Chemistry

Class 3
By Richa Sharma
 Clay 81912£

Propertiesqcovalentcompoundsi nature
directional in :

1) It is
is involved
As
overlapping
2) low m.p
. & b-
P -

→ Bsz*Iz↳,
Diamond , silica
Tm
few
cases
eg ,

structure
csiozl graphite
,
the

lattices instead
are covalent
giant
discrete molecules
of
.

Sic carborundum .

i
E C- Si
- c-si

4-c l
C
c
Ei
3)
Conductivity They : are

unable conduct to
state
electricity in
any
.

Thus are insulators .

it
Exception is
graphite
can conduct
,

has
free
e- so

electricity .

also
Some
polar compounds
electricity eg ¥ ,
MF
conduct

4) solubility of compounds
:

like like
dissolves .

solvents
Soluble in non-polar
covalent compas
Gilson, glucose
because of
soluble in tho .

n -

bonding .
correction
in

Allred & Roehow approach .

-10B¥
( ✗ A) ppg
0-744
on

smart
pair effect More
stable Higher
→
In +3,1 She 4,2 Sb +5,3

Te-lPb-zBe→ → more
stable lower .

81912£

⑤ moleculaereact.ws# It involves
breaking
bonda
then
substituting
&

another group Energy required is

of
.

& these
reactions
to break the bond

are slow
any + ceiscrhgctck >
.

Chaz
 nature these show
⑥
:
Directional in
isomerism
& structural spun
space
as
have fired geometry .

ionisation:
⑦ Autoprotedupis self or

some special substances show

due to
electrical conductance
Hi Nhs
phenomenon g
e.
this ,

①
Hzo -140 → Hzot + on -

Nhi ②
NHI
-

+
NB -1MHz -
amide

to
it reaction very
a
occurs

small octant ,
the
degree of
above reaction
dissociation of
at 298K is
approximatelyequal
it
let [1.8×10-9] though .
:

but
can conduct electricity
 small eetent
only to a
very
Theoriesqcovaentbonding
1) Lewis All the atoms undergo
its
formationshell -8satisfy
to
covalent bond
és in
in the valence
octet
.

shell is said to be inert

the valence

gas configuration . Cin hydrogen couplet]

Octet rule
Exception of
octet / e- deficient /hypovabnt
① Incomplete
B¥fz BEG ¥-3 N¥ Ñ=J :
.

2
g z , :

② Expansion of
octet/ ecpanded octet
from 3rd periods afterthat
hypeevalent_[
12
§ Fg
→

10
P•F5 →

d & f block Never follows

octet rule .
 sudg-e-ns.IO
2) Singlet linkage By :

otra
-

2 e-a
Ects
ce
pas ↳ Pclztclz

ce-aaekiiu.BR ( weak than normal

singlet linkage bond )
molecules with erpanded
Applicable for atom is linkedwith
octet The central
by single
.

atoms
some
of combining
e- bond called
singlet linkage linked .

atoms
While the
remaining
are

bonds These
normal two e-
by
.

(→
bond is represented by a
half arrow

head donor
with
towards
the
the
pointing
acceptor .
from
Sfo
rejected for
as

But it was

all the bonds are

of equal strength
Cecperimentat)
 f
f
Sfg → Sfz -12 Fz
¥§µ_☒¥ F
is not
but this
seen .

VBT
③
:

neither e Rondon then developed

Given by
by Linus
Pauling
& slater
]
the fact
This based
theorycovalent
is on

bond formation
that
during
overlapping
& a
orbitals undergo
The
covalent bond is
formed .

strength
bond
of extent
will depend
upon
the of overlapping
overlapping
is
More effective the
bond
stronger
is the
formed .

orbitals involved
overlapping
in
The
unpaired
e-s
must have
the
half filled orbitals
in
ie
bond
configuration just before
formation and spin .
 of
the e- should be in
opposite
orbitals
direction in the
overlapping
comparison octant

overlapping :
of of

1) Type overlapping
:
of
*
or

1) formed by
head on 1) formed by sidewise
lateral
or sideways or

or arial overlap .

overlap .

2) Overlapping zone
&
2) Tmternucleararis
does not intersect
aris
internuclear
intersect each
other . with
overlapping zone ,

rather it is parallel
in bond
results r
overlappingzone
.

to the .

°
results in a- bond .

toverlapping region
8- ¥
&#
•
* e-
bond
density
• ñ
.

6
 giftedI
plane NP

bond is
stronger ③ weaker than
③ o
bond
bond than t s
.

④ Plane 1- to ⑨ Plane parallel

internuclear aris
cloud
to a- e-

passing through
inter
&

nuclei
containing
nuclear aris acts
the
other of
its Nodal as
nodal plane
acts
,

as

plane
erplainedin point 2
-

bond be
compounds A can
⑤
easily broken
with
only
•

bond are less ☒ hence the

containing
reactive specie make
* bond .is
a-
b- Cb reactive .
CHECK
about
⑥ There can be
free ⑥ Rotation
bond
rotation atoms * means
of
around r bond Galled
-

breakage of bond
&hence free
conformationalisomerism rotation about
bond is not
oft
possible .

⑦ • bond have independent a- - bonds are

with
ecistence
along
formedbond
a o -
.

⑧ r bond determine the while a- -

bonds do
the
shape of
the molecule not
affect
shape .

be delocalized
delocalized
can't a) Can be
⑨ It
thus shows
resonance .

⑧ Bond length is shortened

by multiple
bonding .
 orbitals
when type of overlapping is same &

are
different :

④ Comparison
between orbitals having
'
t, attraction 't
n
force of
different
'
n
;
't
octant of overlapping .

Is -1$
> 2s -2s
>
3s -
3s [eqtlentqpagf
> sp sp > up
-

Up
2p up
-

Exception : ie
rip
- ie: > IÉ
rip zip
-
É :[
if
Bo_ndngth]
CBS]

f- f due to longhair longhair repulsion

Bond strength I.

in comparison in case principal quantum

no . is same .

(g)
s p
-

p
p
.

s
-

s -

-
00 Ooo
overlapping
'

In this case octant of

,

is
influenced by two factors .

Nuclear
Altractionforecloud
:
(e)
orbital
larger foes
-

attraction is

& hence
overlapping involving
 orbital should
s - be
strong .

orbitals :
nature
ii Directional of
those orbitals
In this case
in nature
,

which are directional

would be
then
overlapping that & stronger
stronger along
will be extent
the
overlapping
of
the direction
concentrated along
not distributed
of overlapping ,

ertentq
P -

P > sp
> s -

both
[s
overlapping
both non-directional
directional
Li Li
f)
Li
F)
-

f-
-

zs as
Zs zp
zp zp
orbitals
* In case of hybridized
directional .

which are

s sp - s sp3 -
S
sp
-

attraction is dominant factor

 sp -
s > spits > spits
② character more )
about
some imp points
overlapping bond
always a

formed
is
.

bond
1) first
& Poc orbital
is chosen conventionally
is a- bonds
further bonding
.

2)
on the

Explain formation of following

VBT
basis of
.

① Oz 0%-0

•
0
2s
tf
Y.pl ¥8s In
0 ☒ if
Oz ☒ It
2s
ZP

L tf
* Nz
or NIN
I
; ¥
152^1
☒ It
Nz
Be Py Pg
kid CHY molecule :
 ☒ F- G. S
f
.

E- s

t¥?¥
.

%wÉ☐u ¥☐q¥_→ s -

p
overlap .

Cny ☒ tf
there should
Thus on the basis of UBT
,

be two types of C- H bonds present

in any
Sp overlap
3 o -
bonds
involving
overlap
involving s s .

bond
-

i r
all 4 c- n

According to this
theory ,

bonds should not be of equal strength

observed
However it is
erperimentalhg
.

c- n bonds in any areq

that all
four be ecplained by
strength this can
same ,

hybridisation .

formationqnbmoecule
:

Liv
☒ 1€11
¥ :
Px Py Pz
NB I

s orbital e-
Hf
of
bond angle
Tm this case
ecpected
n -
N - n is 90 however actual bond
angle are
found to be appear
The above anomalies can be
107°
of hybridisation
.

the basis
ecplained on
.

-
there is no
For Png & hes
all the facts
hybridisation
as

without hybridisation
are ecplained
explanation Hybridisation p
AI + AI HE'S →

ones one P
→
¥0
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