7- ON CHANNELS

Selectivity of ieee channels

charge
-
sire → K bigger then Ne Bui ion are

covered in water molecules

-
↳ Ne ethrocts there meter

molecules since it's sweller

Na →
bigger posse fe
b- smaller
persefe
→

Many theories → Charnel

Theory
Carrier
theory
Pere
Theory ( relativity filter)

Equilibrium potential
↳ net current ( in / out ) =D

ON SLIDES = 0 mV reversal potential

↳ current changes clinchers
i(pA )
passing through 0

Vm channel Otlric
→
passive = CHANNEL

( mv )
↳ don't
when
change permeability
denying
home
the
ween
potential
 i ( Pt )
→
RECTIFYING CHANNEL

↳ conductance is

Vm
variable
Cmv ) depending em

the membrane

potential
( →
treetops betel Channels )

Getting →
change between
conformational
states certain channel
of a

( =D
changing permeability / conductance )
↳
ligand
↳
Voltage
↳
Phosphorylation
Pressure Stretch Muscle
↳ / →
,
Shiu . . .

Auditory system
they Veltoge hotel Channel here

Active state
"

Destiny State "

ectiuetoble

thefroctery Period "

were octiuatoble
"

↳ mules both activates inactivates

serve
sty end

the channels →
difference in TIME !
faster !
"
↳
"
actuation is
 because to control
Useful we need

the end communicates

both start end
ef e

Modulation :

control the the

↳ activity of pumps

Ieee Channels membranes

→
Interpret
Hydrophobicity plot → estimate which
parts
will be
of e protein
Transmembrane need
↳ with
along which will not

MOVING AVERAGE

Ki Nat channels
did
euly 1
Type of ,

"
the
↳
types of voltage gotch
"
cheerios
many
same

☆
Transcriptional ,
post the ncripti
- and

modifications =D HIGHER DIVERSITY to

difference in

TENET permeability our

activation period

_h%MfÉLÑ→ deactivation
foster closure
" "

Different districts e- u Svein =

different kinds

of Kt channels

we can urokuhiho

tho
activity of specific regions
of the
channels
brain
by oiling on
specific
 kinetics of
PATCH -
CLAMP TE en ich UE →

study
voltage clouds
gretel
↳ micro
pipette →

negative pressure
inside
,

to therefore seeking e.

with
recording little
system bit
of
membrane

e- inside
↳ 414 A SEAL

( high
)
resistance
membrane pipette -

Add
negative pressure
→ membrane ruptures
Whole Cell
( electrical
)
↳
Recording current
V ,

retrieve
by pulling
↳
you
can a
single patch
pieces of membrane

p¥
away
( Outside Out 1?)
)
y ☆
Eea →

Not
adding negative pressure
channel
only single
↳ record

retrieve
by pulling
↳
you
can a
single patch
out the
piece of membrane →
studying the

( Inside Out ) channel

h¥f
with

different hemp .

-
external to modulate
agents
→ can use
you
channels
permeability of
↳ TTX -

Tetrodotoxin →
blockage of Nat channels

( Putter fish )
 ↳ w -

pronto ✗ in -11A
( Banana Spider)

↳ TEA →

blockage of ?

Isolate a channel
for studying → Block all

the other

decencies

Veltoqe Clamp Technique →

study Sehouieooef
Voltage betel channels when
potential

|
" "&
( → "
• "
ⁿᵗ" "" " "
>
↳ Problem when
depolarizing
→
,

Nat inward current will keep

the cello
depolarizing
"

cell's potential
"

to champ the
→
permits
How
? Recording system checks change run

membrane
potential AND inward

current

↳ the voltage clomp will induce en

article
flowing
current
equal
the cell
of

→÷÷☒
¥EI ED
↳ current injector
waken Um # Ve
 Equilibrium potential → Reversal Point

↳ no current
fleeing
Threshold min Potential to
noyuired
→

the channels
open

After 0mV the inward current starts decreasing

↳ the
euef moving the tens
( electrochemical
epooient )
starts
decreasing
(7) Equilibrium Potential = electrochemical

gradient on nullified
"
Ca
Voltage hotel Cheuuels =
LVA ( how Uetago
Actuated )
↳ inactivated when
cell is at rest

call
by peripeteia
↳

=
activates

→
( modest depolarization )
in velvet
→
is spasticity
when spinal cord injured
→ Ca
"
Shocker involved

treatment
of
in

hypertension ( heart)
↳ else
maybe
spine ?
 "

Delayed Rectifier → no deactivation "

Kt channels
A channels deoñiuet
"

Type
"
→ evident .

low ATP cello Kt Chem nets cell

open
→
in →

depolarized
"

ATP cell K channels closed cell

1-
high in → →

depolarized
Cart channels c)
end Insulin
open
release
trigger

Chouuelrodopsius =D
photosensitive ten channels

↳ central
frequency of neuron 's
firing
lot
with a
of precision