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Agriculture
CH 4 Geography | Class 10
Hand Written Notes
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 httpCULTURE
* India is an important
agriculturally country .

* Two -
third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities .

*
Agriculture is a primary activity which produces ,
most of the food that we consume .

Farming

Subsistence commercial

Primitive Intensive

* Primitive Substance Farming :

•
Done in small patches .

•
Primitive tools are used like hoe .

Depends on Monsoon .

Depends on natural fertility of soil .

Labours are
usually family members
•

* Slash and burn Agriculture :

→
It is Primitive Subsistence Farming .

→ Also known as Thrumming Agriculture .

→
Farmers clear the patch of land and shift to new
patch .

* Intensive Subsistence Farming :

4 Done on area with high population .

labour
4 It is intensive
farming .

H
Irrigation is done for water supply .

D
High doses of Biochemical inputs are used .

* Commercial Farming :

a.
It is done for profit .

•
Thigh doses of modern inputs are used .

B.
TTYV seeds and chemical fertilisers connected to farm are used .

•
Good transport system is required .

* Plantation :

•
A single crop is
grown in large area .

•
It is type of commercial farming .
•

Usually migrant labourers are involved .

•
In India : -

tea , coffee banana are example of commercial

, ,
crops .

•
Network of transport processing industries and markets play
,
an important role in
development of commercial crops .

Cropping pattern in India

Babi Zaid
kharif

Kharif Season :

•
Grown in onset of monsoon .

•
Harvested in September -
October .

this
•

Paddy , maize jwau

, ,
cotton are grown in season .

•
Assam ,
West Bengal ,
Orissa are important for rice crop .

•
Punjab and Haryana are important for paddy .

• Rabi Season :

•
Sown in October -

December .

•
Harvested in April -
June .

•
Wheat barley gram
, , , peas are grown in this season .

•
Precipitation during winter months helps in of
success these crops .

North and North West region ( States) are important for rabi crop production
• -
.

• Zaid Season :

•
In between the rabi and the kharif season ,
there is short season during summer

months .

•
Watermelon ,
muskmelon ,
cucumber , vegetables and fodder crops are
grown .

¥, Major Crops :

Rice :

"
Staple food crop .

D
kharif crop .

D
High temperature and high humidity is required .

•
Annual rainfall above 900cm .

+ Some rice producing states are :

d) Punjab West Bengal Tamil Nadu

4)
9 2
Assam
 Wheat :

"
2nd most important cereal crop .

D
Rabi crop .

•
Requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening .

D
Annual rainfall 50 -

75cm .

"
Grown mainly in Ganga Satluj plains
-

in North -
West region and black soil of
Deccan Plateau .

F- Some wheat states

producing are :

9) Madhya Pradesh 2) Rajasthan

3) Gujarat 4) Punjab
a- Millets :

"
Jowar , bajra ragi ,
are important millets grown in India .

• These are known as course grain .

• Have high nutritious Comtat °

Millets

Jowar Bajra Ragi

Jowar :
•
3rd important food crop .

•
Rain fed crop .

•
Grows in moist areas .

•
Some States producing Jowar :

9) Maharashtra 2J Karnataka
3) Madhya Pradesh 4) Andhra Pradesh

Bajra :

•
Grows well on
sandy soils and shallow black soil .

Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra

•
.

•
Followed by Uttar Pradesh ,
Maharashtra Gujarat ,
and Haryana .

Ragi :

•
It is a crop of dry region .

•
Grows well in red black and Sandy soil , .

•
Rich in calcium iron and roughage , .

•
Karnataka Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Andhra
, , ,
Pradesh ,
Jharkhand .
 Maize :

Both food and fodder crop .

*
kharif
'

crop .

I 290 -
27°C .

Grows well in old alluvial soil .

* Modern input needed .

*
Major estates : Karnataka ,
Uttar Pradesh Andhra ,
Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh .

I>
In Bihar it is also grown as rabi crop .

Pulses :

• India is largest producer and consumer .

•
Good of proteins
.

source .

°
Grows in rotation with other crops .

• Needs less moisture and survive even in dry season .

• Renews soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from air .

•
Dal -
tur mooing, ,
urad ,
Masur , peas , gram .

it States -

Madhya Pradesh ,
Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan ,
Maharashtra .

⑨ Food Crops other than Grains :

Sugarcane :

Tropical as well as sub-tropical crop .

↳
Temperature about 29 -
27C .

4
Rainfall About 75 -
900cm .

4 Grows on variety of soils .

4 Need manual labour from sowing to Harvesting .

D India is second largest producer .

G States : Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra , Karnataka Tamil Nadu Andhra , , ,

Pradesh .

Oil Seeds :

"
lovers 92%
of the total cropped area of the total cropped area of the country .

D
Main oil -
seeds produced in India are groundnut ,
mustard coconut
, ,
sesamumftil) , soyabean Castor seeds
, ,

cotton seeds ,
linseed and sunflower .

D Most are eatable and used for cooking .

Groundnut :

D
kharif crop .

is
Gujarat is largest producer .

Sesamum :

"
kharif in North India .

•
Rabi in South India .
 Castor Seed :

D
Growth both as rabi and kharif crop .

lea :

→
India is 3rd largest producer .

→ Comes under plantation agriculture .

→
Grows well in tropical and sub -

tropical region throughout the year .

→
Fertile soil which is rich in humus and organic matter is essential .

→
tiabour intensive industry .

Coffee :

•
India produces 3.2% coffee of the world .

Known globally for it 's good quality

•
.

•
Arabica variety , initially brought from Yemen is
grown in India .

Initially introduced in Baba Baden hills

•
.

•
Even now it is confined to Nilgiri in Karnataka ,
Kerala Tamil,
Nadu .

Horticulture crops :

>
India is 2nd largest producer of tropical and temperature fruits .

•
Produces 93% of the world 's vegetables .

* Non Food Crops °

8
Natural Rubber :

→ India is 4th greatest producer .

→
Equatorial crop but also grows in tropical and sub -

tropical region under specific

conditions .

→ Climate -
moist and humid .

→
Rainfall -
more than 200cm .

Temperature above 25°C

→ -
.

→
States -
Kerala ,
Tamil Nadu ,
Andaman .

* Fibre crops :

if Silk :

B Silkworm fed on green leaves of Mulberry .

A
Rearing of silk worm
for the production of silk is called SERICULTURE .

it Cotton :

F India is home of cotton plant .

B kharif crop .

F India is second largest producer .

P Black cotton, soil

of Dean is good for cotton .
7
thigh temperature is required .

B 290
frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth .

B
Requires : 6- 8 months .

7 States : Maharashtra . Gujarat Madhya ,

Pradesh , Karnataka .

Tate :

Also known as Golden crop .

7
Requires high temperature at the time of growth .

West
Bengal Assam Bihar
7 States : .
, ,

It is used in making bags mats , etc

gunny , ropes , yarn .

* Institutional Reforms :

Agriculture is one of the oldest practice in India .

Provides livelihood
•

for more than 69%

of the
population .

A
Agricultural reform is important because :

Regular of land abstracts

use Most farmers still depend on

agricultural development natural fertility of soil

* Major institutional reforms after independence :

→
Collectivisation

→ Consolidation of holidays
→ Abolition Of Zamindari

8 Institutional reforms by Government :

k Green revolution
$ White revolution
k KCC ( Kisan credit card)
k PAIS (Personal accident insurance scheme)
$ Special weather bulletins
$ Agricultural programmes in TV and radio
$ Setting MSP
'

*
Steps taken by Government to modernise Agriculture :

4 Establishment of ICAR
4 Setting up Agricultural universities and veterinary services and Animal breeding centres .

Improving weather
forecast .
* Contribution of Agriculture to the National Economy Employment ,
and Output :

→
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian
economy .

→ Its share in GDP is declining since 9959 which is a serious concern .

→ In 2090 -
99 , about 52% of the work
force was
employed into farming sector .

* Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture :

Globalisation is from period of colonialisation

Spices in Mth century were exported

Cotton was exported to Boaitishert

After 9990 India could not compete with highly subsidised agriculture of Modern countries

Genetic
'

The new
technology emerged as Engineering
'

or
'
Gene Revolution '

In fact Organic Farming is much in vogue today because it is practised without factory
made chemicals such as
fertilisers and pesticides .

Hence ,
it does not affect environment in a negative manner .

Suggestions by Experts !

•
Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value
craps .

This will increase incomes and reduce environ metal degradation simultaneously
•

•
India 's diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value
crops .
 1 Mark Questions

1. A type of millet rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and

roughage is
[1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A1. Ragi

2. Give an example of a crop which is commercial in one region

and provides subsistence in another.
[1M, 2012]
A2. Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, while in
. Odisha it is a subsistence crop.

3. What is horticulture?
[1M, 2012]
A3. Cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers is called
. horticulture.

3 Mark Questions

4. Establish the difference between Commercial farming and

Subsistence farming with the help of a suitable example.
[3M, 2019]
A4.
A. Commercial Farming
i. Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds,
fertilizers, etc.
ii. Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to
another
iii. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming
iv. Use of well-developed network of transport and
communication.
v. High productivity for commercial purpose

B. Subsistence Farming
i. Is practiced on small patches of land
ii. Labour intensive farming
iii. Use of primitive tools
iv. Dependent on Monsoons
v. Called as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture.
vi. Low productivity (Any two to be mentioned in each unit)
5. Describe any three main features of ‘Alluvial soil’ found in India.
[3M, 2019]
A5.
• Alluvial soil is considered as one of the most fertile soils.
Alluvial soil covers the entire northern plains in India.
• Alluvial soil contains sand, silt and clay mainly due to silt
deposited by Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra rivers.
According to age, it is classified into Bangar (old alluvial) and
Khadar (new alluvial).
• Alluvial soil contains an ample amount of potash, phosphoric
acid and lime. This soil is ideal for the growth of crops like
sugarcane, wheat and rice etc.

6. Describe any three main features of ‘Rabi crop season’

[3M, 2019]
A6.
• It begins with the withdrawal of monsoon in October. They are
sown in winters from October to December.
• At the time of ripening, it requires bright sunshine.
 • Crops depend on sub-soil moisture.
• Requires less rainfall between 50-75 cm. Availability of
precipitation during winter months due to western temperate
cyclones help in the success of these crops.

7. Describe any three main features of ‘Kharif crop season’

[3M, 2015]
A7.
• It begins with the onset of monsoon in May.
• Crops are harvested in September – October.
• Requires more rainfall between 100-110 cm
• It requires loamy or alluvial soil.

8. What are ‘Institutional Reforms’? Enlist various institutional

reforms taken by the Indian Government to bring about
improvements in agriculture.
[3M, 2015]
A8. Steps taken by the government to bring about improvements
. in agriculture are termed as ‘Institutional Reforms’.
 Some steps are:

1. Collectivisation and consolidation of land holdings to make

them economically viable.
2. The green revolution based on the use of package
technology and the White Revolution to increase milk
production are important strategies which were initiated to
improve agriculture.
3. Cooperation with farmers and Abolition of Zamindari
system.

5 Mark Questions

9. “The Government of India has introduced various institutional

and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s
and 1990s.” Support this statement with examples.
[5M, 2018]
A9. The Government of India has introduced various institutional
. and technological reforms under a comprehensive Land
. Development Programme to improve agriculture in the 1980s
. and 1990s.

Land Development Programme:

 • Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood,
cyclone, fire and disease.
• Establishment of Grameen (regional rural) banks,
cooperative societies and banks for providing loan
facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.

Other Reforms:

Apart from land development program, the government has

. initiated many other benefit schemes for the farmers.

• Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Scheme for giving easy and

cheap loans to small farmers. Personal Accident
Insurance Scheme (PAIS) for Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
holders.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for
farmers were introduced through radio and television
channels.
• The government also announced Minimum Support
Price (MSP) for various agricultural products like
cereals, pulses and others (to check the exploitation of
farmers by middlemen).

10. Compare ‘intensive subsistence farming’ with that of

‘commercial farming’ practiced in India.
[5M, 2018]
A10.

11. ‘Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian Economy’

Explain the statement by giving reason.
[5M, 2017]
A11. India is an agricultural country because of the following
. reasons:
1. Two-third of its population is engaged in agricultural
activities which provide livelihood.
 2. Agriculture is a primary activity and produces most of the
food and food grains that we consume.
3. It produces raw materials for our various industries, e.g.,
cotton textile and sugar industry.
4. Some agricultural products, like tea, coffee and spices,
are exported and earn foreign exchange.
5. The share of agriculture in providing employment and
livelihood to the population continued to be as high as
63% in 2001.

12. (a) Name three pulses each of Rabi and Kharif season. Write
. their importance for human beings and for agriculture.

(b) What is India’s position in the world with regard to the

production of pulses? Name five leading states producing
pulses.
[5M, 2015]
A12.
(a) Pulses of Rabi season: Tur (arhar), urad, moong.
Pulses of Kharif season: Masur, peas, gram.
Importance of pulses:
• For agriculture. Being leguminous crops, they help in
restoring soil fertility by utilising nitrogen from the air
(nitrogen fixation). Therefore, these are mostly grown in
rotation with other crops.
• They need less moisture and survive even in dry
conditions.
(b) India is the largest producer of pulses in the world.
Major pulse producing states are: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

13. What are the major differences between primitive subsistence

farming and commercial farming?
[5M, 2013]
A13.
14. Name one type of agriculture which falls in the category of
commercial agriculture. Write the main characteristics of this
type of agriculture.
[5M, 2012]
A14. Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming.

Characteristics of plantation agriculture:

1. A single type of crop is grown on a large area.

2. Plantation is carried out on large estates using lot of
capital intensive units.
3. Lot of migrant labourers work on these estates.
4. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
All the produce is used as raw material in the respective
industries.
5. The production is mainly for the market, i.e., commercial
agriculture.

15. Mention two geographical conditions required for the growth of

Maize crop in India. Describe three factors which have
 contributed to increase maize production. Write four major
maize producing states.
[5M, 2012]
A15. Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize
. crop in India:
1. It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°
C to 27° C. It requires moderate rainfall between 50-100
cm.
2. It grows well in old alluvial soils.
Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. In
some states like Bihar, maize is grown in rabi season also.
Maize production in India has increased due to factors like:
o use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds;
o use of fertilisers; and
o use of irrigation facilities.
o major maize producing state: Karnataka, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh.