. adhle.i @ adhle.

Carbon
& it's
Compounds
CH 4 S Ca 10
No e + 10 Yea In eg a ed PYQ'
 Carton and its Compound
*
Pounding In Caerbon Cant bad) :

* Ionic
compounds have
high melting and boiling points and conduct electricity in
solution or in the molten state .

Most carbon compounds are

poor conductors
of electricity
-

4 Since these
compounds are
these
largely non -
conductors
of electricity ,
we can conclude that

bonding in
compounds does not
give rise to
any
ions .

The atomic number carbon 6

of is
-

In of carbon it has 4 electrons in its outermost shell and needs to lose 4 electrons to attain
case
gain
-

,
or

noble
gas configuration .

If it were to
gain or lose electrons →

"
1) It C
could
gain
4 electrons
forming anion .

But it ( 4 extra
would become
difficult for the nucleus to hold 90 electrons
gained)
-

%) It
"
could lose 4 electrons
forming amountcationC .

But it would
require large of energy to 4 electrons
leaving behind
-

a remove

carbon cation 6
a with protons in its nucleus
holding on to
just 2 electron .
→ To overcome this ,
Carbon shares its valence electrons ( with carbon or other elements) to
attain noble
gas configuration
.

Many other share their

elements valence electrons to attain noble
gas configuration
-

4 Let take
us an
example :

Your Ashish had 2 pens

→
friend .

You did not have You asked

any pen
.

him
for a
pen he gave 9 pen
to and asked to
keep it
you you
.
,

This Ashish lost one but

way pen you gained one
pen .

This is same at
losing and
gaining of
electrons .

•
But when talk about SHARING Ashish had 9
pen and
had no
pen , so Ashish
you ,
you
shamed with where he is also the
pen and
to when need it
using giving you
a
pen you you
.

This
sharing of electrons
is same as .

* Electrons in the outermost shell are called VALENCE ELECTRONS .

The 9
atomic
Hydrogen
→
number of is .

It has 9 electron in it 's K shell ( Atomic no -

9) .

So ,
two
Hydrogen atoms share their electrons to
form a molecule of Hydrogen ,
Ha .

douµec boµ
Hence ,

attaining noble gas configuration .

IT ,
( via 9 electron pair share
single C-) bond )
via 2 electrons pair shane E
( ,

(
not 3 electrons
pair share £ triple C , bond )

H E H H -

H
↳ bond
single
Some more
examples :

⑨ 02-7 * Atomic number → 8 O = O

x x
x x
↳ Double bond
Configuration
← ' ×
→
2,6 o
xx
x x x x
*
Valence Electrons → 6
② Nz - > * Atomic no .
(
Nitrogen )
→ 7

Configuration
* →
2,5

* Valence Electrons → 5

Efttriple
"
IN ¥ } NI bond

Allotropes of Carbon
→ The element carbon occurs in
different forms in
nature with
widely varying physical properties .

Buckminster
Graphite Diamond
Fullerene
Graphite :
Buckminster Fullerene CIO
-
: Diamond :
-

In diamond ,
each carbon
In
graphite each
→
20C six) membered
rings atom is bonded four
,

to
carbon atom is bonded to 92 ( five) membered
three other carbon atoms
rings other carbon atoms
forming
three dimensional
the
rigid
a
in plane giving
-

same

a
hexagonal array . structure .
 → Intent

Answered
9 In carbon dioxide molecule the two atoms bonded either side with carbon
oxygen
, are on

atom bonds
by double .

Thus there are 2 double bonds in CO2 .

Carbon share its two electrons in the

formation of a double bond with one
oxygen
atom and another

two electrons with another atom

oxygen
.

In this carbon atom the electronic

process both the oxygen
,
atoms and the acquire stable

the
configuration of double
gas neon .

The atomic number (2) of Sulphur is sixteen

2 and its electronic
configuration is 2,8 6
,
.

The atom has valence electrons

sulphur six .

The chemical
formula of sulphur molecule is Soo .

Each either
sulphur atom is linked to similar atoms on sides
by single covalent bonds and thus ,

completes its octet .

Homologous Series
- -
-
:

Hydrogen atom or atoms on these carbon chains can be replaced by any of the
functional
groups
.

The
functional group present in a carbon chain is responsible for chemical properties of the carton

comp@nd.Tor2example8CHz0H.CzHs
So
- OH , ↳ Hy OH
.
and CuHz0H are all
very
similar .

the above series is a

homologues series .

( Hy GH These differ by Cth unit

→
and , .

Cz Ho ↳ Hoo These cuz

differ by unit
and → .
Hence , we can
say
that
general formula for alkanes is Cn Hana .

Here '

for of
'

,
n stands number atoms .

For alkenes Cn Han for alkynes general formula Cn Han

general formula
is and is .
-
e

Try using this

formula how when
put in
' '

,
we n . we
get c. Ha .

When '

put 2 in
get ↳ H
'

we n we

get ↳ H !
,

when we
put 3 in
'

n
'

. we
!

got E aint £ !
ethane