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* India is an important
agriculturally country .
* Two -
third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities .
*
Agriculture is a primary activity which produces ,
most of the food that we consume .
Farming
Subsistence commercial
Primitive Intensive
•
Done in small patches .
•
Primitive tools are used like hoe .
Depends on Monsoon .
Labours are
usually family members
•
→
It is Primitive Subsistence Farming .
→
Farmers clear the patch of land and shift to new
patch .
labour
4 It is intensive
farming .
H
Irrigation is done for water supply .
D
High doses of Biochemical inputs are used .
* Commercial Farming :
a.
It is done for profit .
•
Thigh doses of modern inputs are used .
B.
TTYV seeds and chemical fertilisers connected to farm are used .
•
Good transport system is required .
* Plantation :
•
A single crop is
grown in large area .
•
It is type of commercial farming .
•
•
In India : -
•
Network of transport processing industries and markets play
,
an important role in
development of commercial crops .
Babi Zaid
kharif
Kharif Season :
•
Grown in onset of monsoon .
•
Harvested in September -
October .
this
•
•
Assam ,
West Bengal ,
Orissa are important for rice crop .
•
Punjab and Haryana are important for paddy .
• Rabi Season :
•
Sown in October -
December .
•
Harvested in April -
June .
•
Wheat barley gram
, , , peas are grown in this season .
•
Precipitation during winter months helps in of
success these crops .
North and North West region ( States) are important for rabi crop production
• -
.
• Zaid Season :
•
In between the rabi and the kharif season ,
there is short season during summer
months .
•
Watermelon ,
muskmelon ,
cucumber , vegetables and fodder crops are
grown .
¥, Major Crops :
Rice :
"
Staple food crop .
D
kharif crop .
D
High temperature and high humidity is required .
•
Annual rainfall above 900cm .
"
2nd most important cereal crop .
D
Rabi crop .
•
Requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening .
D
Annual rainfall 50 -
75cm .
"
Grown mainly in Ganga Satluj plains
-
in North -
West region and black soil of
Deccan Plateau .
"
Jowar , bajra ragi ,
are important millets grown in India .
Millets
•
Rain fed crop .
•
Grows in moist areas .
•
Some States producing Jowar :
9) Maharashtra 2J Karnataka
3) Madhya Pradesh 4) Andhra Pradesh
Bajra :
•
Grows well on
sandy soils and shallow black soil .
•
Followed by Uttar Pradesh ,
Maharashtra Gujarat ,
and Haryana .
Ragi :
•
It is a crop of dry region .
•
Grows well in red black and Sandy soil , .
•
Rich in calcium iron and roughage , .
•
Karnataka Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Andhra
, , ,
Pradesh ,
Jharkhand .
Maize :
*
kharif
'
crop .
I 290 -
27°C .
*
Major estates : Karnataka ,
Uttar Pradesh Andhra ,
Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh .
I>
In Bihar it is also grown as rabi crop .
Pulses :
•
Good of proteins
.
source .
°
Grows in rotation with other crops .
•
Dal -
tur mooing, ,
urad ,
Masur , peas , gram .
it States -
Madhya Pradesh ,
Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan ,
Maharashtra .
Sugarcane :
↳
Temperature about 29 -
27C .
4
Rainfall About 75 -
900cm .
Oil Seeds :
"
lovers 92%
of the total cropped area of the total cropped area of the country .
D
Main oil -
seeds produced in India are groundnut ,
mustard coconut
, ,
sesamumftil) , soyabean Castor seeds
, ,
cotton seeds ,
linseed and sunflower .
Groundnut :
D
kharif crop .
is
Gujarat is largest producer .
Sesamum :
"
kharif in North India .
•
Rabi in South India .
Castor Seed :
D
Growth both as rabi and kharif crop .
lea :
→
India is 3rd largest producer .
→
Grows well in tropical and sub -
→
Fertile soil which is rich in humus and organic matter is essential .
→
tiabour intensive industry .
Coffee :
•
India produces 3.2% coffee of the world .
•
Arabica variety , initially brought from Yemen is
grown in India .
•
Even now it is confined to Nilgiri in Karnataka ,
Kerala Tamil,
Nadu .
Horticulture crops :
>
India is 2nd largest producer of tropical and temperature fruits .
•
Produces 93% of the world 's vegetables .
8
Natural Rubber :
→
Equatorial crop but also grows in tropical and sub -
→ Climate -
moist and humid .
→
Rainfall -
more than 200cm .
→
States -
Kerala ,
Tamil Nadu ,
Andaman .
* Fibre crops :
if Silk :
A
Rearing of silk worm
for the production of silk is called SERICULTURE .
it Cotton :
B kharif crop .
B 290
frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth .
B
Requires : 6- 8 months .
Tate :
7
Requires high temperature at the time of growth .
West
Bengal Assam Bihar
7 States : .
, ,
* Institutional Reforms :
Provides livelihood
•
A
Agricultural reform is important because :
→
Collectivisation
→ Consolidation of holidays
→ Abolition Of Zamindari
k Green revolution
$ White revolution
k KCC ( Kisan credit card)
k PAIS (Personal accident insurance scheme)
$ Special weather bulletins
$ Agricultural programmes in TV and radio
$ Setting MSP
'
*
Steps taken by Government to modernise Agriculture :
4 Establishment of ICAR
4 Setting up Agricultural universities and veterinary services and Animal breeding centres .
Improving weather
forecast .
* Contribution of Agriculture to the National Economy Employment ,
and Output :
→
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian
economy .
→ In 2090 -
99 , about 52% of the work
force was
employed into farming sector .
After 9990 India could not compete with highly subsidised agriculture of Modern countries
Genetic
'
The new
technology emerged as Engineering
'
or
'
Gene Revolution '
In fact Organic Farming is much in vogue today because it is practised without factory
made chemicals such as
fertilisers and pesticides .
Hence ,
it does not affect environment in a negative manner .
Suggestions by Experts !
•
Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value
craps .
This will increase incomes and reduce environ metal degradation simultaneously
•
•
India 's diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value
crops .
1 Mark Questions
3. What is horticulture?
[1M, 2012]
A3. Cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers is called
. horticulture.
3 Mark Questions
B. Subsistence Farming
i. Is practiced on small patches of land
ii. Labour intensive farming
iii. Use of primitive tools
iv. Dependent on Monsoons
v. Called as ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture.
vi. Low productivity (Any two to be mentioned in each unit)
5. Describe any three main features of ‘Alluvial soil’ found in India.
[3M, 2019]
A5.
• Alluvial soil is considered as one of the most fertile soils.
Alluvial soil covers the entire northern plains in India.
• Alluvial soil contains sand, silt and clay mainly due to silt
deposited by Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra rivers.
According to age, it is classified into Bangar (old alluvial) and
Khadar (new alluvial).
• Alluvial soil contains an ample amount of potash, phosphoric
acid and lime. This soil is ideal for the growth of crops like
sugarcane, wheat and rice etc.
5 Mark Questions
Other Reforms:
12. (a) Name three pulses each of Rabi and Kharif season. Write
. their importance for human beings and for agriculture.