₢

What is Vibrations

Periodic back-and forth motion of an object .

Also called as Oscillation

1
Examples of Vibrations

2
Examples of Vibrations

3
 Examples of Vibrations:
Vibration in molecule and inside a solid

Atoms in solids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87UtD-5bbL4
H2O vibration modes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjSUC5VDxbw

4
 How to Describe Vibrations
Periodic motion
repeat

Equilibrium position
1. Amplitude
2. Period
3. Frequency

5
 Equilibrium position of Vibrations

Equilibrium
position

Equilibrium position

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/pendulum-
lab/latest/pendulum-lab_en.html

6
Examples of Vibrations

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/pendulum-
lab/latest/pendulum-lab_en.html

7
Examples of Vibrations

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/masses-and-
springs/latest/masses-and-springs_en.html

8
 Amplitude and Energy
The amplitude A of motion: Oscillator’s maximum displacement from equilibrium.
(Max compression or stretching for a spring)
Equilibrium
Position

1 2
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 +0
2

1 1
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2
𝑥

1
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0 + 𝑘𝐴2
2

amplitude A
9
 Period & Frequency
The period T of an oscillation: Time that takes to complete one oscillation.
The unit of period is seconds.

Frequency f: The total number of oscillations made during one second.

The unit of frequency is the Hertz (Hz), which is 1/s.

Relation between Frequency and period

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 1

𝑓= = = 𝑓=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇

10
 Simple Harmonic Oscillation
Oscillator position-time curve is sine function

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7fRGXc9SBI
11
Simple Harmonic Oscillation (SHO)

x
A
x

0 t

-A

12
Simple Harmonic Oscillation (SHO)

x
1s f = 1 Hz
t
x T=1s

1s f = 2 Hz
t
T = 1/2 s
x

1s f = 3 Hz
t
T = 1/3 s

13
 Oscillation Frequency (SHO)
Oscillation Frequency of a SHO depends on the Oscillator

Oscillator (most used example)

A mass block (𝑚) attached to a spring (spring constant 𝑘) without friction

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

𝜔 Angular frequency 𝑓 frequency

spring constant 𝑘

Oscillator
surface frictionless
mass block (𝑚)
14
 SHO (Spring and a mass block)
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔𝑇 = 2𝜋

EX-1 A 1.30 × 103 𝑘𝑔 car is constructed on a frame

supported by four springs. Each spring has a spring
constant of 2.00 × 104 𝑁/𝑚. If two people riding in
the car have a combined mass of 160 kg,
A. Find the frequency of vibration of the car when
it is driven over a pothole in the road.
B. Find also the period and the angular frequency.

15
 SHO (Spring and a mass block)
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔𝑇 = 2𝜋

EX-2 A 0.500-kg object connected to a light spring

with a spring constant of 20.0 N/m oscillates on a
frictionless horizontal surface.
(a) Calculate the total energy of the system and the
maximum speed of the object if the amplitude of
the motion is 3.00 cm.
(b) What is the velocity of the object when the
displacement is 2.00 cm?
(c) Compute the kinetic and potential energies of the
system when the displacement is 2.00 cm.

16
Oscillation Frequency (An object attached to a string)
Oscillation Frequency of a SHO depends on the Oscillator

Oscillator (Simple Pendulum)

A block attached to a string (string length 𝑙) without friction

Oscillator
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑔
𝜔=
𝑙 𝑓 frequency
string
length
𝑙 𝜔 Angular frequency

EX-3 Using a small pendulum of length

0.171 m, a geophysicist counts 72.0
complete swings in a time of 60.0 s. What
is the value of g in this location?

17
 Oscillation Frequency (SHO)
Oscillation Frequency of a SHO depends on the Oscillator

Symmetry stretch Bend Asymmetric stretch

𝑓1 = 109.6 𝑇𝐻𝑧 𝑓2 = 47.8 𝑇𝐻𝑧 𝑓3 = 112.6 𝑇𝐻𝑧

The three vibrational modes of the water molecule and their fundamental
frequencies: symmetric stretching (𝑓1 ), bending (𝑓2) and asymmetric stretching
(𝑓3). The atoms move in the directions indicated by arrows.
18
 Different Type of Oscillations
AC Power Source in US

Electricity in Walls is 60 Hz

Electromagnetic Oscillator (Radio)

AM Radio – kHz
FM Radio – 88.9 FM

** 88.9 FM = 88.9 MHz = 88.9 × 106 𝐻𝑧

** Higher frequency: kHz, MHz, GHz

19
Mechanic Waves

20
 Example of some Waves

Water (surface) wave

Sound wave
Music instruments (string, tube)
Wave on string
Wave in Solid
….

21
Water Waves Formation
STEM Experiment: Ripple Tank
http://ophysics.com/w12.html

Water: Medium
Dipper: Vibration Source

22
Simulation of Water Waves Formation
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-interference

Water: Medium
Dipper: Vibration Source

23
 Waves on a String
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_vhKhUCX7o

24
Waves on a String: PhET Simulation

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-on-a-string

String: Medium
Oscillator: Vibration Source

25
 What is a wave?

Wave is
Oscillation (vibration) travels through a medium.

Wave formation need:

Vibration Source (something vibration)
A medium (water, air, string …)

26
 Two Types of Mechanical Waves

Transverse Waves:

oscillation direction
Wave travel direction
Perpendicular

Longitudinal Waves:

oscillation direction
Wave travel direction
Parallel
27
Transverse Waves

Oscillation

direction of travel

28
Longitudinal Wave

Oscillation

direction of travel

29
Draw a Picture for Wave (Human Wave)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j44P2KIt9q4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iq_QasUzz2E

1. Many oscillators are connected to form a chain through a medium.

2. Each individual oscillator vibrates at its own position. It does not travel (long
distance) from its local location to a different location.
3. Each oscillator repeats its neighbor’s vibration, only a little delay in time.
4. All the oscillators vibrate the same as the source (first oscillator).

30
 Draw a Picture for Wave (String Wave)
PhET Simulation

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/wave-
on-a-string/latest/wave-on-a-string_en.html

1. Many oscillators are connected to form a chain through a medium.

2. Each individual oscillator vibrates at its own position. It does not travel (long distance)
from its local location to a different location.
3. Each oscillator repeats its neighbor’s vibration, only a little delay in time.
4. All the oscillators vibrate the same as the source (first oscillator).
5. There are some oscillators delay (𝑇, 2𝑇, 3𝑇, …)
31
 Describe Wave
1. Period: The period of any particular oscillator
2. Frequency: The frequency of any particular oscillator
3. Amplitude: The amplitude of any particular oscillator
4. Wave speed: Wave travel speed.
5. Wavelength: The length of the minimum repeating oscillator group.

1. Many oscillators are connected to form a chain through a medium.

2. Each individual oscillator vibrates at its own position. It does not travel (long distance)
from its local location to a different location.
3. Each oscillator repeats its neighbor’s vibration, only a little delay in time.
4. All the oscillators vibrate the same as the source (first oscillator).
5. There are some oscillators delay (𝑇, 2𝑇, 3𝑇, …)

32
 Wavelength

Amplitude

equilibrium

Wavelength 𝜆
Any oscillator
Crest
Vibrate along y

All the oscillators

➢ Form a chain
➢ Along wave travel direction (x-direction)
𝜆

trough trough
33
 Wavelength
Wavelength 𝜆
Any oscillator
Crest
Vibrate along y

All the oscillators

➢ Form a chain
➢ Along wave travel direction (x-direction)
𝜆

trough trough

Wave travel speed 𝑣

𝜆 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜆

𝑣= = = 𝜆𝑓
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇
34
 Wave Speed, Frequency, and Wavelength
For a fixed medium, the speed of the wave is always the same (constant).

𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Long Wavelength, Low frequency
Short Wavelength, High Frequency

Examples: Sound speed in different medium

➢ in air is about 343 m/s [20 °C (68 °F)];
➢ in water 1,481 m/s (almost 4.3 times as fast as in air);
➢ in iron 5,120 m/s

35
 Wave Speed, Frequency, and Wavelength
EX-4 A wave has a wavelength of 3.00 m.
Calculate the frequency of the wave if it is
(a) a sound wave and
(b) a light wave. Take the speed of sound as 343
m/s and the speed of light as 3.00 × 108 𝑚/𝑠.

EX-5 A sound wave has a frequency of 500 Hz.

What is the period of vibration of the air
molecules due to the sound wave?

EX-6 You dip your fingers repeatedly into water

and make waves. If you dip your finger more
frequently, the wavelength of the waves
a) increases
b) decreases
c) stays the same

36
 Wave Speed, Frequency, and Wavelength
EX-7 A wave traveling in the positive x-direction
is pictured in Figure. Find the amplitude,
wavelength, speed, and period of the wave if it
has a frequency of 8.00 Hz. In the Figure, ∆𝑥 =
40.0 𝑐𝑚 and ∆𝑦 = 15.0 𝑐𝑚.

37
 Waves Contain Power
(How fast wave transfer energy)
➢ Wave contains oscillators
One oscillator
➢ Each oscillator is vibrating and contains energy
➢ Wave is oscillation transfer
➢ Wave traveling speed is 𝑣.

1 2 1
𝐸𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2
2 2

Density of string 𝜇

Length of one Oscillator 𝛿𝑥

Mass of one Oscillator 𝑚 = 𝜇𝛿𝑥

𝜆
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝜆 𝜆
𝛿𝑥

(# 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝜆) × 𝐸𝑜𝑛𝑒 1

𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑇
𝑃ത = 𝜇𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑣
2
38
Waves travel in the medium independently
Two or more waves traveling in the same medium travel independently and can pass
through each other.
Example: Sound wave traveling independently. Two students in the same room are
speaking, one students’ voice does not destroy the other’s voice.

animations
39
Wave Behavior: Interference

If two waves exist at the same point

in space at the same time, they will
interfere with each other.

When two or more waves are present

at the same time in the same place,
the resulting wave is the (amplitude)
sum of the individual waves.

40
 Wave Behavior: Interference

Constructive interference :
When the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another

crest trough
crest trough

41
 Wave Behavior: Interference
Destructive interference:
When the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another

zero

crest trough
trough crest

42
Example: Water Wave Interference

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/wave-interference/latest/wave-
interference_en.html

43
 Wave is
Oscillation (vibration) travels through a medium.
Wave formation need:
Vibration Source (something vibration)
A medium (water, air, string …)

What if
➢ The medium changes (wave travels to the boundary between
two different mediums)
➢ The medium is ended (wave travel to the boundary)

44
 Wave Reflections at a Boundary

Incident wave traveling to the right meets a boundary (medium is ended).

The wave will reflected back (traveling to the left).
➢ End point is fixed
➢ End point is free

https://www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/Demos/reflect/reflect.html

45
 Wave Reflections at a Boundary

Incident wave

Reflected wave

When two waves meet at the same location, they interfere with each other.
➢ Some locations have constructive interference [1+1 or −1+(−1)];
➢ Other locations have destructive interference [1+(−1) or (−1)+1].

Forming Standing wave

46
 Standing Waves
A standing wave is produced when two identical waves of the same amplitude and
wavelength interfere while traveling in opposite directions, usually due to a boundary!

standing wave
➢ Looks like the wave does not move
➢ Nodes (at these locations the oscillators do not move)
➢ Antinodes (at these locations the oscillators have the maximum amplitude).

47
Standing Waves

48
 Standing Waves in String Musical Instruments
Fingers are at one end used to
change the length of the string

Guitar

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑙)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜇)

bridge 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐹)

Frequency (Pitch) of a string depend on

1. String length
2. String thickness (mass density)
3. Tension force
49
 Standing Waves a String (Two Ends Fixed)

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑙)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜇)

bridge 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐹)

Frequency (Pitch) of a string depend on String wave speed

1. String length (𝑙)
2. String thickness (mass density 𝜇)
3. Tension force (𝐹) 𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓

Given a string two ends are fixed

What frequency can exist?

50
 Standing Waves a String (Two Ends Fixed)

Given a string two ends are fixed

What frequency can exist?

Given standing wave, how to cut and fit to the string?

51
 Standing Waves a String (Two Ends Fixed)
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑙)
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐹)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜇)
bridge 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐹)
𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓

𝜆1 𝜆1 𝑓1
(𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒) × 𝑙=
2 2

𝜆2 𝜆2 𝑓2
(𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒) × 𝑙 = 2× 2nd harmonic
2 2

𝜆3 𝜆3
(𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒) × 𝑙 = 3× 𝑓3 3rd harmonic
2 2

𝜆𝑛 𝜆𝑛
𝑛 …….. 𝑙=𝑛 𝑓𝑛 n-th harmonic
2 2
52
EX-8 A uniform string has a mass M of 0.0300 kg and a
length L of 6.00 m. Tension is maintained in the string by
suspending a block of mass m = 2.00 kg from one end.
Neglect the mass of the hanging part of the string.
a) Find the speed of a transverse wave pulse on this string.

53
EX-9 Find the frequencies of the fundamental,
𝜆𝑛
second, and third harmonics of a steel wire 1.00 m 𝑛 𝑙=𝑛 𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓
2
long with a mass per unit length of 2.00 ×
1 𝜆1 = 2.00𝑚 𝑓1 = 100 𝐻𝑧
10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 and under a tension of 80.0 N.
2 𝜆2 = 1.00𝑚 𝑓2 = 200 𝐻𝑧
3 𝜆3 = 0.67𝑚 𝑓3 = 300 𝐻𝑧
4 𝜆4 = 0.50𝑚 𝑓4 = 400 𝐻𝑧

𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓

𝜆𝑛
𝑙=𝑛
2

54
EX-10 The high E string on a certain guitar measures 64.0 cm in length
𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓 = 𝜆1 𝑓1 = 𝜆2𝑓2
and has a fundamental frequency of 329 Hz. When a guitarist presses
down so that the string is in contact with the first fret (Fig. a), the string is
shortened so that it plays an F note that has a frequency of 349 Hz. How
far is the fret from the nut?

𝑙1 = 0.64 𝑓1 = 329 𝐻𝑧
𝑙2 =? 𝑓2 = 349 𝐻𝑧

55
Standing Waves Experiment Demo

56
 Sound Waves
Wave is Oscillation (vibration) travels through a medium.
Wave formation need:
Vibration Source (something vibration)
A medium (water, air, string …)

Speaker diaphragm
oscillation Source
(oscillates back and forth)

Medium
(Air)

57
 Sound

How the ear works

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgdqp-oPb1Q
58
Sound Wave is Longitudinal Wave

Oscillation

direction of travel

59
 Describe Wave
1. Period: The period of any particular oscillator
2. Frequency: The frequency of any particular oscillator
3. Amplitude: The amplitude of any particular oscillator
4. Wave speed
5. Wavelength

2. Frequency 2. Pitch
3. Amplitude 3. Loudness
High frequency: high pitch
Low frequency: low pitch

60
 Sound Wave
(High Pressure) (Low Pressure)

Wavelength

Variations in Air Pressure and Corresponding Waveform

high – low – high - … pressure regions 61

Wave Speed, Frequency, and Wavelength

For a fixed medium, the speed of the wave is always the same (constant).

𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Examples: Sound speed in different medium
➢ in air is about 343 m/s [20 °C (68 °F)];
➢ in water 1,481 m/s (almost 4.3 times as fast as in air);
➢ in iron 5,120 m/s
Each degree rise in temperature above 0C, speed of sound in air increases by 0.6 m/s

** The human ear can hear frequencies between about 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz)
As we grow older, the limits of this human hearing range shrink, especially at the high-frequency end.

62
 Wave Behavior: Interference

Constructive interference : Destructive interference:

When the crest of one wave When the crest of one wave
overlaps the crest of another overlaps the trough of another

crest trough crest trough

crest trough trough crest

63
Example: Two Speaker Sound Wave Interference

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/wave-
interference/latest/wave-interference_en.html

64
Example: Two Speaker Sound Wave Interference

65
EX-11 Two speakers placed 3.00 m apart are driven by the same
oscillator. A listener is originally at point O, which is located 8.00 m
from the center of the line connecting the two speakers. The listener
then walks to point P, which is a perpendicular distance 0.350 m from
O, before reaching the first minimum in sound intensity. What is the
frequency of the oscillator? Take the speed of sound in air to be 𝑣𝑠 =
343 𝑚/𝑠.

66
Standing Waves in a Tube

See the nodes and antinodes of Standing Waves of a tube

(Sound Resonance Tube Calculate Speed of Sound)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cthCLX_9rRQ

67
Standing Waves a String (Two Ends Fixed)
Given a tube: one end is fixed, another end is open.
What frequency can exist?

Given standing wave, how to cut and fit to the tube?

68
Standing Waves in a Tube
𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓

𝜆1 𝑓1
𝑙=
4

𝜆2 𝑓3 3nd harmonic
𝑙 = 3×
4

𝜆3 𝑓5 5th harmonic
𝑙 = 5×
4

𝜆𝑛 𝑓2𝑛+1 2n+1-th harmonic

𝑙 = (2𝑛 + 1)
4

69
Standing Waves in Pipe
Standing wave in Pipe Instruments:
What Are Harmonics?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRQQxoG6rDY

70
EX-12 Figure shows a simple apparatus for demonstrating resonance
in a tube. A long tube open at both ends is partially submerged in a
beaker of water, and a vibrating tuning fork of unknown frequency is
placed near the top of the tube. The length of the air column, L, is
adjusted by moving the tube vertically. The sound waves generated by
the fork are reinforced when the length of the air column corresponds to
one of the resonant frequencies of the tube. Suppose the smallest value
of L for which a peak occurs in the sound intensity is 9.00 cm.
a) With this measurement, determine the frequency of the tuning fork.
b) Find the wavelength and the next two air-column lengths giving
resonance. Take the speed of sound to be 343 m/s.

71
EX-13 A pipe is 2.46 m long.
a) Determine the frequencies of the first three
harmonics if the pipe is open at both ends. Take
343 m/s as the speed of sound in air.
b) How many harmonic frequencies of this pipe lie
in the audible range, from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz?
c) What are the three lowest possible frequencies if
the pipe is closed at one end and open at the
other?

72
 Standing Waves in Pipe

How to Make a Pan Flute Sound wave in pipe music instrument: pan flute

73
 Resonance and Natural frequency

Musical Instruments
Given a string/pipe
It has its own natural frequency (Harmonics)

If the frequency of external source (for example, a tuning fork) is

match the instrument’s natural frequency, the resonance happens.
And you hear the sound of that frequency.

Resonance
➢ A phenomenon in which the frequency of forced vibrations on an object matches the object’s
natural frequency
➢ You will observe large amplitude vibrations.

74
 ₢
Electromagnetic Wave

75