#

VALENCEB0NDTHEoRyCV-B÷
It is Based on knowledge of

① Criteria Owalent Bind formation

①
f
.

② Type of orbital :

# Atomic orbital → s, Pid , f

# Hybridised orbital → sp , Sph fps

, . . .

Mro
# Molecular orbital →
c) Bonding
ID Antibonding m o
-

③ Electronic
up figuration
-

1st : 252 up
'
Chnmnd state,
C →

#
'

HI
! HI I

! Excited
Ef -
state
§
# conditimtwlerulentpsmdformah.cn#
① When two orbital each having
one up pair electron with opposite
Each other
spin overlap with

then covalent bind is formed .

② Covalent bind is formed Either

molecular axis or perpendicular

along
axis

bind is formed due to

③ Covalent

positive overlap .
Note
:

= coordinate Bond Formation

For

↳ one orbital must have

done pair electron

while other orbital must

have vaunt orbital .

AD
④ to -0 .

①
S orbital P orbital
-

d- orbital
-

Orbital overlap →
orbital
Itis interpenetrating
which
two
give
common Region .

By convention I axis is considered

as
X
MoKWHarA X
→ passes through Nuclei
g z atom met
^
mm 'T
I
n
74

¥→z _①¥→
, Y dens
p
-

Z
P Region
Z
/
orbital overlapping
S
-

S orbital
-

→ ← Et mounter
axis .
 Typesofpositiveoveslapi
( lobes of same sign overlap )
① Axial overlap → when orbitals
overlap along molecular axis called ,

-
as Axial Wesley ( , mend on overlap /
End to end overlap .

→ Due to Axial orenap Sigma ( r)

covalent bond formed .

→ Types of Axial overlap .

a) S -
S overlap
④ → Formation of the molecule
' '
H → Is swarm
g -

p
⑦ t →

→ ←

S
H -
H
s

(M) ( H)
b) S -
P Wmap .

⑨ H -
F formation

2y
'

I? →
2
- '

ups Capa spy

'

unpwir e-

iii.
→

⑨
, Pa
-

Formation of
P
,
overlap

Fa
.

_¥g¥ g
⑤
→ ←
molecule

2py2z④
¥512135
'
F

€7 →

E.E.E.az
-
# Lateral overlap or side wise overlap .

orbital occurs
① When
overlapping
to
of
perpendicular molecular axis

then it is called as Lateral

overlap .

② Due to lateral overlap Pie CIT ) bond

is formed .

④ ①

mate has'm.ae
Pa -

Pa wedup

.mg#oIrY
.÷i÷¥÷÷¥÷*
I
: :*:*
I bond .
② dit -
pit band .

nd
iE
③ dit -
dit bind
Itbmd

←
→

{i:;m÷m÷:ma¥:i: :%sm3
 Axial crcslap Lateral
- overlap
-
orbital orbital
①
.

along ① overlap
a
overlap n perpendicular
molecular axis to molecular axis

bind ② IT bind
②
or

③ Bund Energy is ③ Bond Energy is

high low

④ strong bind ④ weak bond

⑤ Less reactive ⑤ more Reactive

⑥ Allow free rotation ⑥ Does not allow

free Rotation .

⑦ pure orbital ( Sl pl d) ⑦ P 2nd orbital

and Hybrid orbital thins lateral

( SPI spy spy from

.
-
Wesley .

axial overlap
# All single bind → signal r) bind
( covalent too ordinate,

# Dmbu bind → me r t one IT

# Triple bond → One r t thro IT .

d) Find total no .

of Sigma Cr) band

and IT bind in given compound .

① ④ Paolo
€7
PH ⑤ CIN )
,
②
7
OH
③ -NOL

0¥47 ,

NO 2
South
'

0=6 -16=12
① f IT =3

O' -
H

②
"
"
-

t
¥3,117
4g
5=13

"
rift ,
IT =3

③ '

H
¥9
-
o
16 4 3 13
o=N TO
5=17
At
O +11 s
14 IT =3 -13=6
¥
110
O'IN
's
picric arid
to
⑨ Photo oxygen
apex
→
⑥ oxygen
.

"' Bridge
→
XP .

r = 16
O
13 3
" I 11
. u
IT =
4
10
'5 p = O
← P O
15
0 Apex oxygen = 4
O
lb
JP Bridge oxygen =6
117
0 ' '

Apex
7=3
o =

no .

of P -

o -

p linkage = 6

no
-

q p -
o linkage = 12

no .

of 17=0 linkage = 4
⑤ GKN)y
UT 25

N If it yc IN IT 9
C = C 21T
MT
• =
9 .

y ICZN
NEC

d) Give strength of covalent

bind

①;o→z
it ii) -
0*002
z

ftp.zp-2p
225 z -z

> 2p -
25 7 25 -
25 ( Bond
Stamm
Note :

lobes
# Negative overlap →
of opposite
sign overlap .

:D a →
t.fi:8
→ ←

③
£ If ④

E.io#Zeroore-slap
.
E.

" is
If
 Drawbaue0fV-B
① According to v. B T -

electron
valency = no
of unpair in
.

valence shell atom

of
in around state .

-e¥ C → Is
2 252 2132
-

ha Et l
'

→
lirwurdstuk
au to V B T is 2
valency of C
-
- -

i
,

but in compound observed

organic
to be 4 .

Be -2 152 252
-

Du IA
↳ valency is zero

↳ observed
valency -_ z eg : Beck
 I

② Acc . to V -

B T -
→

even no
-

of electron -2 Diamagnetic
odd electrons
no .

of paramagnetic

EI Noz ¢ t -116 = 3 ( total ) )

t
od
-

paramagnetic
NO , 0102 →
paramagnetic

82/02 → 218) = 16 e-
if ace .
to V -

B. T → diamagnetic
2116 )
d L, but observed as
paramagnetic
-
325

paramagnetic Bit
v. fails to explain paramagnetic
behaviour of Oz molecule

③ Does not able to explain Bond

angle , shape of certain molecule .

\
 '
H → is

⑧
the Yih,
Nhs "→ '

Bonanni: :L "
.

.. ,

Observed Bund Angle In 1070

 # HYBRIDISATION :
-

Is
atomic
mixing of 2 or more
same
orbital having same or nearly
energy so as to produce , equivalent
set new orbital ( hybrid orbitals
of
having equal Energy and equal

symmetry .

# 0ndinNMh :
in
① Atomic orbitals taking part
from
hybridisation must be

valence shell -

Cie nth shell )

Note : In certain coordination compound

=

with outer shell ( nth Shell)

along
Inner shell (m - t ) atomic orbitals

also participate in hybridisation .

's
anton sp3d dsp a Armenian snail

'm k tf In Ent Ih
'
she Sip → outs shell -

pin
µ,
② An atomic orbitals participate in
hybridisation must have same or

nearly same energy .

③ All three type orbitals ie

of
half filled / full filled / Empty orbital
participate in Hybridisation .

FEATURESOFHYBRIDISNTION.IO
#

Hybridisation is Hypothetical .

② No
of atomic orbital undergoing
.

hybridisation is equal to no .

orbital produce
q hybrid
.

③ Hybrid orbital represented as ,

@•
ti
bigger
for
lobe used

overlapping of
Nucleus orbitals .

=
 ④
¥* Atomic Wb, the overlap

of A Hybrid orbital overlap

strength
www.directly
mamfor proporti
nd overlonalapping
"
more overlapping region .

of
is extent Hybrid orbital orepnapdrxtEdfdnu more
to
pegionr stable covalent bind w -
r 't

overlap of Atomic orbital :

Herne Hybridisation is stabilisation

phenomenon .

⑤ All Hybrid orbital produce of

hybridisation have equal
particular
and Hence
symmetry equal Energy -

degenerate orbitals
they are - .

⑥ Electron in various hybrid orbital

are filled according to partie
Exclusion principle ,
Hund 's rule

of maximum multiplicity
.
⑦ orbital
' '

s is in all
present
type of Hybridisation .

924dm orbital of
- -

Sorbitol p sp
⑧
, " "" ' 's
2sp2
"
as
zgp z sp zp
50 33 33
Yo s 100 25 0
-

1-
Diffusivity of orbitals a
% S character

Energy of orbital a 1-
0108 character
*
**
length of orbital e of p character

lots
2

character

Thinness of orbital a y -

p character

lots
x

character
.

's
Zp 7 2. Sp 7281327 Lsp 725

( Ehersyldiffwwnty / length I think)

 lz

;i!@a : -t
'
← →

a
sp sp Sp2 sp2

13

÷si +;
← →

's
Syd sp

11/12/13 → Internuclear distance /

Bond length .

'
( length)
'

sp > sp > sp

13 7127 li ( Bund length)

=

⑨ All hybridise d orbitals

of particular
hybridisation arrange themselves around
e- e-
nucleus in such way that repulsion
a -

gets minimum and molecule gets stabilised .

Due to this molecule gets definite geometry

and Bond Angle .
 Geometry ./shape
.

Hybridisation Bund Angle

① sp
-

Yp 1800 linear -

( mix of- one Saone p orbital)

¥ ¥1
A X
,
A
75=50
-
-

f. 11250 '

7
no

÷:÷¥÷: :÷:::÷ :
yrs 33.33
-

a
yep 66.67
.

-_

Stpxtpy → Xy plane -

plane
St Pytpz → 72 plane

& .si?.F.::.m:wreranarn' 6 Angle .

A ↳
1.5=25
'

I 1090W '
1-p 75 109oz '
:

ai:
mean
.

*
 ÷÷÷÷÷÷
la,

④ 8p3d Koo ③ -
Trigonal ee, ez
.
" "mania .
is
✓
di
.io
-

go
.
.

"
ie,
-
g) (as
ots= 20

Aca)
octahedral Ii
⑤ sp3d '
900+12
or
Ai ace,

It 185-73 square :X

di
'
dy 't
'
A a c'
Bipyrhmidul .
"

'

÷
Ala)

:÷÷::÷÷÷.: : : ÷÷÷÷÷÷
Aca )
⑥ s

:÷ ÷ i÷ ÷ ÷ ÷:c .

as
I ee

A- Ca)
Fmppointsi
① Isp Isp 's hybridisation
'
In Sp only
bond
type of is present
.

one

② In
Trigonal bipiyramidd pentagonal
,

two
bi pyramidal and octahedral type
bond is present
:

of
D Axial bond (X -
Aca ) ]

ii)
Equatorial band ( X - Ace) ]

Uca)
③ → trigonal i
'

y
In Pusey, pyramidal(e)'ll i
'

b;
. .
.

i
d
.
-
-

it
- '
. n

1=4 @
.

"
sp3d hybridise .

UI i '

is
-
.
i
-

x'i. .

¥
"

two Axial bind a three

ceca )
Equatorial bond .
P -

Ula ) → Axial
p -
Uce, → Equatorial .

Length of Axial bond > length g Equatorial

bond
Axial Bond weaker than Equatorial bond
 PUSH →D 1343$ tdz

SFG ( sulphur hexafluoride)

t → octahedral AEE)
sp3d2 es
EE -

I 11
-

HEE,
$5

qer.mg?nxIEiengTnE3ne#F*ie
.
i

bhuj
te'
Bmd Equatoria
PAID

④ compounds of Bel BIC always

formed in Excited state

⑤ compound of Nl o always formed

in Ground state .
Exultation does not
Cmr due to absent of vacant orbital th
Valerie shell
⑥ compound of pls I UIBRII -

fyrd period
onwards) formed in excited stale

as well as
ground state .
 Emp

¥
v.v.

Above mentioned Bond Angle and

shape of particular hybridisation
is applicable only when CENTRAL
ATOM does NOT HAVE LONE PAIR
Electron .

ggtcmTE.mn?ainotTaeIoareo:engaams.napem
Tf
-pair
-
central alum have lone
different
=D Geometry a shape is
#
Method to Find type of Hybridisation
steam CS ) concept
using No N
-

stearic Cs ) orbital
No N = No
g
-
-

undergoing Hybridisation

S N -

hybridisation
① 2 Sp
② 3 sp2
's
③ 4 Sp

⑥ 5 sp3d
⑤ 6 sp3d2
⑥ 7 gp3d3 .
 limitation : Not applicable for more than
METHOD ,:
central
-
one atom .

Then Slmunre is not given .

charge of Anion
→ =

( magnitude
S N
-
-
= I ( Vt M +
A - c )
Z
/ ↳
✓ ) ,
charge
ration
of
.

valent =
mo
of =
-

no
of monovalent
-

in
atom =

e- of atom

Tree
star
( HIFIUIBRII )

No of lone pair ( Central atom)

.

= s -
N -
no
-

of
atom surrounding
central atom

EI .

CD
Eun S -
N Cc ) = I
2
( ut u to -
)
o

( Chiu) Ku )
( sp )
SN = y
4 -
H as M=y

A- 20
C in
Cnn undergo
'

CIO
.

gp3 Hybridisation .

No .

of lrp le ) = y -
4--0
 Spb with O l p -
on Central Atom

1k$ Tetrahedral shape .

µ ' → Bond Angle

I 109028 .

(
'
Htt H
U

ID NOT Sjw,
=

ICE to t' -0
)

( spy
A I
=L =3
-

C
5

c)
✓=

MIO

Cao s
.
lip ( N) = 3 - 3=0

O o

" 7120
Trigonal planar shape
.

+
N
s .
OS -

B. A = 1200

iii ) NHy④ =p s -
w CN )
=Iz( 5+4 to -
D

z
y ( spy

lip CN ) = 4 -

4=0
 i . NHu④ Tetrahedral shape
H Bond Angle = 1090281
"
zlotys
'

⑦
N
ul ITH
n

ing PUP SN ( p) =L ( 51-61-1 - o)

if
?sC48 5)
I , =
Ez = GCSp3d4
e. pcp ) =G -
6=0

o.in:7 ..
.

to
c) Pch =p g. Ncp)
I ( s the -10 D
-

=
-

U =
I = y ( spy
Ito
P l p ( p)
-
= 4-4=0
x -
U
,
'
U Tetrahedral . 109028
METHIL :
when structure
of Cempuund is

Given .

fixed .

p
S No bind t No of localised
N
of a
- .
-
=

lone pair
-

→ e. p
is fixed
Eg ① NB ① SWCN ) =3 i
HE
t

= u ( Sps)

' r

n'
r

②
r r

i
↳ ( Spg
f
✓
S N
-
=
neo = y
→
S-
N = 4 to

= U (spy
 '
SW = (3+0)--3 Cspz
H
③ ② C µ
-

=
-

H Ethene
c)
SW:3 to =3
=
Spr ' '
" =
@ "
D= zcsp ,

④ H =

c) Ethyne /
SW
Acetylene
.

=2to

→ ( Sp)

"" " to -_
ucsps,
⑤
E÷o÷#
⑥
⑨ # s
-
N =3 to = 3 ( spy

HIM •
I

( methyl free radical

⑦
M fo
iie
lip is denialism
cuz -_ ay - -

ay -

↳ sin =3 to =3 PD
I