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Heredity
& Evolution
CH 9 Science | Class 10
Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's
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 the REDITY AND EVOLUTION
* The biological science ,
which deals with the mechanism of heredity ( inheritance and
causes of variation within same
species or between different species is twinned as

genetics .

* Variations :

→
The differences in the characters or traits among the individuals of a species are

called variations .

→ A few variations are also produced during asexual mode of reproduction due to
small inaccuracies in copying of DNA but sexual reproduction process a
large
number of variations .

*
Types of Variation :

B Environmental Variation :
a.
It is caused by our environment
including factors like dirt , pollution ,
chemical ,

radiation and are not inherited .

*
They do not play any role in heredity .

it Genetic variation :

←
Variation in cell of organism which are heritable and are passed on to
germ
next generation during reproduction .

* Importance of Variation :

9) Variations are the basis of heredity .

ii) Adaptability to adverse conditions is due to variations .

iii) New Vanities of an organism may arise due to genetic variations and form
raw materials
for evolution .

id Helps in survival of species .

*
Heredity :

The transmission traits generation to

of characters or from one another is
•

known as inheritance or
heredity .

* Inherited traits :

D Inherited traits those which

are characteristics are received by offsprings from
their parents and are controlled by genes .

Attached and free earlobes are two variants found in human population .
* Gene →
A functional unit of heredity present on chromosomes of cell nucleus .

→
It is
composed of DNA and codes
for one poly nucleotide (protein) .

* Chromosome → A long rod like -

structure in a nucleus which appears during
cell and carry genes .

* Allele → A pair of contrasting characters is called allele or allelomorph .

Dominant allele Recessive allele

a) An allele that marks the presence of a) An allele whose expression is marked
a recessive allele in the phenotype .
by the presence of a dominant allele .

b) Dominant alleles for a trait are

usually b) The recessive allele are expressed only in

expressed if an individual is homozygenous homozygenous recessive condition .

dominant or heterozygous .
Eg : t( dwarf in
pea) in Tt .

Eg : TC tallness in pea)

* Genotype → Genetic composition of an individual .

The
* Phenotype → observable characters of an organism i.e .
physical features .

Homozygous condition Heterozygous c o n d i t i o n

•
In homozygous conditions Organisms containing two different alleles
, organisms have •

two similar genes or alleles for a particular of an individual containing both dominant
character in a
homologous pair of and recessive genes of an allele pair are ,

chromosomes . Said to be in heterozygous condition .

Eg .
TT or tt Eg . Tt

•
When only one allele pair is considered in cross breeding ,
it is called mono
hybrid
cross .

•
When two allelic
pairs are used
for crossing ,
it is called dihybrid cross .

•
Mendel had conducted several hybridisation experiments on garden pea ( Pisum Sativum)
The Mendel in pea plant were seven (7)
number of characters studied by
•
.

•
The number of chromosomes in Pisum Sativum is 9412in) .

•
Mendel selected garden pea for his experiments because :

if These grow quickly and are easier to study .

it Pea plants can be crossed or self pollinated and -

have a
flower structure
that limits accidental contact .

Garden pea had a number of clear cut differences ,

which were easy to observe
like length of Stem i.e . tall or short .

id Large number of seeds produced .

* Characteristics studied by Mendel :

Sr No
.
. Trait S tu di e d D o mi n a n t R e c e s s i v e

Tall CT) Dwarf Ct)

9 . Plant
Height
2 .
Flower Position Axillary (A) Terminal ( a )
3 . Pod colour Green CG) yellow (g)
4 . Pod shape Full or
Inflated CI) MCC) constricted (9) Kc)
5 . flower colour Violet CVD White CD
6 . Seed Shape Round CRD Wrinkled Cr)
 F .
Seed Colour Yellow Green (g)

* Mendel 's principles of inheritance :

Law of Dominance :

" Law of dominance States that the

only one
factor express itself in Fg generation .

4 In a
hybrid where both the contrasting alleles are present only
,
one allele called
dominant allele is able to its
effect while other
factor called recessive remains
express
suppressed in Fa generation .

* Fa . generation express both the dominant and hidden recessive

factors in the ratio 3 :9
in mono hybrid cross .

* Inheritance of traits for one

contrasting character :

→ Mendel crossed a
pure tall peaplant (TT) with pure dwarf pea plant and
observed that all progeny were hybrid tall (Tt) ie only . one
of the traits was able to
express itself in Fa generation .

→ The other trait called recessive trad remains

suppressed .

Ott
Parents Ot TT x

(Tall parent (Dwarf parent

Homozygous Homozygous)
Tt

Fa generation (All tall)

'

hybrid
Heterozygous
→ However ,
when he
self crossed
plants of Fa generation ,
he deserved
that Yielh Of the plants were dwarf and three fourth were tall .

Tt Tt

Gametes T t t t

Fa generation
-1T Tt Tt tt

Homozygous ✓ Homozygous
Heterozygous
it Law of Segregation
'

Law of segregation States that when a

pair of contrasting characters are brought
together in a
hybrid ; these factors do not mix up but simply associate themselves and
remain together and separate again at the time up gamete formation .

Also Cla law of "

purity of gamete because each gamete
"
is pure in itself i.e .

having ( either T
for tallness) or t( for dwarf ness) .
Ei Law of Independent Assortment :

A State that the genes of different characters located in different pairs of

chromosomes are independent of one another in their segretation during gamete
formation .

* Inheritance traits two

of for visible contrasting characters -

→
Mendel took plant with two contrasting characters i.e
green round seed and yellow
pea .

wrinkled seed .

→ When the Fa progeny were obtained they were round and yellow are dominant traits .

→ Mendel then allowed Fa progeny to be self crossed to obtain Fz

progeny .

He that
→
found seeds were round
yellow ,
round
green ,
wrinkled
yellow and some were wrinkled

green .

→
Ratio he found was 9 :3 :3 : 9 with above characteristics .

Parents RRyy noil't

( round green) ( wrinkled yellow)

Gametes Ry oil

Reily
( round yellow)
x
Fa j Fa Ratio
395 round a
Fz generation 908 round
yellow
green 3
qog wrinkled yellow 3

322 wrinkled green 9

→
This shows that the two characteristics '
R
'
and
' '

y are not linked to each other ,

so

are
independently inherited .

* How do traits get expressed ?

Cellular DNA (Information source )

For synthesis of

Proteins
enzyme work

efficiency
More hormone

produced

Tallness of plant

* Sen Determination :

*
The process by which seatmate / female) of a newborn individual is determined is called Sen

determination .
a.
In some species ,
environmental factors are important in determining the sea
of the
developing
individual .

Eg 9)
.
In reptiles ,
the temperature at which the fertilised eggs are kept ,
determines the sea of
the
offspring .

%) In turtles ,
at high temperature more females are
formed ,
while in lizards ,
it gives rise
to more males .

)
iii In snails , individuals can change sea , indicating that sea is not
genetically determined .

* Sen Determination in Human Beings :

•
Genetics is involved in the determination of sea of a child .

•
A male cell has one X -

chromosome and one Y -

chromosome so
,
it produces two
types of sperms with genotype Atx and A -14 .

•
Female sea is homo gametic .

-
A female cell has both X chromosome
-

,
so it produces similar type of eggs with genotype
Atx .

•
Sea of the child depends upon what happens during fertilisation -

9) If a sperm carrying X -

chromosome fertiliser the

egg ,
the child born will be female
( xx) .

%) If a sperm carrying Y chromosome

-

fertiliser the egg ,

the child born will be maleKY) .

•
Thus ,
the sperm on male cell determines the sex
of the child .

44-1 XX 44-144
( female) ( Male)
t t
22-1 X 22-14,221-7
( Gamete) ( Gametes)
( 22-111) (224×7,122+7)

44-111 441-7
Female Male
 Heredity & Evolution

1. Wh i a ia ion im o an fo a ecie ? ​ [1M,2017]

Ans 1. ​Va ia ion inc ea e he chance of i al of a ecie in a con an l changing
en i onmen .

2. Wha i a gene? ​[1M,2014]

Ans 2. ​Gene​, ni of he edi a info ma ion ha occ ie a fi ed o i ion (loc ) on a
ch omo ome. Gene achie e hei effec b di ec ing he n he i of o ein .

3. Whe e i DNA fo nd in a cell? ​[1M,2015]

Ans 3. D​NA​ i ​found​ in he n cle of a ​cell​. In ide he n cle , he e a e h ead-like
c e called ch oma in fib e (o ch omo ome ) hich con ain he ​DNA
(deo ibon cleic acid) of an o gani m. In e ka o ic ​cells​, he ​DNA​ i ​contained​ in he
ch omo ome ​present​ in he n cle .

4. Wha i he edi ? ​[1M,2014]

Ans 4. ​The oce b hich he fea e of an o gani m i a ed on f om one
gene a ion o ano he i called he edi .

5. Name he info ma ion o ce fo making o ein in he cell . ​[1M,2017]

Ans 5. ​The info ma ion o ce fo making o ein in he cell i DNA hich i
Deo iboN cleic Acid.
6. No o indi id al a e ab ol el alike in o la ion. Wh ? ​[1M,2016]
Ans 6. ​No two individuals​ in he ​population​ a e ​absolutely alike​ a he e a e
a ia ion in he DNA d e o he C o ing-o e and Recombina ion d ing he DNA
co ing oce .

7. Ho do gene con ol ai ? [1M, 2017]

Ans 7. ​The gene con ol he cha ac e i ic b making a ecific o ein. Gene a e he
egmen of DNA ha con ain info ma ion o fo m RNA hich l ima el fo m o ein.
Each gene con ain o allele and hi in c he cell o make o ein fo e e ion
of ai .

8. Ho man ai of ch omo ome a e e en in h man being ? ​[1M,2015]

Ans 8. ​23 ai ​of ch omo ome a e e en in h man being .

9. Gi e one e am le each of cha ac e ha a e inhe i ed and he one ha a e

ac i ed in h man . Men ion he diffe ence be een he inhe i ed and he ac i ed
cha ac e . ​ [2M,2010]
Ans 9. ​E am le of inhe i ed ai - Sha e of he e e o hai colo .
E am le of ac i ed ai - B ilding of m cle hile e e ci ing.

Diffe ence be een inhe i ed and ac i ed ai i a follo :

Inherited Characters Acquired Characters

Inhe i ed cha ac e affec he DNA of Ac i ed cha ac e do no ca e

ge m cell and hence can be a ed on change in DNA of he ge m cell and
o he f e gene a ion . hence canno be a ed on o he f e
gene a ion .
10. A Mendelian e e imen con i ed of b eeding ea lan bea ing iole flo e ih
ea lan bea ing hi e flo e . Wha ill be he e l in F​1​ ogen ? ​[2M,2018]

Ans 10. ​In Mendelian e e imen , b eeding of ea lan bea ing iole flo e i h ea
lan bea ing hi e flo e led o od c ion of all iole colo ed flo e (F1 ogen
lan ). The lan bea ing iole colo ed of he flo e i dominan o e i e colo ed
flo e in ea lan .

11. Wha a e cha ac e i ic ? Gi e an e am le. [2M]

Ans 11. ​The e a e 8 cha ac e i ic in biolog he a e cell la o gani m, e od c ion,
me aboli m, homeo a i , he edi , e on e o im li, g o h and de elo men ,
ada a ion h o gh e ol ion and e am le like e i a ion, dige ion of food,
ho o n he i

12. Whe e a e he gene loca ed? Wha i he chemical na e of gene ? ​[2M,2018]

Ans 12. ​Gene a e loca ed on ch omo ome in linea e ence and a fi ed o i ion .
Chemicall gene a e made of n cleic acid hich con i e DNA.

13. Wh ill each game e con ain onl one gene e ? [2M, 2014]
Ans 13. ​The gene con olling a a ic la ai e a a e f om each o he d ing game e
fo ma ion. Hence game e i al a e a fa a con a ing cha ac e a e con ide ed
and ill o e onl one gene e .

14. O gani m ho ing a e al e od c ion ho e li le a ia ion f om each o he .

Wh ? [2M, 2015]
Ans 14. ​In a e all e od cing o gani m , he e i no mee ing of gene of o
diffe en indi id al ince onl one a ne i in ol ed. The e a e e mino a ia ion
gene a ed in ch o gani m d e o mall inacc acie in DNA co ing.
15. Wh a e ai ac i ed d ing life ime of an indi id al no inhe i ed? [2M,2016]
Ans 15. ​T ai inhe i ed d ing a life ime canno be inhe i ed in he cce i e
gene a ion a he change do no eflec in he DNA of he ge m cell . Fo e am le, a
c icke la e canno a on hi kill on o hi ne gene a ion a he ai ac i ed
d ing hi life ime a e limi ed onl o non- e od c i e cell . Ho e e , an m a ion in
he ge m cell can e l in he ne ai being ac i ed b he cce i e gene a ion.

16. Ho i he e al gene ic con ib ion of male and female a en en ed in he

ogen ? [2M]
Ans 16.
E al gene ic con ib ion of male and female a en in he ogen i en ed
b he e al inhe i ance of ch omo ome f om each a en .
H man o e e 23 ai of ch omo ome , of hich 22 ai a e a o ome
and 1 ai i he e ch omo ome . The o e ch omo ome in h man a e X
and Y. Female ha e 2 X ch omo ome and male ha e a X and Y
ch omo ome.
D ing he oce of fe ili a ion, a ha loid emf e i h a ha loid o m o
od ce a di loid go e. Z go e ecei e e al amo n of gene ic ma e ial f om
each a en and h , e ain he di loid na e of fe ili a ion.
17. Wha i DNA co ing? S a e i im o ance. [3M,2015]
Ans 17. ​DNA co ing o DNA e lica ion efe o co ing of a en ai and gene
and a ing hem o he ne gene a ion. Im o ance of DNA e lica ion -

a) Cha ac e i ic of a en o gani m a e an mi ed o i off ing .

b) Al o ome a ia ion a e od ced ha inc ea e he a e of i al of
ecie .
c) Thi al o fo m he ba i of e ol ion.

18. I i o ible ha a ai i inhe i ed b ma no be e e ed. Gi e a i able

e am le o j if hi a emen . [3M,2015]
Ans 18. ​A ai ma be inhe i ed, b ma no be e e ed. Thi a emen i
com le el j ified and can be een b he follo ing e am le: If e c o e-b ed all
(dominan ) ea lan ih e-b ed d a f ( ece i e) ea lan e ill ge ea lan
of F1gene a ion. If e no elf-c o he ea lan of F1 gene a ion, hen e ob ain ea
lan of F2 gene a ion. D a f lan a e no fo nd in Fi gene a ion b a ea ed in F2
gene a ion. In he F1 gene a ion, he dominan cha ac e i ic i Tall hich a ea ed in F
ogen b in F2 gene a ion, e ence of o ece i e cha ac e i ic / ai , he
lan hich a ea ed a e d a f. The a io of all lan o d a f lan in F2 gene a ion
i : 3:1 I o ed ha d a fne hich a lo in F1 gene a ion. ea ea ed in F2
gene a ion.
19. Gi e he ba ic fea e of he mechani m of inhe i ance. [3M,2017]
Ans 19. ​The oce of an fe of gene ical cha ac e f om a en o off ing i
called Inhe i ance. The ba ic fea e of inhe i ance a e
(i) Cha ac e a e con olled b gene .
(ii) Each gene con ol one cha ac e .
(iii) The e ma be o o mo e fo m of he gene.
(i ) One fo m ma be dominan o e he o he .
( ) Gene a e e en on ch omo ome .
( i) An indi id al ha o fo m of he gene he he imila o di imila .
( ii) The o fo m e a a e a he ime of game e fo ma ion.
( iii) The o fo m a e b o gh oge he in he go e.

20. Ho e i de e mined in h man being ? [3M,2014]

Ans 20. ​Se of child in h man i de e mined b he e of male ha loid game e ha
f e i h he female egg. The ch omo ome in he 23 d ai of a male game e can be
ei he X o Y. The female egg al a ha an X ch omo ome. So if he male game e
i h he X ch omo ome f e i h he female egg, he child ill be female. Simila l if
he male game e i h he Y ch omo ome f e i h he female egg, he child ill be
male.

21. E lain i h he hel of a fig e ha fa he i e on ible fo he e of a child.

[3M,2015]
Ans 21. ​Se of a child de end on ha ha en d ing fe ili a ion. (i) If a em
ca ing X ch omo ome fe ili e an o m hich ca ie X.ch omo ome, hen he child
bo n ill be a gi l. (ii) If a e m ca ing Y ch omo ome fe ili e an o m hich ca ie
X-ch omo ome, hen he child bo n ill be a bo . Th , e m (f om fa he ) de e mine
he e of he child.
.

22. Wha a e ch omo ome ? E lain ho in e all e od cing o gani m he

n mbe of ch omo ome in he ogen i main ained. ​[3M,2015]
Ans 22. ​Ch omo ome a e h ead-like c e fo nd in he n cle a he ime of cell
di i ion. The a e made of o ein and DNA.
In e all e od cing o gani m , he game e nde go meio i , and hence,
each game e con ain onl half a e of ch omo ome . When o game e f e,
he go e fo med con ain he f ll e of ch omo ome . Hence, he fo ma ion of
game e b meio i hel o main ain he n mbe of ch omo ome in he
ogen .
23. Ho did Mendel' e lain ha i i o ible ha a ai i inhe i ed b no e e ed
in an o gani m? ​ [3M,2017]
Ans 23. ​Mendel e lained ha i i o ible ha a ai i inhe i ed b no e e ed in
an o gani m i h he hel of a monoh b id c o .

1. He c o ed e-b ed all lan (TT) i h e-b ed d a f lan ( ).

2. The ogen he ecei ed in he fi filial gene a ion a all. The d a fne
did no ho in he F1 gene a ion.
3. He hen c o ed he all ea lan of he F1 gene a ion and fo nd ha he
d a f lan e e ob ained in he econd gene a ion. He ob ained h ee all
lan and one d a f lan .

24. Name he lan Mendel ed fo hi e e imen . Wha e of ogen a ob ained

b Mendel in F​1​ and F​2​ gene a ion hen he c o ed he all and ho lan ?
W i e he a io he ob ained in F​2 gene
​ a ion lan . ​ [3M,2019]
Ans 24.​ ​O gani m ed b Mendel fo hi e e imen a ea lan . Mendel
ook a e all lan (TT) and c o ed i i h a d a f ( ) lan . The ogen
h ob ained a called F1 ogen (Fi filial ogen ).
Then he elf ollina ed he F1 ogen o ob ain F2 gene a ion.

In F2 gene a ion he fo nd ha 75% lan e e all and 25% e e d a f.

TT : 2Tt : tt.
25. 'The e of a ne bo n child i a ma e of chance and none of he a en ma be
con ide ed e on ible fo i .' J if hi a emen i h he hel of flo cha
ho ing de e mina ion of e of a ne bo n. ​[5M,2012]
Ans 25. ​In h man being , female ha e o X ch omo ome and male ha e one X
and one Y ch omo ome. The efo e, he female a e e e en ed a XX and male a
XY. A he ime of ma ing, la ge n mbe of e m a e ejac la ed f om he male
e od c i e o gan ( eni ), in o he female e od c i e o gan i.e., agina. The a el
o ad he fallo ian be , he e onl one e m mee i h he egg.

The oce of f ion of he e m and o m i called fe ili a ion. The e m

ha ei he X o Y ch omo ome and egg ha onl X ch omo ome. So, if a e m
ca ing Y ch omo ome f e i h he egg, he ne l bo n child ill be male and
if a e m ca ing X ch omo ome f e i h he egg, he ne l bo n child ill
be female. The e i an e al chance of f ion of ei he X o Y ch omo ome i h
he egg o e can a ha he e of a ne bo n child i a ma e of chance and
none of he a en i e on ible fo i . Se de e mina ion in h man i ho n
belo :
26. Ho do Mendel' e e imen ho ha he
(a) T ai ma be dominan o ece i e
(b) T ai a e inhe i ed inde enden l
Ans 26. ​ (a) Mendel c o ed eb ed all ea lan ih eb ed d a f ea lan
and fo nd ha onl all ea lan e e od ced in he fi gene a ion and
he e e e no d a f ea lan . He concl ded ha he fi gene a ion
ho ed he ai of onl one of he a en lan - allne . The ai of he
o he a en lan - d a fne - did no ho in he ogen of he fi
gene a ion.

He hen c o ed he all ea lan ob ained in he fi gene a ion (F1

gene a ion) and fo nd ha bo h all lan and d a f lan e e ob ained in he
econd gene a ion (F2 gene a ion) in he a io of 3 : 1.

Mendel no ed ha he d a f ai of he a en ea lan hich di a ea ed in he

fi gene a ion ogen ea ea ed in he econd gene a ion. In hi a ,
Mendel' e e imen i h all and d a f ea lan ho ed ha he ai ma
be dominan and ece i e.

(b) When Mendel c o ed e-b ed all ea lan ih e-b ed d a f ea

lan , he fo nd ha onl all ea lan e e od ced in he F1 gene a ion.
When he f he c o ed he all ea lan of he F1 gene a ion, he fo nd
 ha he all lan and d a f lan e e ob ained in he a io 3 : 1 in he F2
gene a ion.
Mendel no ed ha all he ea lan od ced in he F2
gene a ion e e ei he all o d a f. The e e e no lan i h in e media e
heigh (o medi m heigh ) in be een he all and d a f lan .
In hi a ,
Mendel' e e imen ho ed ha he ai (like allne and d a fne ) a e
inhe i ed inde enden l . Thi i beca e if he ai of allne and d a fne
had blended (o mi ed ), hen medi m- i ed ea lan o ld ha e been
od ced.

27. Wi h he hel of one e am le fo each, di ing i h be een he ac i ed ai and

he inhe i ed ai . Wh a e he ai /e e ience ac i ed d ing he en i e life ime
of an indi id al no inhe i ed in he ne gene a ion? E lain he ea on of hi fac
i h an e am le. ​ [5M,2017]

Ans 27.

Inherited Characters Acquired Characters

Inhe i ed cha ac e affec he DNA of Ac i ed cha ac e do no ca e

ge m cell and hence can be a ed on change in DNA of he ge m cell and
o he f e gene a ion . hence canno be a ed on o he f e
gene a ion .

​Onl ho e ai a e inhe i ed hich a e de elo ed beca e of change in gene .

An ac i ed ai o e e ience i de elo ed a a e on e o he en i onmen ; i i no
inhe i ed. The e a e no de elo ed d e o he change in gene .

E am le : H man being e e iencing eigh lo d e o a a ion.

The e ill be ed c ion in eigh a a e on e o a a ion. Thi ill e l in
he ed c ion in he n mbe of bod cell o o e all bod -ma a io of he
indi id al. I ill no ha e an effec on he gene ic con i ion of he indi id al.
Beca e he e i no change in he gene of he indi id al, i i no an ac i ed
ai .
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion
(A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) . Mark the correct
choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and reason
is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but reason
is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is incorrect
(d) Assertion (A) is incorrect, reason (R) is correc

28​. Assertion​: A gene ici c o ed a ea lan ha ing iole flo e i h a ea

lan i h hi e flo e , he go all iole flo e in fi gene a ion.
Reason​: Whi e colo gene i no a ed on o ne gene a ion.
[2021, Sample Paper]
Ans 28.​ c) A i e, b R i fal e.

29. ​Assertion:​ ​Mendel choo e ea lan fo hi e e imen .

​ Reason: ​Pea lan e e he onl lan he co ld ga he fo hi e e imen ​.
Ans 29. ​c) A i e, b R i fal e.