¥ tf tf That sit the DHT at# ofgiant

H -

C E C -

C
I

1
-

H ←
f Triple bond
IF carbon ¥
HTT Hydrogen 44114 GT TH HIT WHIT 4244T
4 tf salat Bond AT IT TITI ]
H
t
Ev, cyclohexane ( GHz) "
FT ¥3 enzene Cca Hs) ( Ratt do)
(Cbse 2018 ) M \ IH H
H '
C
GH
'
d
*
l
d c
l
H -
H Y - H
- '
C
H H ll l
tf
'
H C
-

H
C
H
E
-

-
Functional Groups l
H
.

L atom that makes

An atom or
group of a carbon
compound reactive and
decides its chemical bro Peaty is called a functional group .

fcbse 20161
.

M
fornicator : functional is
present in the compound
It
group it is
-

,
indicated in the name of the compound with either prefix a or suffix
(given on next
page)
 Pretty suffix

f-
Prefix -
Chloro , Bromo - - -

loose zones
Tutti's: oaf :

suffix -

one

suffix -
Oic acid

o : for nomenclature do → Prefix Hydrocarbon+

org Hydrocarbon + Suffix

'
final and add the
'
In suffix case
,
delete the e
appropriate suffix .

→
egg CHZCL or H -

¥ ,
-
Ce →
Prefix + Hydrocarbon
Chloroethane

ft ft ( but delete e )
' '

→ Hydrocarbon + suffix
CHSCHZOH or H - - -

OH

Ethane # Ethanol
,

e
H

CHZCHO or H -

¥ - E- O →
Hydrocarbon + suffix
H Ethane ¥ Ethanol

CHS COCH
,
or H -

¥ -8¥
, H
-

H
Propane tones Propanone
O

C
Hz COOH or H - -
E -

OH Ethane ±ds Ethan ope

e
acid
-

Homologous series ( cbse 2017,20133

↳ A is similar structure
homologous series
group of organic compounds having
a
differ
and chemical property in which successive compound group by -

CH,
group .

(Hy GHG GHS

eg
:
- -

g
-

g
- -

characteristics : o
All members are represented by same General formula
° 2 adjacent members differ by Ctb
-

group .

o -2 members
adjacent differ by Mol masses of Hu
.
.

° All shows similar chemical properties .

( but not physical)
 STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
↳ compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures
* a
'¥÷÷¥÷÷ . e ti
¥ f 's:# ¥ ":: sunt :*:*:its
.
Igo mess .

Some Important carbon compounds

Ethanol ( C Hz CHZOH) :
°
Liquid soluble in water
,
°
Commonly
it is a
called alcohol and is active
ingredient
solvent , it is used in medicines such as tincture iodine,
As
good
°

cough syrups and many tonics .

°
Preparation obtained
-

fermentation of molasses which are obtained

by
from sugarcane juice

III C-than Oic Acid kHz COOH) :

°
Commonly called acetic acid .

° 5- 8% solution of acetic acid in water is called

vinegar which is used as presentation
in pickle .

290k , so freezes during winter

°
Melting point .

0
Carboxylic acid are weak acids .

some
Important call u Problems :
Cbscad

ans →
=

⑧④ frozen acetic acid Cats OH) is also called glacial acetic acid .

°
DENATURED ALCOHOL : consumption of Alcohol in large quantity is not good for
health It tends to slow metabolic
.

processes and depress the central nervous system

which in turn results in lack of coordination drowsiness etc Therefore gin order
,
.
.

to stop misuse of alcohol, it is made unfit for drinking by adding poisonous substances
like methanol , pyridine etc and coloured substances likes dyes Such alcohol is .

called denatured alcohol .

KHAI AM
 —- Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds —-
1. COMBUSTION: A chemical reaction in which heat and light are given out
is called combustion.

- Combustion of Carbon:
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + Heat + Light
- Combustion of Hydrocarbon:
CH4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H20(g) + Heat + Light
- Combustion of Alcohol:
CH3CH2OH (g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H20(g) + Heat + Light

The Nature of Flame:

● Saturated hydrocarbon such as, methane, ethane burn with clear b/w
flame in the presence of su cient oxygen.
● Saturated hydrocarbon in the presence of Limited amount of oxygen
give sooty Flame
● Unsaturated hydrocarbon such as ethene, ethyne etc. burn with yellow
flame with lots of black smoke
● Kerosene when burnt in the presence of su cient oxygen gives clear
between flame.
● Some hydrocarbons like benzene, naphthalene etc. burn with sooty
flame.
● Coal and Petroleum on burning produce mainly CO2, CO, Oxides of
Nitrogen and sulphur. The oxides of Nitrogen and sulphur cause air
pollution.

2. OXIDATION: Carbon compounds can be easily oxidised on combustion.

2C(s) + O2(g) —-> 2CO(g)

Limited Carbon Monoxide

C(s) + O2(g) —-> CO2(g)

Excess Carbon Monoxide
*Di erent amount of oxygen gives di erent products.

Oxidation of Alcohol: (CBSE 2020)

*Both Alkaline KMnO4 and acidified K2Cr2O7 act as oxidising Agents

(substance that supplyoxygen for oxidation)
3. ADDITION REACTION:
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon add hydrogen in the presence of catalyst
such as palladium or Nickel to give saturated hydrocarbons.
*Catalysts are the substances that cause a reaction to occur at a
di erent rate, without being used up in the reaction.

Hydrogenation Reaction: This reaction is used in the hydrogenation of

Vegetable oil Vegetable oil generally have long unsaturated carbon
chains while animal fats have saturated carbon chain.
Animal fats generally contain saturated fatly acid which are harmful for
health.

4. SUBSTITUTION REACTION:
It is a single replacement chemical reaction during which one functional
group in chemical compounds is replaced by another functional groups.

CH3OH + HBr —-> CH3Br + H2O

hv
CH4 + Cl2 —-> CH3Cl + HCl

5. Reactions of Ethanol:
i. Reaction with sodium:

2Na + 2CH3CH2OH —-> 2CH3CH2O-Na+ + H2

(sodium ethoxide)

ii. Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbons:

Hot conc.
CH3-CH2-OH ——-> CH2 = CH2 + H20
H2S04
*Hot conc. H2SO4 act as dehydrating Agent(which removes water)

6. Reactions of Ethanoic Acid:

i. Esterification Reaction: Reaction of Acid and alcohol girs ester. Esters are
sweet smelling substances used in making perfumes and as flavouring agents.

ii. Saponification Reaction: Reaction used in preparation of soaps.

Ester + base —-> Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid

NaOH
CH3COOC2H5 —->
C2H5OH + CH3COONa
(alcohol) (sodium acetate)
NaOH + CH3COOH —-> CH3COONa + H2O
 ii. Reaction with Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates:
2CH3COOH - Na2CO3 —-> 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 —-> CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

—- Soaps and Detergents —-

● Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. The ionic -
end of soap dissolve in water the carbon chain dissolves in oil.

● Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonates salts of long chain

carboxylic acid.
● Cleaning Action of Soap:
○ Most of the dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in water
○ The soap molecule form the structure called Micelles
○ In Micelles one end is towards the oils droplet and other end which is
ionic faces outside.
○ Soap in the form of a micelle in the centre of the micelles
○ The micelles stay in the solution as a colloid and will not come together
to precipitate due to ion ion Repulsion.
○ Soap micelles are large enough to scatter light; Hence soap solution
appears cloudy.

● Hardness of Water
○ Hard water means, water having a very high a mineral content like
calcium and Magnesium salts soap molecule react with the salts of
calcium and magnesium and for precipitate also known as sum.
○ Soft water (which do not contain calcium and Magnesium salts are) do
not form sum with soap.
○ Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonates salts of long chain
carboxylic acid. The charged ends of these compounds do not form
insoluble precipitates with Hardwater, thus they remain e ective in Hard
water.
LP: Why detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps?
Ans- The charged ends of detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium
and magnesium ion in Hard water, while when soaps are used for washing clothes with
hardwater, it react with the calcium and magnesium ions of hardwater to form an
insoluble precipitate called scum; therefore detergents are better cleansing agents
than soaps, because they can be used even with hard water.