- C. Chui Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) Any spring has a natural length at which it exerts no force on the mass is called equilibrium If stretched, the restoring force F = -kx, called SHM The stretched distance, x, is displacement The max displacement is called amplitude, A One cycle is one complete to-and-fro (-A to +A) motion Period, T, is the time for one complete cycle Frequency, f, is the number of complete cycles in one second. T = 1/f and f = 1/T
12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 2
- C. Chui Energy in SHO PE = ½ kx2 k is called the spring constant Total mechanical energy, E = ½ mv2 + ½ kx2 At the extreme points, E = ½ kA2 At the equilibrium point, E = ½ mvo2 vo is max Using conservation of energy, we find at any time, the velocity v = +- vo [sqrt(1 – x2/A2)]
12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 3
- C. Chui The Period and Sinusoid of SHM The period does not depend on the amplitude For a revolving object making one revolution, vo = circumference / time = 2A / T = 2Af Since ½ kA2 = ½ mvo2, T = 2 sqrt(m/k) Since f=1/T, f = 1/(2 sqrt(k/m) x = Acos = Acos t = Acos 2ft = Acos 2t/T v = -vo sin 2ft = -vo sin 2t/T A = F/m = -kx/m = -[kA/m] cos 2ft = -aocos2ft 12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 4 - C. Chui The Simple Pendulum of length L The restoring force, F = - mg sin For small angles, sin is approx = to F = -mg = -mg x/L = -kx, where k = mg/L The period, T = 2 sqrt (L/g) The frequency, f = 1/T = 1/(2 ) sqrt (g/L)
12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 5
- C. Chui Damped Harmonic Motion Automobile spring and shock absorbers provide damping so that the car won’t bounce up and down Overdamped takes a long time to reach equilibrium Underdamped takes several bounces before coming to rest Critical damping reaches equilibrium the fastest
12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 6
- C. Chui Forced Vibrations and Resonance A system with a natural frequency may have a force applied to it. This is a forced vibration If the applied force = its natural frequency, then we have resonance. This freq is resonance freq. This will lead to resonant collapse
12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 7
- C. Chui Wave Motion Waves are moving oscillations, not carrying matter along A simple wave bump is a wave pulse A continuous or periodic wave has at its source a continuous and oscillating disturbance The amplitude is the max height of a crest The distance between two consecutive crests is called the wavelength, The frequency, f, is the number of complete cycles The wave velocity, v = f, is the velocity at which wave crests move, not the velocity of the particle For small amplitude, v = sqrt [FT/(m/L)] , m/L: mass/length
12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 8
- C. Chui Transverse and Longitudinal Waves Particles vibrate up and down = transverse wave Particles vibrate in the same direction = longitudinal wave, resulting in compression and expansion The velocity of longitudinal wave = sqrt (elastic force factor / inertia force factor)=sqrt (E/) For liquid or gas, v = sqrt (B/), is the density
12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 9
- C. Chui Energy of Waves Wave energy is proportional to the square of amplitude Intensity, I = energy/time/area = power/area For a spherical wave, I = P/4r2 For 2 points at r1 and r2, I2/I1 = r12 / r22 For wave twice as far, the amplitude is ½ as large, such that A2/A1 = r1 /r2
12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 10
- C. Chui Reflection and Interference The law of reflection: the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection Interference happens when two waves pass through the same region at the same time The resultant displacement is the algebraic sum of their separate displacements A crest is positive and a trough is negative Superposition results in either constructive or destructive 2 constructive waves are in phase; destructive waves are out of phase 12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 11 - C. Chui Standing Wave and Resonance 2 traveling waves may interfere to give a large amplitude standing wave The points of destructive interference are nodes Points of constructive interference are antinodes Frequencies at which standing waves are produced are natural freq or resonance freq Only standing waves with resonant frequencies persist for long such as guitar, violin, or piano The lowest frequency is the fundamental freq = 1 antinode, L = 1st harmonic = ½ 1 The other natural freq are overtones, multiples of fundamental frequencies, L = nnn 12/08/21 Physics 11: Vibrations and Waves 12 - C. Chui
The Immediate Effect of Ischemic Compression Technique and Transverse Friction Massage On Tenderness of Active and Latent Myofascial Trigger Points - A Pilot Study