THERMODYNAMICS

Syllabic
Universe
◦

def :
system surrounding ,
,

system $
types of system
. Extensive
property • intensive
property
state
path function
• $ .

◦ 1st law

•
work done by 1st law

°
work done by cyclic process .

Enthalpy
•

•
Adiabatic process
2nd law
Entropy ( )
•

•
☐a

Cg
system :
part of Universe, which is under observation .

is
Suoiounliy : Rest
part of Universe called
surrounding .

Universe : System + Surrounding Universe

→ .

Types of system
open system → mass $ Energy both are
exchanged .

② closed system →
Energy Exchange
mass do not exchange

③ Isolated
system → mass do not exchye
Energy / i '
I
 ¥ Intensive
property

Bpy
VVT DF SSC
E. MR

1! }
|
↓
/ /
|
↓
f.
( Pressure
concentration

" "ᵗʳʰ % " ""

""
$ "" "" ↳

index
"
Point
potential "

Viscosity ×
specific Boiling
Melting → density heat Point
Point
Capacity
Vapour
heat pressure →

surface
Capacity tension
 Extensive Intensive

present
size
dependent on size & Mass Independent of • mass

in system .
in system .

additive . non additive .

V01 ,
mole mass ,
Gibbsfreedom ,
,

Entropy , Enthalpy ,
internal
Energy ,
Heat Capacity
,
Kora ,

Surface area .
 state fn Path fn
q w
•
depend initial
on
&
final state ◦
Heat $ Work

of system
path followed by system
.

depend on .

• donot
defend on path .

AH DU , As , Ah P T, V
,
, ,
 1st law of thermodynamics

U + w
=
q
internal heat workdone
work on
system

/
energy
wctvej

q C- re)
-9kg System →

Heat absorbed
Heat release
by system

work by system
were )
 ISHI
work done
isothermal
Reversible isothermal

Constant
External premiere is
w = -2303 NRT
log ¥
w = -

Pe ✗ +
( Ar )

by %
w =
-2303 NRT
= -
Pext ( vz - V ,
)
= -

Pext
( nRp?- -

nR¥)
 cyclic
P process
p
A B A B

↑
"
C
at ✗
C
D D

v ✓

Clockwise anticlockwise = the

re
=
work
-

cycle
work done
done

work done P-value

area
of cycle area under
:
Tip 0penGntae
w RT
Ang
= -
 Enthalpy
AH =
but A( Pv) no Reaction
given
ifPisb
AH = AU + PAV

ifvisbmt-DH-AUt-VAPRelationb.tw
AH & DU

Ang >0 AH > su

AH DO AH
Ang
=
RT 1- AU
Ang =D
=

Reaction
given Angono AH < AU
 Heat
Capacity
Heat increase system by 1°C
req to temp of
.

÷
c- -

at isothermal condition dT=O C =D

at adiabatic Condition
9--0
Heat exchange at constant Heat
exchange at constant

qp =
Pressure

AH Enthalpy / qr=Au
✓ of
Internal Ehgy
AH =
ncp.AT DU =
ncv AT
 Cv
Cp
monoatomic
gas
E- R 3
=
R

diatomic
gas E- R 5
R
2-
triatomic
gas

Cp -

Cv = NR
¥1
Ratio
poison
Cp-Cv
9=0 ( isolated %%¥
workday
DU qtw

f /
=

Reversible Irreversible
DU=W
W=nCvDT w=nCvAT
" " " = " " "
" " l"" ) "
" ""' )
tzcalcnlalionpever-iblrreversiblenc.AT
TVY
-
I
=
Const
= -

Pext ( Vz -
V, )

T,vit'=TzvzY→L) ncvtz -1T ) = -

Pe×+µRp÷_nRp
p v4 = Const

P V, Y
,
= P, Val
Y p
' -1 = wrist
" ' Y
Til pi Y
-
-

T p =
, ,
 ¥o
•

As = nor en
(E) + • Ren
(E)
AS =
ncp In
( Ig ) + nrln
(%)
 Entropy in
phase transition

⑨ Entropy of fusion solid

liq ⑨

AHf,us
As
fusion
=

② EntnpyofVap_ liq vapour ④

Mrap =

B%ˢ
③ Entnpyofsubimahbn
solid
vapour D
☐
Ssnb =

☐H_subq
?⃝
 Gibbs free Energy
AG = DH -
TAS

Rxn AGO
criteria for spontaneous
cas AH = -1 AS -_ + spontaneous / TDs / >
/ /
AH

/ / / Tbs )
' '
Ah >
Cases AH= As = ve
-

Cases AH = 1- As = -
ve
always nonspontaneons

Gaˢ AH = -
ve AS =
+ always spontaneous