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UNIT 1: THE COMING OF EUROPEANS INTO AFRICA

1. (a) Define the following terms.

i) Colonisation.

Is the establishment of political, social & economic control

by one state over another.

ii) Colonialists.

 These were people who came from Europe to rule Africa.

iii) Colony.

 Is a country ruled by another stronger country for her citizens to

have a permanent settlement.

iv) Scramble for Africa.

 This was the struggle among European countries to get colonies

in Africa.

v) Partition of Africa.

 This was the peaceful division of African territories among

European countries for colonization.

b) When did the colonization of Africa begin?

 In the late 1400s.

c) Why did the Europeans referred Africa to as a dark

continent?

 Because they had little knowledge about its interior.

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d) Give any four reasons why Africa took long to be known to
the outside world.

 Africa had thick forests.

 Due to hostile tribes.
 Africa had hot deserts.
 Africa had dangerous wild animals.

2. (a) The Europeans who came to Africa were divided into three
groups. Name them.

 Traders
 Explorers
 Missionaries
(b) Name the first group who came to Africa.
 The traders.

c) Mention the European powers that declared interest in Africa.

 Belgium
 Britain
 France
 Portugal
 Spain
 Germany
 Italy

d) i) Outline any four items brought to Africa by European traders.

 Glassware, wine, guns, iron.

ii) Give four items they got from Africans in exchange with the
above.
 Ivory, spice, slaves, rhino horns, tortoise shells.

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3. (a) Who is a missionary?

 A missionary is a person who leaves his country to another

country to spread the word of God.

b) Give four reasons for the coming of European missionaries to

Africa.

 To spread Christianity.
 To introduce formal education.
 To stop slave trade.
 To prevent the spread of Islam.

c) Name any three Christian missionaries who came to Africa.

 Johann Ludwig Krapf.

 Johannes Rebmann.
 Dr. David Livingstone.

d) State any four problems/ challenges faced by missionaries in

Africa.

 Attacks from hostile tribes.

 Tropical diseases.
 Language barriers.
 Harsh climate.
 Poor transport.
 Attacks from wild animals.

4. (a) Who is an explorer?

 An explorer is a person who travels to venture and discover new

things.

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b) Mention any four European explorers who came to Africa.

 Vasco da Gama.
 John Speke.
 Henry Morton Stanley.
 Sir Samuel Baker.

c) i) Which European explorer helped in building fort Jesus ?

 Vasco da Gama.

ii) Who among the European explorers was the first governor of the
Equatorial Province?

 Sir Samuel Baker.

iii) Which European explorer first saw and named Lake Victoria?

 John Speke.

iv) Who among the European explorers came to look for Dr. David
Livingstone?

 Henry Morton Stanley.

5. (a) What is Slave trade?

 Slave trade is the buying and selling of human beings for hard
labour.

b) What was Slavery?

 This was the possession of a person by other people illegally.

c) How were slaves obtained?

 Through night raids.

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 By buying them from chiefs.
 Capturing lonely travellers.

d) Why were slaves needed?

 To provide domestic labour.

 To work on mines.
 To work on plantations.
 To be used as means of transport.

e) Outline the slave trade markets in Africa.

 Zanzibar ( the largest trade market in the world).

 Tabora
 Gore islands in Senegal.
 Timbuktu in Mali

f) State any three positive effects of slave trade.

 Kings and chiefs gained wealth.

 It led to the growth of some kingdoms and societies.
 Growth of towns e.g. Mombasa.

g) What were the Negative effects of slave trade?

 Loss of lives.
 Human sufferings.
 Displacement of families.
 Famine.

6. Give the reasons for the coming of Europeans to Africa under the
following:

a) Social reasons.

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 To stop slave trade.
 To spread European civilization.
 To settle excess population.
 To spread Christianity.

b) Political reasons.

 Compensation of losses.
 To acquire status and recognition.
 To show their power and prestige.

c) Economic reasons.

 Need for raw materials.

 Market of accumulated capital.
 Market for manufactured goods.
 To establish a trading centre in Africa.

d) Strategic reasons.

 Control of Suez canal.

 Control of the R. Nile.
 To control the Indian ocean.

7. (a) State four negative impacts of the coming of Europeans to

Africa.

 Africans lost their lands.

 Africans lost their freedom.
 Loss of traditional authority.
 Decline of African traditional industries.

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b) What were the positive impacts of their coming to Africa?

 Introduction of money as a medium of exchange.

 Introduction of Western education.
 Development of urban centres.
 Promotion of Western culture and civilization.

8. Name two ways in which Africans responded to the coming of the

Europeans.

 Collaboration.
 Resistance.

9. (a) Define the following terms.

i) Collaboration.

 This was the act of accepting the colonial rule.

ii) Resistance.

 This was a response in which Africans declined to cooperate

with the European imperialists.

b) There were two types of resistors. Name them and give one
example in each case.

 Primary resistors. Example; Samori Toure( Mandinka)

 Secondary resistors. Examples; Kabaka Mwanga( Buganda)

c) Draw a table to illustrate the major African leaders that led both
resistance and collaboration in Africa.

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Collaboration Resistance
 Lewanika  Lobengula
 Kabaka Mutesa I  Samori Toure
 Nabongo mumia of wanga  Kabalega Omukama
 Apollo Kagwa

10. (a) Where was the Lozi Kingdom situated?

 In the present-day Zambia.

b) When was the Lozi Kingdom invaded by the Kololo?

 In 1830.

c) When did the Lozi Kingdom regain their Independence and who
led the successful uprising?

 They regained Independence in 1864. The uprising was led by

Lewanika.

d) Suggest four reasons why Lewanika collaborated.

 He wanted military support to control chiefs.

 He hoped that European missionaries would educate him and his
family.
 He feared Germans and Portuguese who had attacked the
neighbouring regions.
 The killing of Lobengula of the Ndebele by British.

11. (a) Name the empire that was founded by Samori Toure.

 The Mandinka empire.

b) i) Where was Samori Toure born?

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 He was born in Sanankoro village in the modern State Guinea.

ii) Name the European country fought by Samori Toure.

 France.

iii) When did the war between Mandinka and the French break out
and for how long did it last?

 The war broke out in 1891 and lasted for 7 years.

iv) where was Samori Toure exiled?

 He was exiled in Gabon where he died in 1900.

c) Give four factors that enabled Samori Toure to resist for a long
time.

 He used diplomacy and negotiation before resorting to war.

 He had a powerful army.
 His soldiers were skilled in warfare.
 He had a local factory for guns.

d) State three reasons why he was defeated.

 The French had superior weapons than the ones he had.

 He lacked support from other African leaders.
 The French interfered with his trade.

e) Suggest any four reasons why Samori Toure resisted the colonial
rule.

 He wanted to retain his political Independence.

 To protect Islam against pagans.
 To protect his commercial activities and monopoly in the region.

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 To protect his rule, powerful influence and possession of the
Mandinka.

f) Explain how the scorched-Earth policy of destroying crops,

villages and evacuating people worked as used by the Mandinka.

 It denied their enemy ( French) food and people to work for

them.

12. (a) Define migration.

 Is the movement of people from one place to another for

settlement.

b) Give three Examples of countries in South America which have

attracted the most significant migration.

 Argentina.
 Brazil.
 Chile.

c) Mention four reasons for people's migration to North America.

 To look for employment opportunities.

 To look for lands to settle.
 To look for money.
 To look for better living standard.

d) State four importance of Migration and settlement in the world.

 Expansion of economy of the countries where people migrate to.

 Labour supply of foreign workers.
 Establishment and expansion of industries.
 Opening of large plantations and productivity.

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13. (a) Name the European explorer who discovered America.

 Christopher Columbus.

b) In which year did the colonisation of America begin?

 In 1492 (15th century).

c) When did USA gain Independence from British?

 1776.

d) Give four effects of colonialism in America.

 Much of American land was alienated and put under plantations

by Europeans.
 Many people were taken as slaves.
 It gave rise to the mullatoes in America.
 It led to the English settlement in America.

14. Write the positive and negative contributions of colonialism to

the African continent in the table below.

Positive contributions Negative contributions

 Introduction of  Enslavement of Africans.

Christianity.
 Formal education  Introduction of forced
labour.
 Modern weapons for  Dilution of African cultures
protection
 Introduction of new crops  Exploitation of resources.
e.g. maize, pawpaw.

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Colonies and their colonial masters.
Britain France Belgium Germany Portugal Spain Italy

S. Africa Madagascar DRC Namibia Angola Equatorial Somalia

Guinea

Botswana Chad Congo Tanzania Mozambique Libya

Zimbabwe Niger Rwanda

Zambia Benin Burundi

Malawi Burkina Cameroon

Faso

Uganda Ivory coast Togo

Kenya Sierra Leone

Sudan Guinea
Bissau

Nigeria Gambia

Egypt Mali

Eritrea Mauritania

Ghana Algeria

Morocco

Tunisia

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UNIT 2: CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Define the following terms:

a) Weather.

 Is the daily condition of the atmosphere at a particular place

recorded for a short period of time.

b) Climate.

 Climate is the average weather conditions of a place

recorded for over a long period of time (usually 30 - 35
years).

2. Outline the major climatic zones ( regions) in Africa.

 Equatorial climate.

 Savanna climate.

 Mediterranean climate.

 Desert climate.

 Semi-desert climate.

 Mountain climate.

3. (a) State any three countries in Africa that experience the

equatorial type of climate.

 Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Nigeria

b) Mention the characteristics of the Equatorial climate.

 Hot and wet throughout the year.

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 The rainfalls in the afternoon, accompanied by lightening
and the thunderstorms.

 Rainfall received ranges from 1500mm to 2000mm .

 Temperature experienced ranges from 28○C to 30○C with

diurnal range of 2○C.

4. (a) List any four countries in Africa that experience the Savanna
climate.

 Ghana, Northern Nigeria, Chad, Uganda, Zambia.

b) What are the characteristics of Savanna climate?

 It has two seasons, hot and cold.

 Receives rain in hot seasons.

 Rainfall ranges from 750mm to 1500mm.

 Temperature ranges from 15oC to 28oC.

 Dry season is shorter than the wet season.

5. (a) Mention three countries in Africa that experience the

Mediterranean climate.

 Morocco, Tunisia, Nigeria, South Africa ( Cape Province)

b) State the characteristics of the Mediterranean climate.

 Winds are very dry.

 Has cold, wet winters and dry summers.
 Temperatures ranges from 10oC to 25oC.
 Rain is brought by westerly winds.

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 Rainfalls during winter.

6. (a) Outline any three deserts in Africa.

 Sahara
 Namib
 Kalahari
b) Where do we find the desert type of climate in Africa? Mention
four countries.

 Egypt, Namibia, Botswana, Mali, Libya .

c) Give any four characteristics of the desert climate.

 Hot and dry throughout the year.

 The sky is clear.
 Rainfall received is below 250mm.
 Temperature ranges from 0○C to 50○C.
 Diurnal range of Temperature is very high.
 Hot days and cold nights.
7. (a) Name one place in South Sudan where we find the semi-desert
type of climate.

 Kapoeta.

b) What is the other name for semi-desert climate.

 Semi-arid climate.

c) Mention four African countries that experience the semi-desert

climate.

 Botswana, Mali, Tunisia, Algeria

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d) Highlight any four characteristics of the semi-desert type of
climate.

 Hot and dry all year round.

 Has few cold nights.
 Rainfall ranges from 0 to 350mm.
 Temperature ranges from 25○C to 50○C.
8. (a) Another name for mountain climate.

 Alpine climate.

b) Where in South Sudan is mountain climate experienced?

 Around Mt. Imatong

c) Outline the characteristics of Mountain climate.

 Low temperatures below 0○C at the mountain peak.

 Temperatures decrease with increase in altitude.
 Heavy rainfall on windward side compared to the leeward
side.
9. (a) What is climate change?

 Climate change is the variations in climatic conditions of

different regions in the world.

b) Mention the causes of climate change.

 Industrial activities
 Deforestation
 Earthquakes
 Interference of the river channels by damming
 Pollution

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c) State any four human activities influenced by climate change.

 Pastoralism
 Crop production
 Sporting activities
 Mining activities
d) i) What do you understand by the term ' Adaptation to climate
change ' ?

 Adaptation to climate change means anticipating the adverse

effects of climate in a given place and taking appropriate
actions to minimise the damage.

ii) Give five adaptation measures to climate change.

 Using scarce water sources efficiently.

 Building flood defences and raising the level of dykes.
 Growing drought tolerant crops such as sorghum and cassava.
 Planting more trees.
 Setting aside land corridors to help species migrate.
10. State the main factors affecting climate in Africa.

 Relief
 Latitude
 Altitude
 Winds
 Ocean currents
 Distance from the sea
 Nature of the coastal line

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11. (a) Define Relief.

 Is the general appearance of the landscape in relation to

altitude.

b) Below is a diagram of a type of rainfall formation. Use it to

answer the questions below.

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i) Name the sides marked X and Y.

 X- windward side

 Y- leeward side

ii) Name the physical feature marked Z.

 Mountain

iii) According to you, which economic activities are carried out on:

 The side marked X. Agriculture and dairy farming.

 The side marked Y. Pastoralism.

iv) Give another name for the above type of rainfall.

 Orographic rainfall.

12. (a) What is wind?

 Winds is moving air.

b) i) Winds that blow from the sea to the land are known as?

 On-shore winds

ii) winds that blow away from the land to the sea are called?

 Off-shore winds

c) Which winds:

i) carry moisture and bring rain? On-shore winds.

ii) are usually dry and bring no rain? Off-shore winds.

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d) Give two examples of off-shore winds in Africa.

 North East Trade Winds.

 The Harmattan.

e) Give one example of on-shore wind in Africa.

 South East Trade Winds.

13. (a) Define altitude.

 Altitude is the height above sea level.

b) Compare the temperatures of high altitude areas with those of

low altitude.

 Areas that have high altitude have low temperatures and are
much colder than low altitude areas.

14. Why are temperatures usually so high near the equator ?

 This is because the Sun's rays hit the equatorial regions at a

right angle and travel a shorter distance from the sun to reach
the Earth's surface.

15. (a) What is Ocean current?

 An Ocean current is the continuous movement of water in

the ocean.

b) Write down the two types of Ocean currents experienced in

Africa.

 Cold ocean currents.

 Warm ocean currents.

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c) i) Winds blowing over warm ocean currents towards the land
lead to the formation of rain. ( True or false) ?

 True

ii) Winds blowing over cold ocean currents discourage the

formation of rainfall on the adjacent land. ( True or false) ?

 True

d) Give the examples of the following ocean currents in Africa.

i) Cold currents.

 Canary
 Benguela
ii) warm currents.

 Somali
 Agulhas
 Guinea
16. (a) Which type of rainfall is experienced in areas near large
water bodies?

 Convectional rainfall.

b) Distinguish between sea breeze and land breeze.

Sea breeze Land breeze

 Blows from the sea to  Blows from the land to
the land. the sea.
 Have a cooling effect  Have a cooling effect
on the land. on the sea.
 They occur during the  Occur at night.
day.

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17. (a) Write short notes on:

i) Regular coastline.

 A regular coastline is almost straight.

ii) Irregular coastline.
 An irregular coastline is not straight.
b) Which type of coastline:
i) Attracts rainfall?
 Irregular coastline.
ii) Do not bring rainfall?
 Regular coastline.
18. (a) What do you understand by the term ' global warming ' ?
 Global warming is the current increase in the temperature of
the Earth's surface as well as its atmosphere.
b) State the main cause of global warming.
 Increasing quantity of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
c) Mention any two human activities that contribute to global
warming.
 The burning of fossil fuels.
 Deforestation.
d) Outline three effects of global warming.

 Desertification.
 Increased melting of ice and snow.
 Stronger hurricanes and cyclones.

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UNIT 3: EXPLORING FARMING SYSTEMS

1. Define the following terms.

a) Farming.

 Is the growing of crops and rearing of livestock.

b) Green house.

 Is a transparent building where plants that need protection from

cold weather are grown.

c) Fodder.

 Is a kind of livestock food that is made of dried hay.

d) Agricultural schemes.

 These are large lands where all types of agricultural activities

take place.

e) Agro-forestry.

 Refers to the growing of crops and trees together on the same

piece of land.

2. (a) i) What is the total area of land covered by South Sudan?

 644 million square kilometres.

ii) What is the total area of cultivated land in South Sudan?

 About 27,712 square kilometres.

b) Name the three main economic activities of the people of South

Sudan.

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 Agriculture
 Pastoralism
 Fishing

3. (a) Mention the two methods of farming used in South Sudan.

 Traditional methods
 Modern methods

b) Write short notes on the following methods of farming.

i) Traditional methods.

 These are methods which were used long time ago.

 Examples include: rain fed agricultural methods and pastoralism.

ii) Modern methods.

 These are methods used today that were introduced to South

Sudan during the colonial periods.
 Examples include: mechanised rain fed agriculture for instance,
planting crops under irrigation and in green houses.

3. Give the examples of places in South Sudan where the following

methods of farming are used.

a) Mechanised irrigation scheme.

 Aweil

b) Traditional irrigation.

 Around Juba and along perennial rivers.

c) Livestock husbandry or pastoralism.

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 Kapoeta
 Jonglei
 Terekeka

4. (a) Define shifting cultivation.

 Is a method of farming where an area of land is cleared,

cultivated for a very short time and then abandoned to regain its
fertility.

b) Give some examples of places where shifting cultivation is

practised in the world.

 Amazon rainforest areas.

 West Africa.
 Central Africa.
 Indonesia.

c) State four advantages of shifting cultivation.

 It helps used land to get back all lost nutrients .

 The land can be easily recycled or regenerated.
 It saves resources.
 Ensures more productivity and sustainability of agriculture.
 It is easy to grow crops after slash and burn process.
 It's a form of weed control.
 It plays an important role in pest control.
 It is environmental friendly as it is inorganic.

d) Outline the disadvantages of shifting cultivation.

 It can easily lead to deforestation.

 Easily causes soil erosion and desertification.
 Destroys water sheds.

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 It is uneconomical.
 Causes water pollution.
 Leads to loss of biodiversity.

5. (a) What is Bush fallowing?

 Bush fallowing is a system of farming in which the land is

cultivated for a period of time and then left for several years so
that its fertility can be restored.

b) Mention four features of Bush fallowing.

 It is mainly practised by peasant farmers.

 The family is the main source of labour.
 It is common in rural areas with abundant farm lands.
 Productivity per unit of land or per unit of labour is low.

c) Give four advantages of Bush fallowing.

 It ensures continuous sustenance during periods of crop failure.

 It can be used to check soil erosion, leaching and weed growth.
 It is very easy to practice as low technology is required.
 It helps to control plant pests and diseases.

d) What are the disadvantages of Bush fallowing? Give four.

 There is no provision for expansion.

 It leads to wastage of land.
 It leads to the destruction of valuable resources like timber.
 It leads to land fragmentation.

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6. Define subsistence farming.

 Subsistence farming is the cultivation of crops or keeping of

animals mainly for the purpose of home consumption.

7. (a) What are cash crops?

 Cash crops are crops grown for sale or to make profits.

b) What is another name for cash crop farming?

 Commercial farming.

c) List the examples of cash crops that you know.

 Wheat, rice, corn, potatoes, millet, apples, oranges, coffee, tea,

cotton, etc.

d) i) State four advantages of cash crop farming.

 Raises affordable food in high quantities.

 It is profitable to farmers.
 It gives employment.
 It earns revenue for the government.

ii) Highlight the disadvantages of cash crop farming.

 Limited production of certain food crops.

 Leads to soil degradation.
 Small scale farmers face challenges/ constraints.

8. (a) Define the following terms:

i) Irrigation farming.

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 Refers to the supply of water to make land agriculturally
productive.

ii) Horticultural farming.

 This is the intensive cultivation of vegetables, fruits and flowers

for sale.

iii) Beef farming.

 This is whereby farmers keep animals or livestock for meat only.

iv) Dairy farming.

 This is whereby farmers keep animals for milk products.

v) Pastoral farming.

 Refers to keeping a large herd of livestock in arid or semi-arid

areas in which farmers move from one place to another looking
for water and pasture.

b) Give the examples in each case of places where the following are
practiced in South Sudan.

i) Irrigation farming.

 Aweil.

ii) Horticultural farming.

 Magwi, Yei, Mundri.

iii) Beef farming.

 Magwi, Pageri, Mundri, Yei.

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iv) Pastoral farming.

 Upper Nile, Aweil, Kapoeta.

c) Name any four pastoralist tribes in South Sudan that you know.

 Dinka, Nuer, Murle, Toposa, didinga, Mundari.

9. (a) What do you understand by the term ' Farming system '?

 A farmingsystem is a set of organised conditions for production

of crops, livestock, fish, agro-forestry and others.

b) What is the backbone of South Sudan's economy?

 Agriculture.

c) State the two types of farming systems.

 Extensive farming system.

 Intensive farming system.

d) Write short notes on the types of farming systems.

 Extensive farming system involves farming on a large piece of

land using very little input to produce the desired products.
 Intensive farming system involves the commercial production of
large quantities of crops and livestock on a large farm.

e) Outline the farming methods practiced in Kenya.

 Mixed farming.
 Shifting cultivation.
 Organic farming.
 Agro-forestry.
 Nomadic pastoralism .

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10. Mention any four impacts of agriculture as a main economic
activity in South Sudan.

 Earns foreign exchange.

 Farming creates employment opportunities.
 It leads to the development and improvement of infrastructure.
 Establishment of social amenities such as schools, health centres
and recreational facilities.
 It leads to the establishment and growth of urban centres.
 It leads to self-reliant in terms of food security .

11. (a) Outline the positive and negative effects of farming to the
economy, community and the environment.

Positive effects Negative effects

Farming ensure that there is food
security.
Agriculture systems have led to
creation of jobs hence reducing
poverty.
There is improvement of
infrastructure where Agriculture
is practiced.
Use of chemicals pollutes the soil
and environment.
Some farming systems encourage
soil erosion.
Leads to Deforestation and
desertification.

b) State four measures that can be practiced to curb the destruction

of the environment as a result of farming.

 Recycling waste.
 Recycling water.
 Composting.
 Renewable energy.
 Fair distribution of resources.

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UNIT 4: NATIONAL UNITY

1. Define the following terms.

a) Unity.

 Refers to togetherness or oneness among people in a society.

b) Independence.

 Is the state of being able to stand alone.

c) Bias.

 Means acting in unfair way.

d) Policy.

 Is a kind of action proposed by a person or organisation.

2. (a) What do you understand by the term ' National unity' ?

 National unity is a state of having no wars or disputes.

b) Why do you think National unity is important?

 When people are united, there is peace and development.

3. (a) What is a symbol?

 A symbol is a character that represents an idea, concept or object.

b) State five symbols of National unity in South Sudan.

 National flag.
 National currency.
 Presidency.

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 The Constitution.
 The coat of arms.

c) What do the following colors represent in the flag of South Sudan.

i) Black.

 It represents the people of South Sudan.

ii) Red.

 Represents blood that was shed for the Independence of the

country.

iii) Green.

 Represents the country's Agricultural, natural wealth and land.

iv) White.

 Represents South Sudan's peace attained after many years of the

liberation struggle.

v) Blue.

 Represents the waters of the Nile River.

vi) Yellow.

 Represents unity, hope and determination for the people.

d) Mention what each of the following features of South Sudan's

coat of arms represents.

i) Eagle.

 Is a symbol of strength, resilience and vision.

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ii) The shield and spears.

 Represents protection of the new states of South Sudan.

e) i) Who is the head of state and commander in chief of the armed

forces in a country?

 President.

ii) When was the Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan

signed?

 It was signed on 9th/7/2011 by president Salva Kiir.

4. Identify six factors that promote national unity in South Sudan.

 Use of the national language.

 National political parties.
 Intermarriages.
 Trade.
 National philosophies.
 Equal distribution of national resources.

5. Define:

a) Intermarriage.

 Refers to marriage between people of different ethnic groups and

race.

b) Philosophy.

 A philosophy is a rule or set of values, a country or school

follows.

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6. State three political parties found in South Sudan.

 Sudan People Liberation Movement ( SPLM).

 National Democratic Party.
 Liberal Party.

7. What are the importance of equal distribution of resources.

 It minimises exploitation of State resources by few people.

 Ensures continuous flow of sufficient resources to every section
of the society.
 It eliminates the differences between the rich and the poor.
 Helps to achieve the motive of sustainable development.

8. (a) Define Power Sharing.

 Power Sharing is the distribution of power among the organs of

the government like legislature, executive and judiciary.

b) What ideas justify that Power Sharing is important and

promotes national unity?

 It helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between social

groups.
 It ensures stability of political order.
 It ensures participation of the people.
 It leads to development of a political culture that tolerates
diversity.
 It helps to maintain social harmony and peace.
 It stimulates economic growth.
c) Outline the two methods of Power Sharing.
 Autonomy.
 Group Building-Block Approach.

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d) Explain two forms of Autonomy.

 Symmetrical federalism - in which all units enjoy similar powers.

 Asymmetrical federalism- that provides enhanced powers to a
particular region.

9. (a) What is conflict resolution?

 Is the act of re-establishing good relationship after a

disagreement.

b) Explain five methods of solving conflicts.

 Dialogue - it refers to exchange of ideas and opinions on

particular issue with an aim of finding solution.
 Mediation - this refers to intervening between conflicting parties.
 Negotiation - this is a mutual discussion over an issue involving
more than one party.
 Arbitration - this is a conflict resolution conducted by an
independent and a neutral third party.
 Litigation - this involves the appealing for fair judgement to a
higher court of law.

10. (a) Define the following terms.

i) Equity.

 Is the equal and just distribution of resources, opportunities and

power.

ii) Justice.

 Refers to fair treatment of a person without discrimination

according to gender, race or religion.

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iii) Human Rights.

 Are fundamental constitutional rights that a human is entitled to.

b) Give two examples for each of the following human rights.

i) Social rights.

 Rights to housing and sanitation.

 Rights to education.

ii) Civil rights.

 Rights to vote and be voted for.

 Freedom of movement.

iii) Economic rights.

 Rights to trade.
 Rights to employment.

iv) Environmental rights.

 Rights to access clean water.

 Rights to suitable shelter.

11. (a) What is peaceful co-existence?

 Peaceful co-existence means living together rather than in a

constant hostility in a country or community.

b) Identify the ways that can be used to ensure that people of South
Sudan live together as united.

 Community dialogue.
 Caring and sharing.

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 Equality and mutual benefits.
 Respect other people's religions and beliefs.
 Peace education.

12. (a) Write the following terms in full.

i) NGO.

 Non- governmental Organization.

ii) CBO.

 Community-Based Organization.

b) State four roles played by NGOs in the country.

 Donation of books, textbooks, stationeries to facilitate learning

process.
 Empower local communities to make their own decisions.
 Reducing costs in education like fees by efforts like scholarships.
 Encourages fairness and justice in the country.

13. (a) What is regional co-operation?

 Regional co-operation is a process in which neighbouring States

enter into an agreement in order to upgrade relationship through
common institutions and rules.

b) Point out the benefits of regional co-operation.

 It lowers barriers to trade.

 Source of diversity, beauty and inspiration.
 It enhances cross-border co-operation.
 It breaks down language barriers in the region leading to
effective communication and understanding.

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c) Identify the various ways of achieving regional resilience against
struggle in developing solutions to working in harmony.

 Organising Civic education regularly.

 Holding national debates on ways of building it.
 Recognising people who have contributed positively towards it.
 The syllabus should include information on developing solutions
to working in harmony.
 Organising games and sports with the theme on developing
solutions to working in harmony.

UNIT 5: PEACE IN OUR TIME.

1. Define the following terms.

a) Peace.

 Is a state or period in which there is no war and suffering.

b) Conflict.

 Is a disagreement between two individuals or groups.

2. (a) What do you understand by:

i) National bodies?

 These are organisations formed by independent nations.

ii) International bodies?

 Are organisations formed by many nations together to promote

international peace and security.

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b) State any four roles of national & international bodies.

 They promote international peace and security.

 They prevent occurrence of other wars.
 To develop friendly relations among nations.
 To promote international understanding & co-operation among
members.
 To promote economic development among members.

3. State five ways of building peace & reconciliation in conflict areas.

 Dialogue.
 Civil education.
 Involvement of peace-keeping mission groups like UN, AU.
 Incorporating peace education in the curriculum.
 Speaking out against prejudice & discrimination.

4. Outline three strategies to promote peace in South Sudan.

 Improving education.
 Democratisation.
 Increase prosperity.

5. Identify the challenges facing international and national bodies.

 Corruption.
 Nepotism.
 Tribalism.
 Racism.
 Multi-partism.

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6. Define the following terms.

a) Corruption.

 This is the act of giving or receiving bribes.

b) Nepotism.

 Is the practise of favouring one's relatives.

c) Tribalism.

 This is the practise of favouring people from one's tribe.

d) Racism.

 This is the practise of favouring people of a particular race.

e) Multi-partism.

 This is the availability of many political parties in a particular

State or country.

7. (a) What is rule of law?

 Rule of law is the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power

by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws.

b) Give the major principles in the rule of law.

 The laws of the land must be fair and accepted by all.

 Respect to all members of society.
 People should mix freely with each other.
 Equal development.
 Good governance.

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8. (a) Identify four key factors that promote peace and unity in
South Sudan.

 Education.
 Games and sports.
 Trade.
 Churches.

b) Explain ways of sustaining peace in South Sudan.

 Empowerment of the marginalized communities.

 Ensuring human rights are respected and observed.
 Ensuring equal distribution of resources.
 Creating employment for all without discrimination.

c) Explain four obstacles to peace and reconciliation in South Sudan.

 Low status of economy in the country.

 Corruption among the leaders in authority.
 Poor leadership.
 Conflict on natural resources like mineral reserves.

d) Outline four importance of peace and reconciliation.

 It leads to development.
 It leads to political stability.
 It attracts investors to create employment.
 It ensures unity among the people.
 It promotes Economic growth.

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_____________________THE END______________________

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