AP Human Geography Unit 5

Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Directions: Use the AMSCO textbook, Chapters 11-14 pgs 271-358 to complete vocabulary
terms and definitions and provide real-life examples to reflect each term. DUE: 2/27/2024
***Vocabulary Quiz on 2/23, 2/26, and 2/27*** AVERAGE 6 WORDS PER DAY

Term definition real-life example

5.1 agriculture The process by which The dairy farms
humans alter the between Vancouver
landscape in order to and Battle Ground.
raise crops and
livestock for
consumption and
trade.

climate The long-term We have a very wet

weather patterns in a climate year round.
region

Subsistence agriculture To grow enough food Many do this in more

or raise enough remote regions of the
livestock to meet the world.
immediate needs of
the farmer and their
family.

Commercial agriculture To grow enough Most farms in the

crops or raise enough United States.
livestock to sell for
profit.

Intensive agriculture Farming that uses The Midwest and its

significant amounts of corn.
labor and money.

Extensive agriculture Farming uses smaller Slash and burn

amounts of labor and techniques.
money in relation to
land area.

Intensive commercial agriculture Heavy investments in Cash crops, or other

labor and capital are wanted fruits,
used in this type of vegetables, or nuts.
agriculture which
often results in high
yields and profits.

Intensive subsistent agriculture Agriculture that is Wheat, soybeans,

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
often labor and and barley in
animal intensive. Northern China.

Extensive commercial agriculture Type of farming uses Shifting cultivation,

low inputs of nomadic herding, and
resources but has the ranching.
goal of selling the
product for profit.

capital The money invested Investing in a

in land, equipment, harvester or
and machines. something.

Extensive subsistent agriculture Few inputs are used Mostly use family
in this type of members, and are
agricultural activity, meant to feed those
and is used to feed family members.
immediate family
members.

Pastoral nomadism Type of subsistence Is done in mongolia.

extensive agriculture
is practiced in arid
and semi-arid
climates throughout
the world. Nomads
rely on the for
survival Animals to
provide meat for food
and hides for clothing
and shelter.

Shifting cultivation In this type of A farmer moving from

subsistent extensive one area to another
farming, farmers because the area
grow crops on a they were using lost
piece of land for a its fertility.
year or two. When
the soil loses fertility,
they move to another
field, and involves
using new fields

plantation Cash crops grown on Pre Civil War

large estates, usually plantations.
for export.

Mixed crop and livestock farming Combination of cash Crop rotation might

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
crops with livestock be a good example.
to complement

Grain farming In regions too dry for Ukraine was known

mixed crop as a major grain
agriculture, farmers farming State before
often raise wheat. the war there.
Consumed mostly by
people, wheat is
produced in the
prairies and plains.

Commercial gardening Gardening on a large Would be done in

scale to produce fruit hotter warmer
and vegetables in climates in the
bulk to be sold year tropics.
round.

Market gardening When fruits and Rooftop gardens,

vegetables are grown greenhouse,
near an urban market hydroponics.
and sold to local
suppliers, stores,
restaurants.

Dairy farming Farms that supply Farms here,

milk and other dairy Wisconsin, around
products, and that Tillamook and such.
traditionally were
mostly local farms
that were suppliers,
and this is still
common in less
developed regions of
the world.

Milk shed The geographic Like a watershed, but

distance that milk is with milk and
delivered. proximity to milk
farming.

Mediterranean agriculture Practiced in regions Central and Southern

with hot, dry California, the South
summers, mild and West Coast of
winters, narrow Australia are
valleys, and often examples of this kind
some irrigation. of biome.

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
transhumance The seasonal herding Monglios in the
of animals from Mongol Steppe.
higher elevations in
the summer to lower
elevations and
valleys in the winter.

Livestock ranching The commercial Raising cattle

grazing of animals
confined to a specific
area.

5.2 Clustered (nucleated) settlements Settlements had Battle Ground, and its
groups of homes shared services as
located near each restaurants, and
other in a village and Schools.
fostered a strong
sense of place and
often shared of
services,

Linear settlement Buildings and human Portland and

activities are Vancouver were built
organized close to a close to the columbia
body of water or because of it being a
along a transportation significant trade
route. route.

Dispersed settlement Patterns in which Those dairy farmer

farmers lived in around here are
homes spread pretty dispersed.
throughout the
countryside.

Metes and bounds Irregularly shaped 13 colonies and

tracts that don't Texas.
conform to
rectangular systems.

Public Land Survey System (township Created rectangular Most of the American
and range system) plots of consistent West is like this,
size. except Texas.

townships Rectangular survey Western states.

systems used by the
U.S to divide up its

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
counties were 6 miles
by 6 miles.

30 section Consisting of 640 1 square mile area.

acres, it could be
divided into smaller
lots, such as half
sections or quarter
sections.

French long-lot system Divide land into Louisiana, France,

narrow parcels Algeria, and other
stretching back from ex-french colonies.
rivers, and/or roads.

5.3 First (neolithic) revolution Dating back 10,000 The fertile Crescent,
years ago, that was and those early
the innovation of societies.
farming.

Animal domestication The process by which Making it so that

wild animals are sheep are fluffy, or
cultivated into a chickens are fatter( to
resource supply for the point that they
humans. can't walk much).

Plant domestication The process by which Making strawberries

wild plants are bigger, or making it so
cultivated into that watermelons
productive crops, have small seeds.
often with more
desirable traits.

Fertile Crescent Hearth of early Along rivers and had

agriculture and early a fertile
civilization most mediterranean
credited with climate.
southwest Asia.

Independent innovation In some cases, crops Pigs and Wheat being

and animals were domesticated
domesticated in throughout Asia.
multiple regions with
seemingly no
interaction among the
people.

Columbian Exchange Facilitated the global From Spain goes

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
diffusion of plants, wine and bread, then
animals, disease, to Spain comes
human population, potatoes, tomatoes,
culture, technology, and corn.
and ideas.

5.4 Second Agricultural Revolution Began in the 1700s, Industrial Revolution

used the advances of times, inventions
the Industrial such as they cradle
Revolution to and scythe.
increase food
supplies and part
population growth.

Enclosure Acts A series of laws I landowners buy up

enacted by the British land from common
government that people, who move to
enabled landowners the city, whilst the
to purchase and landowners use the
enclose land for their land to farm.
own use.

Crop rotation The technique of Planting potatoes at

planting different one time then wheat,
crops in a specific and then corn.
sequence on the
same plot of land in
order to restore
nutrients back into
the soil.

irrigation The process of Whenever the farms

applying controlled around here use
amounts of water to sprinklers, that's
crops using canals, irrigation.
pipes, sprinkler
systems, or other
human-made
devices, rather than
to rely on just rainfall.

5.5 Third Agricultural Revolution Born out of science, Happened around the
research, and 1950s and 1960s.
technology, and it
continues today. This
revolution expanded
mechanization of

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
farming, developed
new global
agricultural systems,
and used scientific
and information
technologies to
further previous
advances in
agricultural
production.

Green Revolution The advances in GMOs, and

plant biology of the genetically similar
mid-20th century. plants.

hybridization The process of Many apples were

breeding two plants created this way to
that have desirable make them have
characteristics to different flavors.
produce a single
seed with both
characteristics.

Genetically modified organism A process by which Done to make plants

humans use resistant to insects
engineering and diseases, but
techniques to change makes them also
the DNA of a seed. more susceptible to
them due to being so
similar to them all.

5.6 Bid-rent theory That there is a A farmer will have to

distance decay make high profits if
relationship between they bought land near
proximity to urban an urban center, as
markets and the they need a return on
value of land, investment in the land
meaning the closer that they spent so
land is to an urban much money on.
center the more
valuable the land is.

Capital intensive Industry that uses Most modern

mechanical goods, factories use just
but requires little machines.
human labor.

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
Labor intensive An industry for which Factories that use an
labor costs are high assembly line system
per range of total where one worker
expanse. does one job.

Factory farming Capital intensive Most modern meats

livestock operation in come from these
which many animals kinds of places.
are kept in close
quarters, and bred
and fed in a
controlled
environment.

Aquaculture (aquafarming) A type of intensive Man made estuaries

farming. Rather than that are meant to
raising typical farm farm salmon, but they
animals in close also populate the
quarters with a environment.
controlled
environment, fish,
shellfish, or water
plants are raised in
netted areas in the
sea, tanks, or other
bodies of water.

Double cropping Planting and Sunflowers are

harvesting a crop two doubled cropped, and
(or three) times per so are soybean, and
year on the same sorghum.
piece of land.

Intercropping (multi-cropping) When farmers grow Planting rows of

two or more crops potatoes then like
simultaneously on the carrots or something.
same field.

monoculture Agriculture where Only growing

only one crop is potatoes during a
grown or one type of certain season.
animal is raised per
season on a piece of
land.

monocropping Only growing one Just planting and

type of crop or raising harvesting wheat or

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
one type of animal just having cows on
year after year. one piece of land
year after year.

feedlots Confined spaces in What we saw with the

which cattle and hogs chickens in those
have limited farms in Food Inc.
movement, also
known as
concentrated animal
feeding operations
(CAFOs).

5.7 agribusiness Farms run as Tyson, they are a

aporations, and the meat company that
globalization of sells cow, pig, and
agriculture. chicken.

Transnational corporations Companies that Fast food restaurants,

operate in many grocery store chains,
countries. media companies,
etc.

Vertical integration The ownership of Most car companies

other businesses own all the
involved in the steps companies that make
of producing a various parts, like
particular good tires.

Economies of scale An increase in Going from using

efficiency to lower the labor to using
per-unit production machines.
cost, resulting in
greater profits.

60 Commodity chain A process used by Extract oil in the

corporations to gather Middle-East, bring it
resources, transform to the U.S, to then be
them into goods, and refined into fuel, then
then transport them brought to gas
to consumers. stations who sell it,
and then you put it in
your car.

Carrying capacity The number of How many people

people that farmers farmers can support.
can support given the
aralade resources.

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Cool chains Transportation Trains that keep food
networks that keep cold, or shipping
food cool throughout containers that do the
a trip. same.

5.8 Location theory A key component of Bid-rent theory, or the

economic geography Von Thünen Model
deals with why
people choose
certain locations for
various types of
economic activity.

Von Thunen model Economic model that Why certain crops are
suggested a pattern in certain places.
for the types of
products that farmers
would produce at
different positions
relative to the market
(community) where
they sold their goods.

Isotropic plain A flat and featureless The Great Plains, as

plain with similar it is flat, with maybe
fertility and climate the occasional tree.
throughout.

horticulture A type of agriculture Fruits, vegetables,

that includes and dairy products.
perishable items.

Bid-price curve (bid-rent curve) Used to determine There is the business

the starting position center, then
for each land use manufacturing, and
relative to the market, then residential.
as well as where
each land use would
end.

Free-market economy Where supply and Where the crops line

demand, not meets a forest, with
government policy, the end of crops, and
determine the the beginning of
outcome of forest.
competition for land.

Comparative advantage Naturally occurring If its to hot or cold to

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
beneficial conditions plant crops.
that would prompt
farmers to plant crops
differently from those
predicted by von
Thünen's model.

5.9 Supply chain All the steps required Getting corn from
to get a product or Iowa to here in
service to customers. Washington.

Luxury crops Not essential to Cocoa beans for

human survival but chocolate.
have a high profit
margin.

neocolonialism The use of economic, The growing of

political, and social Cocoa or Coffee
pressures to control beans.
former colonies, can
be one way to
describe the current
state of global food
distribution.

Fairtrade movement An effort to promote We do this in the U.S

higher incomes for with organic food
producers and more programs.
sustainable farming
practices.

subsidies Public financial Taking unsold food

support to farmers to and the government
safeguard food buying it back.
production.

infrastructure The basic systems The building or roads,

used to make today's creating electricity,
world run, and that sewage, tunnels,
are usually funded by ports, schools, etc.
governments, on the
local or federal scale,
and/or business.

5.10 Land cover change The study of how Where mining was
land is used and the located, its effects on

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
impact of changing the land, and how to
land use. fix those effects.

desertification Alteration of the Slash and burn does

natural vegetation in this when the
arid areas causes previously used land
fertile land to become is left.
infertile.

salinization Occurs when salts Can also happen

from water used by when evaporation
plants remain in the leaves salts in the
soil, which then ground, usually
decreases a plants happening if there is
ability to uptake water excess water.
and nutrients, which
results in lower yields
and may render soil
useless.

Terrace farming Farmers build a Incas did this, so do

series of steps into rice farmers.
the side of a hill.

irrigation The process of Done by sprinklers,

applying controlled dams, canals, or
amounts of water to pipes.
crops.

Center-pivot irrigation Watering equipment You can see this

rotates around a pivot when you look over
and delivers specific the field, as you can
amounts of water, see squares in which
fertilizer, or pesticides there are circles
to the field. within.

wetlands Low-lying areas that Mangroves swamps,

contain a significant like those in Central
amount of water at or America, and
near the surface. Louisiana.

deforestation The destruction of Cutting down trees in

forested areas or the Amazon.
regions by human or
natural means.

Slash-and-burn agriculture An early agricultural Burn down an area,

practice and type of farm on it for 3 years,

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
shifting cultivation then move to a new
that takes place when area, then going back
all vegetation in an to the original one in
area of forest is cut 6-20 years.
down and burned in
place.

5.11 Blue Revolution The increased use of Aquaculture is the

aquaculture, and fastest growing food
suitable ocean production in the
practices. world.

overgraze If the density of Cattle eating all the

animals is greater grass.
than even expansive
grasslands can
support.

Organic foods Crops that are You can find organic

non-GMO, produced foods at grocery
without pesticides or stores.
synthetic fertilizers
and use sustainable
growing practices.

Value-added crops Crops which Fruits from tropical

consumers are willing areas, like Dragon
to pay more because Fruit, Star Fruit,
of special qualities or Durian, etc.
because they are
difficult to acquire.

Value-added farming Occurs when farmers Turing strawberries or

process their crops other fruit into jams,
into high-value or grapes into wine.
products, rather than
simply selling it as it
comes from the field.

90 Local-food movement Seeking out food Trying to get your

produced nearby. meats from a local
deli, or eggs from
your own chickens.

Urban farming The production of Rooftop gardens, or

farm goods within an greenhouse on roofs.
urban area with the
goal of providing

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
locally grown food.

Community gardens A plot of land that is A place we’re

cultivated by someone could get
individuals, or the some carrots, and
collectives of a potatoes without
community. going to the grocery
store.

Vertical farms Grow crops inside in Shelves filled with

stackable trays, using plants, in a
greenhouses, greenhouse.
artificial lights, and
hydroponics.

hydroponics Crops grow without Grown in trays that

soil using have mineral water in
mineral-enriched them that the plants
solutions. soak up.

Community-supported agriculture Brings producers and Subscription based

(CSA) consumers into a service where you
type of partnership. get the food directly
from the farm
throughout the
season.

Food insecurity When households Sub-Sarah Africa is

lack access to the most food
adequate food insecure, by a wide
because of limited margin.
money or other
resources.

Food desert A neighborhood The poor sides of

where residents have cities probably
little to no access to experience this as
healthy and many grocery stores
affordable food. want to be in that
area.

Food distribution system A network of trade Dairy farms to

and transportation Tillamook factory, and
that get food from then Tillamook
farms to consumers. products to the rest of
the Country.

Food processing The transformation of Corn into high

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Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes
agricultural products fructose corn syrup.
into food or taking Milk into cheese and
food items and ice cream.
transforming them
into a different type.

tariff Tax on imports. We have tariffs on

Chinese goods.

quota Limit the quantity of Sugar and products

goods imported. with 65% sugar
content.

5.12 Gender inequality The unequal “The Pink Tax,” is a

opportunities, term used for
treatments, or rights feminine products
of a person based on that are marked up
gender. because they are
meant for females, i.e
razors, hygiene
products, clothes.

Gender-specific obstacles Discriminatory Women denied to

practices that prevent own property.
female farmers from
reaching their
potential productivity.

105 Crop gap Gap between male This gap is between

and female run 20 and 30 percent.
farms.

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