Analysis of Determinate Truss

CTE322: CHAPTER 3 – Analysis of Determinate Truss
CHAPTER 3
Page
1
Analysis of Determinate Truss

CTE322: CHAPTER 3 – Analysis of Determinate Truss Page
What is truss? 2
Slender members
Join into triangular patterns
By bolting or welding
Form light & stiff structure
Made of wood or steel
Why do we use trusses? 3
Light weight
Significant stiffness
Long-span structure
Bridges
Towers
Domes
Roofs
How do we learn about trusses? 4
Type of Trusses
Assumption for Design
Classification of Coplanar Trusses
Methods of Joint and Section
Compound Trusses
Complex Trusses
Type of Trusses 5
 Bridge Truss  Roof Truss

Type of Trusses 6
Type of Trusses 7
Roof Trusses
Bridge Trusses
Classification of Trusses 8
Simple Trusses
Compound Trusses
Complex Trusses
Simple Trusses
start with a triangular element
connect two members to form
an additional element
Compound Trusses
connect simple trusses together
Complex Trusses
cannot be classified as simple or compound
Assumptions 12
Members are straight.
Members are two-force members.
Tension
Compression
Joints are pinned.
Loading is applied at the joints.
Self-weight is ignored.
Sign Convention 13
Tension:
direction of force is away from the joint.
Compression:
direction of force is to the joint.
Methods of Analysis 14
Method of Joints
Method of Sections
Methods of Joints 15
Each joint is in static equilibrium.

Summation of all forces on the joint equal to zero.
Member forces & external forces are applied to the joint.
For two dimensions, the equations are
SFx = 0 and SFy = 0
Methods of Joints 16
Analysis Procedure TAB
Determine support reactions. A T AC

y
Eliminate zero force members.

A
Choose joints with one or two unknown forces.
x
Draw free-body diagram of a joint.

Establish the direction of the unknown member forces.
Apply two force equilibrium equations at the joint.
SFx = 0 and SFy = 0
Zero Force Members 17
Eliminating zero force members
No load applied at the joint.
A member that joins two other colinear members will be a zero
force member.
two non-colinear members will be zero force members.
Example: Methods of Joints 18
Example 3.1
- Determine the forces in each member of the truss shown below.
- Examine if the members are in tension or compression.
2 kN
3 kN 3 kN
G E
A 30 60 60 60 60 30 D
B C
3m 3m 3m
Example 3.1
1. Determine Horizontal Distance between Left Support and other Locations
2 kN
Define l x ,ij = the horizontal distance between points i and j
F
3 kN 3 kN
G E
1.1 Horizontal Distance between Points A and E
l x , DE = l DE  cos(30)
A 30 60 60 60 60 30 D = lCD  cos(30) cos(30)
B C
3m 3m 3m  3 3 3
=  lCD  
 2 = l CD
 2  4
By substituting lCD = 3 m, we’ll get

E
lDE 3
l x , DE = 3 = 2.25 m
4
l x , AE = l x , AD − l x , DE = 9 − 2.25 = 6.75 m
60 30
C D
lx,DE
3m
Example 3.1
1.2 Horizontal Distance between Points A and F
2 kN
1 1
l x , AF = l x , AD = 9 = 4.50 m
F 2 2
3 kN 3 kN
G E
1.3 Horizontal Distance between Points A and G
Since this truss is a symmetrical structure,
A 30 60 60 60 60 30 D
l x , AG = l x , DE = 2.25 m
B C
3m 3m 3m
E
lDE
60 30
C D
lx,DE
3m
Example 3.1
2. Determine Reaction Forces Ax, Ay, and Dy
2 kN
F M A = 0;
3 kN 3 kN
(D y )
 l x , AD − (3  l x, AE ) − (2  l x, AF ) − (3  l x , AG ) = 0
G E
Ax
(D  9) − (3  6.75) − (2  4.50) − (3  2.25) = 0
y
Ay
B C
Dy
9D y = (3  6.75) + (2  4.50 ) + (3  2.25)
Free Body Diagram
 D y = 4 kN
F y = 0;
Ay + D y − 3 − 2 − 3 = 0
Ay + 4 − 3 − 2 − 3 = 0
 Ay = 4 kN
F x = 0;
 Ax = 0 kN
Example 3.1
2 kN
F
3 kN 3 kN
G E
A D
B C
4 kN Free Body Diagram 4 kN

Example 3.1
3. Determine Member Axial Forces
2 kN
Joint A
F
3 kN 3 kN F x = 0;
G E
FAB + FAG  cos(30) = 0
A D FAB = − FAG  cos(30) (1)
B C
4 kN Free Body Diagram 4 kN F y =0;
FAG  sin (30) + 4 = 0
FAG 
1
+4 = 0
FAG 8 kN 2
 FAG = − 8 kN or 8 kN (C)
A 30 FAB A 30 6.93 kN
By substituting FAG = 8 kN into (1), we get
4 kN 4 kN FAB = − (− 8)  cos(30) = 6.93 kN (T)

Example 3.1
Joint G
2 kN
F F x = 0;
3 kN 3 kN FAG + FFG − 3  sin (30) = 0
G E
1
8 + FFG − 3  = 0
2
A D  FFG = − 6.50 kN or 6.50 kN (C)
B C
4 kN Free Body Diagram 4 kN F y = 0;
− FBG − 3  cos(30) = 0
3
− FBG − 3 = 0
y 3 kN 3 kN 2
30 x
 FBG = − 2.60 kN or 2.60 kN (C)
6.50 kN
G G
FFG
FAG 8 kN
FBG
2.60 kN
Example 3.1
Joint B
2 kN
F F x = 0;
3 kN 3 kN FBC + FBF  cos(60) + FBG  cos(60) − FAB = 0
G E
1 1
FBC + FBF  + 2.60  − 6.93 = 0 (2)
2 2
A
B C
D
F y = 0;
4 kN Free Body Diagram 4 kN FBF  cos(60) − FBG  cos(60) = 0
1 1
FBF  − 2.60  = 0
2 2
FBG FBF 2.60 kN 2.60 kN  FBF = 2.60 kN (T)

By substituting FBF = 2.60 kN into (2), we get
FAB 60 60 FBC 6.93 kN 60 60 4.33 kN 1 1

FBC + 2.60  + 2.60  − 6.93 = 0
B B 2 2
 FBC = 4.33 kN (T)
Example 3.2
- Determine the force in each member of the truss shown below.
- Examine that the members are in tension or compression.
Example 3.2
= Zero Force Member

Method of Sections 28
Determine member forces in the middle of the truss.

Without solving for a large number of joints.
Split the truss up into two or more parts.
No more than 3 members are cut (2-D truss).
All member forces do not intersect at a point.
Apply static equilibrium equations for each section.
Can be used with Method of Joints.
Method of Sections 29
Analysis Procedure TBD

Determine the support reactions.
Split the truss into 2 sections. Ax TBC
TAC
Only 3 members are cut for a 2-D truss. A
y
Replace cut members with unknown member forces.
Determine unknown member forces.
Apply static equilibrium equations for each section
SFx = 0, SFy = 0, and SM = 0
Example: Methods of Sections 30
Example 3.3
Find the axial forces in
member DE
Example 3.3 31
Which section cuts will lead to the direct solution for the
axial force in member DE?
A B C D
A - correct 32
By using Method of Joints

B - incorrect 33
Try again
C - incorrect 34
Try again
D - incorrect 35
Try again
Example 3.4
Find the axial forces in
members CF
Example 3.4 37
Which section cuts will lead to the direct solution for the
axial force in member CF?
A B C D
A - incorrect 38
Try again
B - incorrect 39
Try again
C - incorrect 40
Try again
D - correct 41
Now, we can continue

with the upper part.
By using Method of
Sections.
Example 3.4 42
FCF = 52.36 lb (Comp.)
FEF = 57.78 lb (Comp.)

Example 3.5
Find the axial forces in members BD
A B
C D E
A - incorrect 44
Try again
C - incorrect 45
Try again
D - incorrect 46
Try again
E - incorrect 47
Try again
B - correct 48
Example 3.5 49
Incorrect 50
Incorrect 51
Incorrect 52
Incorrect 53
correct 54
correct 55
Example 3.6
Indicate how to analyze the compound truss shown below.
Example 3.6
ใช้ Methods of Sections
ตัดผ่านตามแนวเส้นประ
คานวณหาแรงใน Simple Truss
(Method of Joints or Method of
Sections)
Example 3.6
1. Determine Reaction Forces Ax, Ay, and Ey
M A = 0;
− (4  2) − (2  4) − (4  6) + (E y  8) = 0
Ey = 5 kN
F y = 0;
Ay − 4 − 2 − 4 + E y = 0
Ay − 4 − 2 − 4 + 5 = 0
 Ay = 5 kN
F x = 0;
 Ax = 0 kN
Example 3.6
Method of Sections
M C = 0;
(− 5  4) + (4  2) − FHG  4 sin (60) = 0
− FHG  4 sin (60) = 20 - 8
 FHG = − 3.46 kN or 3.46 kN (C)
F y = 0;
5 − 4 − FJC  sin (60) = 0
 FJC = 1.16 kN (T)
F x = 0;
FBC + FHG + FJC  cos(60) = 0

1
FBC − 3.46 + 1.16  = 0
2
60  FBC = 2.89 kN (T)
Example 3.6
Method of Sections
M C = 0;
(− 5  4) + (4  2) − FHG  4 sin (60) = 0
− FHG  4 sin (60) = 20 - 8
 FHG = − 3.46 kN or 3.46 kN (C)
F y = 0;
5 − 4 − FJC  sin (60) = 0
 FJC = 1.16 kN (T)
F x = 0;
FBC + FHG + FJC  cos(60) = 0

1
FBC − 3.46 + 1.16  = 0
2
 FBC = 2.89 kN (T)
Example 3.6
Method of Joints
Joint A
F y = 0;
FAI  sin (60) + 5 = 0
 FAI = − 5.77 kN or 5.77 kN (C)
F x = 0;
FAB + FAI  cos(60) = 0
FAB + (− 5.77 ) 
1
= 0
2
 FAB = 2.89 kN (T)
FAI
60
A FAB
5 kN
Example 3.6
Joint B
F x = 0;
− FAB + FBC − FIB  cos(60) + FJB  cos(60 ) = 0
1 1
− 2.89 + 2.89 − FIB  + FJB  = 0
2 2
 FIB = FJB (1)
F y = 0;
FIB  sin (60) + FJB  sin (60 ) − 4 = 0
3 3
FIB  + FJB  −4 = 0
FIB FJB 2 2
B
By substituting FIB = FJB from (1) into the equation above, we get
FAB 60 60 FBC
3FJB = 4
4 kN  FJB = 2.31 kN (T)
and FIB = 2.31 kN (T)

The End 63
Questions?
Example 3.7
Indicate how to Analysis the compound truss shown in Fig.3-30a.The
reaction at the supports have been calculated.
Example 3.7
ใช้ Methods of Section
ตัดผ่านตามแนวเส้นประ
คานวณหาแรงใน Simple Truss
(Method of Joint or Method of
Section)
Space Trusses 66
ใช้หลักการของ เวคเตอร์ทไ่ี ด้เรียนในวิชา

Engineering Mechanics (Static)
F =0
M = 0
Homework III 67
1) Determine the force in each member of the truss. State if the

members are in tension or compression
Homework III 68
2) The truss below has a uniform load of 2.5 k/ft. This load is
transferred from the deck to floor beams, which rest on the top joint
of the truss. Determine the force in each member of the truss, and
state if the members are in tension or compression.
69
Example 3.4
Indicate how to Analysis the compound truss shown in Fig.The reaction at
the supports have been calculated.
70
Example 3.4 แนวทางการวิเคราะห์
แยก Secondary truss มาพิจารณาหาแรง
ที่ Support ได้ดงั รู ป B
Main Truss เป็ นแบบ Symmetry แทน
Load ตรง Support ของ Secondary truss
ลงใน Joint ของ Main Truss
เขียน member ลาลอง (AE,CE) แทน
Secondary truss และใช้ Method of
Joint (A) หา FAE และ FCE และหา
member อื่นต่อไป
71
Complex Trusses Complex Truss เป็ นโครงข้อหมุนแบบ
Determinate และมีรูปแบบนอกเหนือไปจาก
Simple Truss และ Compound Truss
โดยทั่วไปแล้วลักษณะการต่อกันของ
member จะไม่สามารถใช้วิธี ใด ๆ ที่กล่าวมา
หาได้โดยทันที (ดูรูปประกอบ) จึงต้องใช้
method of substitute member หรือ method
of Supperposition มาช่วยจึงจะสามารถใช้
Method of Joint และ Method of Section
แก้ปัญหาได้
72
Complex Trusses Procedure for Analysis
Reduction to Stable Simple Truss, S’i

External Loading on Simple Truss, si
Supperposition , Si = S’i- xsi
73
Example 3.5
Determine the force in each member of the complex truss shown in Fig.
Assume joint B, F and D are on the same horizontal line. State whether the
members are in tension or compression.
74
Home Work III :
3) Determine the force in all members of the complex truss. State if the members
are in tension or compression
500 lb
E
30O
F 30O 30O D
12 ft
A 45O 45O C
B
6 ft 6 ft
75
Type of Trusses ด้ านการใช้ งาน
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
◼ Three-hinge Arch
76
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
77
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
78
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
79
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
80
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
81
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
82
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
83
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
84
 Roof Trusses
◼ Scissors
◼ Howe
◼ Pratt
◼ Fan
◼ Fink
◼ Cambered Fink
◼ Warren
◼ Sawtoolh
◼ Bowstring Exit
85
Bridge Trusses
◼ Pratt
◼ Howe
◼ Warren(With Verticals)
◼ Parker
◼ Baltimore
◼ Subdivided Warren
◼ K-Truss
Exit
86
Bridge Trusses
◼ Pratt
◼ Howe
◼ Parker
◼ Baltimore
◼ K-Truss
Exit
87
Bridge Trusses
◼ Pratt
◼ Howe
◼ Parker
◼ Baltimore
◼ K-Truss
Exit
88
Bridge Trusses
◼ Pratt
◼ Howe
◼ Parker
◼ Baltimore
◼ K-Truss
Exit
89
Bridge Trusses
◼ Pratt
◼ Howe
◼ Parker
◼ Baltimore
◼ K-Truss
Exit
90
Bridge Trusses
◼ Pratt
◼ Howe
◼ Parker
◼ Baltimore
◼ K-Truss
Exit
91
Bridge Trusses
◼ Pratt
◼ Howe
◼ Parker
◼ Baltimore
◼ K-Truss
Exit
92
Assumption for Design สมมุติฐานการออกแบบ
1. เส้นที่ลากผ่านจุดศูนย์ถ่วงของ หน้าตัดของ ชิน้ ส่วนต่าง ๆ ต้องพบกันที่จดุ ต่อ

2. จุดต่อของโครงข้อหมุนจะต้องเป็ น Pined ยึดต่อกันแบบ Pin หรือ Hinge
3. ไม่คิดนา้ หนักของชิน้ ส่วนที่ประกอบกันเป็ นโครงข้อหมุน
4. แรงที่กระทากับโครงข้อหมุนต้องกระทาที่จดุ ต่อเท่านัน้
“ Tensile member ”
“ Compression member ”
93
Compound Trusses
Compound Truss เป็ นโครงข้อหมุนที่เกิด
จากการเชื่อมต่อกันของ Simple Truss ตัง้ แต่
2 Simple Truss ขึน้ ไป โดยใช้ Bars หรือ
Joint เชื่อมต่อกัน
การวิเคราะห์ใช้ได้ทงั้ Method of Joint
และ Method of Section

Analysis of Determinate Truss

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Analysis of Determinate Truss

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CTE322: CHAPTER 3 – Analysis of Determinate Truss

Analysis of Determinate Truss

 Bridge Truss  Roof Truss

Each joint is in static equilibrium.

Analysis Procedure TAB

Determine support reactions. A T AC

Eliminate zero force members.

Draw free-body diagram of a joint.

A 30 60 60 60 60 30 D

By substituting lCD = 3 m, we’ll get

4 kN Free Body Diagram 4 kN

4 kN Free Body Diagram 4 kN F y =0;

FAG  sin (30) + 4 = 0

4 kN 4 kN FAB = − (− 8)  cos(30) = 6.93 kN (T)

4 kN Free Body Diagram 4 kN F y = 0;

4 kN Free Body Diagram 4 kN FBF  cos(60) − FBG  cos(60) = 0

FBG FBF 2.60 kN 2.60 kN  FBF = 2.60 kN (T)

FAB 60 60 FBC 6.93 kN 60 60 4.33 kN 1 1

= Zero Force Member

Determine member forces in the middle of the truss.

Analysis Procedure TBD

By using Method of Joints

Now, we can continue

FCF = 52.36 lb (Comp.)

FEF = 57.78 lb (Comp.)

(− 5  4) + (4  2) − FHG  4 sin (60) = 0

− FHG  4 sin (60) = 20 - 8

 FHG = − 3.46 kN or 3.46 kN (C)

5 − 4 − FJC  sin (60) = 0

 FJC = 1.16 kN (T)

FBC + FHG + FJC  cos(60) = 0

(− 5  4) + (4  2) − FHG  4 sin (60) = 0

− FHG  4 sin (60) = 20 - 8

 FHG = − 3.46 kN or 3.46 kN (C)

5 − 4 − FJC  sin (60) = 0

 FJC = 1.16 kN (T)

FBC + FHG + FJC  cos(60) = 0

FAI  sin (60) + 5 = 0

 FAI = − 5.77 kN or 5.77 kN (C)

FAB + FAI  cos(60) = 0

− FAB + FBC − FIB  cos(60) + FJB  cos(60 ) = 0

FIB  sin (60) + FJB  sin (60 ) − 4 = 0

4 kN  FJB = 2.31 kN (T)

and FIB = 2.31 kN (T)

ใช้หลักการของ เวคเตอร์ทไ่ี ด้เรียนในวิชา

1) Determine the force in each member of the truss. State if the

Reduction to Stable Simple Truss, S’i

1. เส้นที่ลากผ่านจุดศูนย์ถ่วงของ หน้าตัดของ ชิน้ ส่วนต่าง ๆ ต้องพบกันที่จดุ ต่อ

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