PHYSICS XI WAVE, SOUND & MOTION CHAPTER # 8

Wave: It is the mechanism by which energy is transferred from one place to another.

Types of waves: There are following types of waves

Mechanical waves: The waves which need material for their propagation are called mechanical
waves. For example water waves, sound waves, string waves.

Electromagnetic waves: The waves which do not need material medium for their propagation
are called electromagnetic waves. For example radio waves, light waves etc.

Matter waves: The waves which are associated with motion of particles are matter waves. For
example motion of electron.

Progressive/travelling waves: A wave which travels continuously in a medium in the same

direction without the change in its amplitude is called a travelling wave or a progressive wave.
They have two types (i) transverse waves (ii) longitudinal waves.

Transverse waves: The waves in which particles of medium are perpendicular to direction of
propagation of waves are called travelling waves. Waves produced in water and rope.

Longitudinal/compressional waves: The waves in which particles of medium are parallel to

direction of propagation of waves are called longitudinal waves. For example sound waves.

Why sound waves are longitudinal in nature: Both types of waves can be set up in solids. In
fluids, however, transverse wave die out very quickly and usually cannot produced at all. That’s
why, sound waves in air are longitudinal in nature.

Sound waves produce Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, interference but not polarization
because sound waves are longitudinal.

An average human ear can hear a sound in the frequency range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
The sound waves with frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz are called ultrasonic and sound
waves having frequencies lower than 20 Hz are called infrasonic.

Periodic waves: The waves which are produced by the continuous and rhythmic disturbances in
medium are called periodic waves. For example waves in oscillating mass spring system.

Transverse periodic waves: The periodic waves in which the displacement of particles of
medium is perpendicular to the direction of motion of waves are called transverse periodic
waves.

Crest: The part of transverse waves which is above the mean level is called crest

Trough: The part of transverse wave which is below the mean level is called trough

Wavelength: The distance b/w two consecutive crest or two trough denoted by Greek letter λ is
wavelength.

Amplitude: The maximum displacement of point in crest or trough of wave is called amplitude

Time period: The time for which a wave travel a distance of wavelength is called time period.

Frequency: The number of waves passing through a medium in one second is called frequency.
f=1/T.

Speed of wave: The distance covered by a wave in 1 second is called speed of wave.

Longitudinal/ Compressional periodic waves: The periodic waves in which particles of

medium vibrate along the direction of motion of waves are called longitudinal periodic waves.
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OSCILLATORY MOTION/VIBRATORY MOTION: To and fro motion of a body about a
mean position is called vibratory or oscillatory motion.
Oscillatory motion is also called as harmonic motion.
Common examples are
(a) The motion of the pendulum of a wall clock
(b) The motion of a load attached to a spring, when it is pulled and then released.
(c) The motion of liquid contained in U-tube when it is compressed once in one limb and left to
itself.
(d) A loaded piece of wood floating over the surface of a liquid when pressed down and then
released executes oscillatory motion.

PERIODIC MOTION: The vibratory motion that repeats itself in equal interval of time is
called periodic motion.
Revolution of earth around the sun (period one year), Rotation of earth about its polar axis
(period one day), Motion of hour’s hand of a clock (period 12-hour) etc are common example of
periodic motion.
Restoring force: The force which brings the system back to its equilibrium position is called
restoring force. F= - K x.

Hook’s law: Within elastic limit, the applied force is directly proportional to the displacement.
F=K x.

Spring constant: Force per unit extension is called spring constant. K=F/x its SI unit is N/m

Simple harmonic motion: A type of motion in which acceleration is directly proportional to

displacement from mean position and directed towards mean position is called SHM. a α x.

Conditions for SHM: The system must have inertia, restoring force and frictionless for SHM.

Instantaneous displacement: The displacement of vibrating body at any instant of time

Amplitude: the maximum displacement of vibrating body on either position from its mean
position

Vibration: one complete round trip of vibrating body about is mean position

Time period: The time required to complete one vibration. It is shown by T and its unit is
second

What is the total distance traveled by an object moving with SHM in a time equal to its period,
if its amplitude is A?
Total distance traveled will be 4A. Time period is time during which vibrating body completes
one round trip and in one round trip total distance is A+A+A+A=4A.

Frequency: the number of vibrations completed in one second f=1/T.

The product of frequency and time period is equal to 1, fT=1

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STANDING WAVES / STATIONARY WAVES: Standing waves are formed when two
identical waves travelling in opposite direction are superimposed with each other.

FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY/1ST HARMONIC (f1):

𝑉
𝑓1 = 2𝐿

1 𝑇 1 𝑇𝐿 1 𝑀𝑔𝐿
𝑓1 = 𝑂𝑅 𝑂𝑅
2𝐿 𝜇 2𝐿 𝑚 2𝐿 𝑚

2ND HARMONIC/1ST OVERTONE:

f2 = 2f1

fn = n f

OPEN PIPE

CLOSED PIPE:

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Simple Pendulum
A heavy point mass suspended from a rigid support by means of almost weightless and
inextensible string is named as simple pendulum
Galileo invented simple pendulum.
T =mg Cos θ is tension in the string
mg Sin θ is responsible for motion of simple pendulum.
𝑔𝑥
Acceleration a = −
𝑙

𝑔
Angular frequency of simple pendulum: 𝜔 = 𝑙

𝑔
Maximum velocity of simple pendulum 𝑉𝑜 = 𝜔𝑥0 = 𝑥0 𝑙
Motion of simple pendulum is SHM.
𝑙 1 𝑔
T = 2𝜋 , 𝑓 = 2𝜋
𝑔 𝑙

A second’s pendulum has following characteristics

Time period of second’s pendulum is 2 seconds.

Its frequency is 0.5 HZ.

Its length is 0.99m(1 m) or 100cm.

Variation of Time Period “T” of a Simple Pendulum in an Elevator Hanging from the
Ceiling of Elevator:
 If elevator is at rest or moving with uniform velocity, then T remains unchanged.
 If elevator is accelerating upwards, then T decreases as apparent weight increases.
 If elevator is accelerating downwards then increases as apparent weight decreases.
 If elevator is falling freely under the action of gravity, then It becomes undefined.

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PROJECTION OF THE PARTICLE EXECUTE S.H.M:
DISPLACEMENT (x) :
x = xo Cosθ (OR) x = xo Coswt
y = xo Sinθ (OR) y = xo Sinwt ; where amplitude = xo
ACCELERATION: a = -ῳ2 x
MEAN POSITION (x=0): a=0 i.e minimum
EXTREME POSITION (x=xo): a = - ῳ2 xo i.e maximum
𝑘
ANGULAR VELOCITY (ῳ): ῳ = 𝑚

𝑚
TIME PERIOD: T = 2π 𝑘

1 𝑘
FREQUENCY: f = 2𝜋 𝑚

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY (Vx) : Vx = ῳ 𝑥𝑜2 − 𝑥 2

MEAN POSITION (x=0): Vmax = ῳ 𝑥𝑜
EXTREME POSITION (x=xo): Vmin = o
𝑥2
RELATION B/W Vx & Vmax: Vx = Vmax 1 − 𝑥2
𝑜

1 1
INSTANTANEOUS K.E = 2 𝑚𝑣𝑥2 (OR) 2 𝑘(𝑥𝑜2 − 𝑥 2 )

1
MEAN POSITION (x=0): K.E = 2 𝑘𝑥𝑜2

EXTREME POSITION (x=xo): K.E = 0

1
INSTANTANEOUS P.E = 2 𝑘𝑥 2

MEAN(x=0): P.E = 0
1
EXTREME POSITION (x=xo): P.E = 2 𝑘𝑥𝑂2

1
TOTAL ENERGY : E = 2 𝑘𝑥𝑂2

BEATS: When two sound waves of different frequency approach your ear, the alternating
constructive and destructive interference causes the sound to be alternatively soft and loud - a
phenomenon which is called "beating" or producing beats. The beat frequency is equal to the
absolute value of the difference in frequency of the two waves. +- fb = f1 - f2

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DOPPLER'S EFFECT:

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