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PART 2- VIBRATION THEORY

2.0- VIBRATION THEORY

1) Simple Harmonic Motion

2) Natural Perion and Frequency
3) Stiffness and Flexibility
4) Rigidity
5) Damping
6) Damping Ratio
7) Decay Envelope
8) Damping Ration of Buildings
9) Damped Period of Vibration
10)Magnification Factor
11)Resonance
12)Impulse Response- Undamped System

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2.10 Simple Harmonic Motion

➢ Example: Simple harmonic oscillators are ➢ Example: Pendulum on a frictionless pivot, and a slab
mass hanging on an ideal spring supported on two massless cantilever spring

→ Oscillators move in a repetitive sinusoidal pattern known as simple harmonic motion

→ Simple harmonic motion is characterized by the absence of a continued disturbing force and a lack
of frictional damping

2.10 Simple Harmonic Motion

→ The number of variable to define the position of all parts of a system is known as the degree of freedom

→ If the oscillator is constrained to move in one dimension only, or alternatively, if one linear or angular variable is
sufficient to describe the position of the oscillator, the system is known single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF)

→ The moving mass in an SDOF system is usually concentrated at one point and is known as a lumped mass

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2.10 Simple Harmonic Motion

→ The oscillation of the SDOF system is initiated by displacing and releasing the mass.

→ Once the system has been displaced and released, no further external force acts on it. Because there is no
friction once it is set in motion, the mass remains in motion indefinitely

2.20 Natural Period and Frequency

→ The time for a complete cycle of oscillation of an SDOF system is known as the natural period, T, sec.

→ The reciprocal of the natural period, is linear natural frequency ( or natural frequency or just frequency), f, hz

𝟏
𝒇= , ℎ𝑧
𝑻
→ The natural frequency can also be expressed in radians ( circular frequency, angular natural frequency, or just
𝒓𝒂𝒅
angular frequency), 𝝎, :
𝒔 𝟐𝝅 𝒎
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 = , 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅
𝑻 𝒌
→ The natural frequency in case of simple harmonic oscillator

𝒌 𝑭
𝝎= =
𝒎 𝒙𝒎

→ It is important to distinguished between the natural frequency of system ( building, oscillator, etc.) and the
frequency of the applied force.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.20- 001

A 2.23- kg mass hangs from two ideal springs as shown. It is assumed that the block is
constrained so that it does not rotate.

1) Compute the total spring composite constant

2) Compute the natural period of vibration
3) Compute the natural frequency

𝒌𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝑵/𝒎 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝑵/𝒎

2.23 kg

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.20- 002

A horizontal spring has constant stiffness k= 300 N/m with a mass of 0.75 kg attached to its
undergoing simple harmonic motion. Calculate the following;

1) Natural period of vibration

2) Frequency, f
3) Angular frequency of oscillator

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.20- 003

A force of 500 N is use to stretch a spring with 0.5 kg mass attached to it by 0.35 m.

1) What is the value of the spring constant

2) What is the frequency of the oscillator

2.30 Stiffness and Flexibility

→ When no mass, m, attached to the spring, → After mass, m, attached to the spring, the spring is
the spring is undeflected deflected by, x (known as static deflection)

→ When Force, F, acts on ideal linear

spring, Hooke's Law predicts the
magnitude of the spring deflection, x.
𝒌
𝒌 𝑭

𝑭 = 𝒌𝒙
𝒎
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝒙
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

→ 𝒌, stiffness or spring constant

→ 𝒎, mass applied to the spring
෍ 𝑭𝒗 = 𝟎
→ 𝒙, static deflection of spring
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒈 = 𝑾
𝑾 = 𝒌𝒙

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2.30 Stiffness and Flexibility

𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝑨𝑴𝑷𝑳𝑰𝑻𝑼𝑫𝑬

𝒌 m m 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 m m m m
𝒙
m m

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2.30 Stiffness and Flexibility

→ The stiffness, k, for beams can be calculated as the ratio of applied force, F, to deflection, x, from the
beam deflection Tables-A that are typically in every mechanics of materials . 𝑭
𝒌=
𝒙
𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 − 𝑨: 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 − 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒆

System

Maximum 𝑭𝒉 𝑭𝒉𝟑 𝑭𝒉𝟑 𝒘𝑳𝟒

Deflection, x
𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟖𝑬𝑰

Stiffness, k 𝑨𝑬 𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟖𝑬𝑰

𝒉 𝒉𝟑 𝒉𝟑 𝑳𝟑

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2.30 Stiffness and Flexibility

𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 − 𝑨: 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 − 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒆

System

Maximum 𝑭𝒉𝟑 𝑭𝑳𝟑 𝟓𝒘𝑳𝟒

Deflection, x
𝟏𝟐𝑬 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

Stiffness, k 𝟏𝟐𝑬 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

𝒉𝟑 𝑳𝟑 𝟓𝑳𝟑

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2.30 Stiffness and Flexibility

𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 − 𝑨: 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 − 𝑫𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒆

System

Maximum 𝑭𝑳𝟑 𝒘𝑳𝟒

Deflection, x
𝟏𝟗𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

Stiffness, k 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

𝑭𝑳𝟑 𝑳𝟑

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2.30 Stiffness and Flexibility

→ Flexibility (F), is the reciprocal of stiffness

→ It is the deflection obtained when a unit force is applied ( m/N)

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.30-001

A small water tank is supported on a slender column as shown. Neglecting the weight of the
column, calculate the following;

1) Stiffness, k
2) Natural period of vibration 𝒎 = 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝒈
3) Flexibility of the water tank support

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟎𝒎

𝑬 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑰 = 𝟖. 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟒

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2.40 Rigidity

→ Rigidity, R is the reciprocal deflection ( where all members consist of the same materials and all walls
have the same thickness )

→ When distributing the applied lateral loads to vertical members because the loads “taken” by each member
is proportion to the members relative rigidity.
𝟏
𝑹=
𝒙

→ Both moment and shear contribute to the deflection experienced by a vertical member ( for example, shear
walls).

→ Shear deflection in concrete and masonry wall cannot be neglected, which are not strong in shear ( has
low shear moduli resistance)

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2.40 Rigidity

→ When the wall is fixed at top and bottom and bends in double curvature and remain vertical, that wall is
known as Fixed Pier

→ The deflection (x) due to both shear (V), and moment (Vh), of fixed pier.

𝒙 = 𝒙𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 + 𝒙𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓

𝑭𝒉𝟑 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝑭𝒉
𝒙= +
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝑨𝑮

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

→ 𝐴 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡, cross section of the wall ( clear height)

→ 𝐺, shear Modulus of wall
𝑡𝑑 3
→ 𝐼 = , moment of inertia ( centroidal)
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2.40 Rigidity

→ When the wall is fixed at the bottom but free to rotate at top bends in simple curvature and is known as a
Cantilever Pier

→ The deflection (x) due to both shear (V), and moment (Vh), of fixed pier.

𝒙
𝒙 = 𝒙𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 + 𝒙𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓

𝑭𝒉𝟑 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝑭𝒉
𝒙= +
𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝑨𝑮

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

→ 𝐴 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡, cross section of the wall ( clear height)

→ 𝐺, shear Modulus of wall
𝑡𝑑 3
→ 𝐼 = , moment of inertia ( centroidal)
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2.40 Rigidity

→ The shear that is distributed to each vertical members ( that is piers) is in proportion to the relative rigidity and
does not depend on the actual rigidity, the deflection can be calculated with arbitrary values of the total shear

→ The relative rigidity (R) as follows;

𝟏
𝟏 𝑹=
𝑹= 𝑭𝒉𝟑 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝑭𝒉
𝑭𝒉𝟑 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝑭𝒉 +
+ 𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝑨𝑮
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝑨𝑮

𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒓

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2.50 Wall Rigidity

→ Pier is a vertical portion of a wall whose height is taken as the smaller of the heights of the opening on
either side of it.
𝒉 ≤ 𝒉𝟎

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

→ ℎ, height of pier
→ ℎ0 , opening height of the wall either side

→ Beam is a horizontal portion left after the piers have been located

𝑩𝟏

𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑
𝑷𝟏

𝑩𝟐

→ It is generally assumed that cantilever condition prevails for walls in one- and two story buildings taken in their
entireties, piers within the wall can be considered either fixed or cantilever

→ Example; Piers between opening may be considered to be fixed at their tops and bottom although the wall is taken
as whole cantilevered

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2.50 Wall Rigidity

❖ TWO Methods of Calculating Wall Rigidity

METHOD A
1) The rigidity of the wall is calculated as the sum of the rigidities of the individual piers framed
between openings in the wall
2) All piers are assumed to be fixed
3) Pier height is the height of the shortest adjacent opening
4) Beams and wall portion above and below the opening are not considered
5) Use only for preliminary analysis

𝑷𝟐 𝑷𝟑
𝑷𝟏

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2.50 Rigidity

→ The relative rigidity (R) as follows;

𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒓

𝟏 𝟏
𝑹= 𝟑 𝑹= 𝟑
𝒉 𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝒅

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2.50 Wall Rigidity

❖ Example 2.50-001
▪ The masonry wall shown in the figure and dimensioned below has a uniform thickness and is part of a one story
building.

Determine the rigidity of masonry wall .

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2.50 Wall Rigidity

❖ TWO Methods of Calculating Wall Rigidity

METHOD B
1) Calculate the gross deflection of the solid wall ( Ignore all openings) take a cantilever action
2) Calculate the strip deflection of an interior strip having length equal to the wall length and
height equal to the tallest opening
3) Calculate the rigidities ( not deflection) of all piers (assuming fixed end)
4) Calculate the wall rigidity ( reciprocal of net deflection )

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2.50 Rigidity

→ The relative rigidity (R) as follows;

𝑭𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒊𝒆𝒓

𝟏 𝟏
𝑹= 𝟑 𝑹= 𝟑
𝒉 𝒉 𝒉 𝒉
𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎
𝒅 𝒅 𝒅 𝒅

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2.50 Wall Rigidity

❖ Example 2.50-002
▪ The masonry wall shown in the figure and dimensioned below has a uniform thickness and is part of a one story
building.

Determine the rigidity of masonry wall .

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2.60 Damping

→ Damping is a dissipation of energy from an oscillating system, primarily through friction

(kinetic energy is transformed into heat) .

→ All structures have their own unique ways of dissipating kinetic energy, and in certain designs,
mechanical system known as dampers can be installed to increase the damping rate

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2.60 Damping

❖ Sources of Damping

1) External Viscous Damping- cause by structure moving through surrounding air (water, in some cases)

2) Internal Viscous Damping- related to the viscosity of the structural materials

3) Body Friction Damping- known as Coulomb friction, result from friction between members in
contact ( friction at connection points)

4) Radiation Damping- structures vibrates and become source of energy, energy is radiated through
the foundation back into the ground.
5) Hysteresis Damping- occurs when the structures yields during the reversal of the loads

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2.60 Damping

→ For Internal viscous damping, the frictional damping force opposing motion is given by;

𝑭𝒅𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝑩𝒗𝒏

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:

→ 𝐵, Damping Coefficient
→ 𝑣, velocity
→ 𝑛, 1 for slow moving system, and 2 for fast-moving system

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