Week 3

GENERAL PHYSICS 1
JOEDE MARK R. GUMAPAC
Periodic Motion
Objects that move back and forth over
the same path such as a swinging
pendulum, a metal weight bobbing up and
down, and a vibrating guitar spring exhibit
periodic motion. One type of periodic
motion is simple harmonic motion. Simple
harmonic motion is an oscillatory motion
experienced by an object displaced by a
force from an equilibrium position.
Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple harmonic motion, just like any

other motion, can be described in terms of
displacement, velocity, and acceleration. A
body whose acceleration is proportional to
its displacement from a certain equilibrium
position and opposite to its displacement is
said to move in simple harmonic motion.
Simple Harmonic Motion
A body moving in SHM has its displacement
from the equilibrium position continuously
changing. The maximum displacement attained
by the body on either side of the equilibrium is
its amplitude. The total number of vibrations
per unit time is called the frequency of the
motion. On the other hand, the time for one
complete vibration is called period of motion
 Equations for Simple Harmonic
Motion
a. Period of the Spring (T)

𝒎
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅
𝒌
Where k is spring constant
m is mass
 Equations for Simple Harmonic
Motion
b. Maximum acceleration (amax)
𝟐
−𝟒𝝅 𝑨
𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐
𝑻
Where A is amplitude
T is period
 Equations for Simple Harmonic
Motion
c. Acceleration from equilibrium
position (a)
𝟐
−𝟒𝝅 𝒙
𝒂= 𝟐
𝑻
Where T is period
x is displacement
Sample Problem 1
A 100-g body is attached at
the end of a hanging spring
with a spring constant of 2000
dynes/cm. It is displaced 10
cm from its equilibrium
position and then released.
 a. Calculate the period
b. Find the maximum
acceleration of the body; and
c. Find the acceleration of
the body when it is 5.0 cm
from the equilibrium position.
Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum consists of a bob of
a relatively large mass hanging on a
string with negligible mass. The string is
normally in a vertical position. The bob
hangs along a vertical line and is in
equilibrium under the action of two
forces, its weight and the tension in the
string.
To solve the period in Simple Pendulum:

𝑳
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅
𝒈
Where L is the length of the string
g is 9.8 m/s2
Sample Problem 2
A string of a pendulum has a length of
1.0 m and a period of 2.0 s. Find the
value of g at a point of the pendulum. If
the same pendulum is brought to the
moon where the value of g is 1.2 m/s2,
what is the period of the pendulum?
Physical Pendulum
A physical pendulum refers to an
object which oscillates back and forth, in
contrast to the rather idealized simple
pendulum where all the mass is
concentrated in a single point (usually the
mass hanging on the end of the massless
rope).
Physical Pendulum
One example of a physical
pendulum is a baseball bat
swinging back and forth. Any
object which is acted upon by a
restoring torque will move in
angular harmonic motion when
given an angular displacement.
A physical pendulum can
illustrate this effect.
Physical Pendulum
When a disk is displaced in such a way
that there is a restoring torque, we have a
torsion balance. The restoring torque
tends to bring it back to its equilibrium
position. The body is said to move with
angular harmonic motion. The body is
free to rotate about an axis perpendicular
to its own plane.
Equation for period of PP:

𝑰
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅
𝒎𝒈𝑳
Where I is inertia → I = mr 2

m is mass
g is 9.8 m/s 2

L is length
Sample Problem 3
A body is pivoted so that its center of
gravity is 1.0 cm from the axis of rotation.
The body’s radius of gyration is 60 cm.
The body acts like a physical pendulum.
Find the period of vibration of the body.
 Week 4
GENERAL PHYSICS 1
JOEDE MARK R. GUMAPAC
 What I know
1. What is the duration of time of one cycle
in a repeating motion?
A. Amplitude B. Frequency
C. Period D. Wavelength
2. The unit use in frequency in honor to its
discoverer.
A. Hertz B. Meter
C. Radians D. Seconds
What I know
3. Which of the following types of waves
that particles move perpendicular to the
direction of a wave?
A. Longitudinal B. Mechanical
C. Sinusoidal D. Transverse
4. Which of the following state of matter is
best for Mechanical Waves to propagate?
A. Gas B. liquid
C. Plasma D. solid
What I know

5. It is the number of cycles in a specific

amount of time.
A. Amplitude
B. Frequency
C. Period
D. Wavelength
Lesson 1
Simple Harmonic Motion
Oscillatory Motion
Oscillatory motion is the repeated to
and from the movement of a system from
its equilibrium position. Every system at
rest is in its equilibrium position. At this
point, no external force is acting on it.
Lesson 1
Simple Harmonic Motion
Therefore, the net force acting on the
system is zero. Now, if this system is
displaced a little from its fixed point, a
force acts on the system which tries to
bring back the system to its fixed point.
This force is the restoring force and it gives
rise to oscillations or vibrations.
 Damping is the decrease in
amplitude of an oscillation as a
result of energy being drained
from the system to overcome
frictional or other resistive forces.
 Undamped oscillations are
those oscillatory motions where
their amplitude remains the same
or constant.
 Damped oscillations are those
oscillatory motion where its amplitude
decreases with time until it achieves
the state of equilibrium.
 The underdamped condition in
which the damping of an oscillator
causes it to return to equilibrium with
the amplitude gradually decreasing to
zero; the system returns to equilibrium
faster but overshoots and crosses the
equilibrium position one or more
times.
 The critically damped condition
in which the damping of an
oscillator causes it to return as
quickly as possible to its
equilibrium position without
oscillating back and forth about
this position.
 The over-damped condition in
which damping of an oscillator
causes it to return to equilibrium
without oscillating; oscillator
moves more slowly toward
equilibrium than in the critically
damped system.
Lesson 2
CLASSIFICATION OF WAVES
 A wave is a disturbance in a
medium that carries energy without
particles being moved. It may take the
form of elastic deformation, a variation
of pressure, electric or magnetic
intensity, electric potential, or
temperature.
 Mechanical Waves
Mechanical waves are defined as waves
that needed any type of medium for
propagation. It is a wave that is not
capable of transmitting its energy through
a vacuum. Mechanical waves require a
medium in order to transport their energy
from one location to another. A sound
wave is an example of a mechanical wave.
 Longitudinal wave
A longitudinal wave is a wave in
which particles of the medium move in
a direction parallel to the direction that
the wave moves. Longitudinal waves are
always characterized by particle motion
being parallel to wave motion.
Examples of Longitudinal Wave
• Sound waves
• Tsunami waves
• Earthquake
• P - waves
• Ultrasound
• Vibrations in gas
• Oscillations in spring
• Internal water waves and
• Waves in slinky
 Transverse wave
A transverse wave is a wave in which
particles of the medium move in a direction
perpendicular to the direction that the wave
moves. Examples of Transverse Wave:
• Light wave • Audience wave
• Radio waves • Television waves
• Visible light waves • Ultraviolet waves
• Vibrating guitar strings • Magnetic waves
Lesson 3
SINUSOIDAL WAVE & EQUATION
Sine wave is any oscillation, such as a
sound wave or alternating current, whose
waveform is that of a sine curve. A waveform
that represents periodic oscillations in which
the amplitude of displacement at each point is
proportional to the sine of the phase angle of
the displacement and that is visualized as a
sine curve.
Characteristics of a Sine wave
Cycle: In a sine wave, it is the
complete event starting with a rise
from zero energy to a maximum
amplitude, its return to zero, the rise
to a maximum in the opposite
direction, and then its return to zero.
 Frequency: The number of 𝟏
cycles of vibration in a given 𝒇=
unit of time. The number of 𝑻
cycles in a second is one
Hertz (Hz), after the German
physicist, Heinrich Hertz.
Therefore, 1Hz equals one
cycle per second.
 Period: the time it takes to
complete one cycle.

𝟏
𝑻=
𝒇
 Wavelength: The distance sound
travels during one period,
regardless of frequency.

𝒗
𝝀=
𝒇
 Wave Speed: the speed at which
a wave is moving or traveling.

𝒗=𝒇 ×𝝀
 Direction of a wave: For a moving wave,
you consider a particular part of it as
moving. This means that the same y would
be found at other x for other t, and if you
change t, you need to change x in the
equation of sinusoidal wave, if t increases,
x must increase to make up for it. That
makes a wave move in a positive direction.
 Wave number: It refers to the number of
complete wave cycles of an electromagnetic
field (EM field) that exist in one meter
(1 m) of linear space. Wave number is
expressed in reciprocal meters (m-1).

𝟐𝝅
𝒌=
𝝀
 Speed of waves in a stretched string:
The speed of waves in a stretched string
depends on the tension F in the string as
well as the mass per unit length μ of the
string.
𝑭 𝒎
𝒗= 𝝁=
𝝁 𝒍
 Waves can also transmit power.
Formula for power is as follows:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝑷 = 𝝁𝝎 𝑨 𝒗
𝟐
Sample Problem
A 1.2 m guitar string is under
a tension of 400 N. The mass of
the string is 0.048 kg. Calculate
(a) the mass per unit length of
the string and (b) the speed of
waves in it.
Sample Problem
A 1.5 m guitar string is under
a tension of 550 N. The mass of
the string is 0.05 kg. Calculate
(a) the mass per unit length of
the string and (b) the speed of
waves in it.
Sample Problem
A 1.2 m guitar string is under
a tension of 400 N. The mass of
the string is 0.048 kg. Calculate
(a) the mass per unit length of
the string and (b) the speed of
waves in it.
Sample Problem
A 1.2 m guitar string is under
a tension of 400 N. The mass of
the string is 0.048 kg. The
amplitude of wave is 0.1 m and
angular frequency of 100
radians/s. Calculate the
transmitted power.
Inverse Square Law
A point light source will spread its
energy equally in all directions.
Therefore if you wanted to find all of
the points in space where the energy
was of the same intensity you would
have to draw a sphere around the
source point. The bigger the radius of
the sphere the greater the ‘surface’
over which the energy was spread.
 The relationship between radius and
sphere surface area is an inverse
square relationship. That means that
intensity will depend on 1/r^2. If you
double the distance from the source
the intensity will not halve but drop to a
quarter of its value, tripling the
distance will make the intensity drop to
a ninth and so on.
Point sources of other quantities also
obey the inverse square law.
▪ gravitational force,
▪ electric field,
▪ light,
▪ sound
▪ electromagnetic radiation
▪ nuclear radiation
 1m
I = 360 W/m2
2m
I=?

𝑃 1
𝐼= 2 𝐼∝ 2
4𝜋𝑟 𝑟
Sample Problem 1
The intensity of light is 800 W/m2 at
4 m away from the source. What is the
intensity of the light at a distance of 3
m away from the light source?
2
𝐼2 𝑅1
= 2
𝐼1 𝑅2
Sample Problem 2
A light bulb gives off an intensity of
2
1500 W/m at 5 m away. What is the
intensity of the light at a distance of 8
m away from the light source?
2
𝐼2 𝑅1
= 2
𝐼1 𝑅2
Sample Problem 3
A fluorescent light bulb gives off an
intensity of 650 W/m2 at 3 m away.
What is the intensity of the light at a
distance of 11 m away from the light
source?
2
𝐼2 𝑅1
= 2
𝐼1 𝑅2
Sample Problem 4
The intensity of light hitting the
Earth from the sun 1340 W/m . If2

the distance from Earth to the sun

11
is 1.5x10 , what is the intensity of
light from the sun’s surface.