Ch1_L13-2nd 2016-2017 J

IMF = InterMolecular Forces

Chem 1
2nd Sem 2016-2017
Lecture 13

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Liquids
• Surface tension- Energy or work
required to increase surface area of
liquids by unit amount
• Viscosity – Resistance to flow
• Boiling point – vapor pressure equal
to atmospheric pressure
• Freezing point – Temperature at
which molecules are locked into fixed
geometry
Solids
•Definite volumes and shapes
•Particles are packed against one another
in highly organized way
•Particles vibrate about fixed points (not
enough energy to move farther away)
•Maybe crystalline or amorphous
•Crystal lattice is due to strong interparticle
forces of attraction

Solids Phase diagram

• melting point = temperature at which
solid melts to become liquid.
• Freezing point = characteristic
temperature at which liquids turn into
solids
• In theory, melting point of a solid
=freezing point of liquid
• In practice, small differences between
melting and freezing points observed.

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Phase diagram
• Triple point: point at which all three
phases come together
• represents temperature and pressure for
which all three states of matter can exist. The Other States of matter
• For water, triple point is 273.16 ⁰K at
611.2 Pa
• Critical point: no phase boundaries exist
• Supercritical fluids – no definite phase

States of Matter Plasma

Close together with Well separated Has no definite

Tightly packed, in no regular with no regular
a regular pattern volume or shape
arrangement. arrangement. and is composed
Vibrate, but do Vibrate, move Vibrate and move
not move from of electrical
about, and slide freely at high charged particles
place to place past each other speeds

Computer images of BEC

Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC)
• At that very low T, atoms
begin to clump together:
no longer thousands of
separate atoms, just one
“super atom”
• many superfluid
properties : can flow
without friction
http://www.livescience.com/
• All atoms have same 37216-atoms-quantum-spin-
quantum state (spin) controlled.html

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http://www.sciencealert.com/it-s-official- Time crystals

time-crystals-are-a-new-crazy-state-of-
matter-and-now-we-can-create-them

Described in pre-print papers in January, the University of

Maryland's time crystals were created by taking a conga
line of 10 ytterbium ions, all with entangled electron spins.
One of the most promising applications for time crystals is
quantum computing - they could allow physicists to create
stable quantum systems at far higher temperatures than
can be achieved right now, and that just might be the
push we need to finally make quantum computing a
reality.

Solvent
Solute

Solutions Solution

• Homogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures • Solutes and solvents
• Solute –substance that dissolves to form solution
• Solvent –substance in which solute dissolves
• Solution –mixture of one or more solutes
dissolved in solvent

Solute vs. solvent? Factors affecting solubility

• Which is solute and which is
solvent?
• reagent that undergoes change in
state when it forms solution = solute.
• If neither reagent changes state,
reagent present in the smallest
amount = solute.
• Solubility = maximum amount of
solute that dissolves in fixed
amount of solvent
• Nature of solute and solvent
• Like dissolves like
• Polar molecules dissolve readily
in polar solvents; non-polar
molecules in non-polar solvents
• Polar solvent for ionic
compounds

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Factors affecting both rate of

Factors affecting rate of dissolution
• Surface area – fine powder
• Temperature and pressure
dissolves much more rapidly
because of higher surface areas
exposed to solvent
• Agitation – stirring increases rate
of dissolution (but not actual
solubility)
dissolution and solubility
• Solubility generally increases with
elevation of T (however, not for
exothermic systems)
• Solubility of gases tend to
decrease at higher T
• Solubility of gases tend to increase
with higher Pressure

Concentration
Types of solutions
• = amount of solute in solvent
• Dilute = small quantity of solute in solvent Solute Solvent Solution Examples
• Concentrated = large quantity of solute in Gas Gas Gas Air
solvent
• Saturated = maximum amount of solute Gas Liquid Liquid Carbonated soft
dissolved in solvent; equilibrium between drinks, champagne
dissolved and undissolved solute Liquid Liquid Liquid gasoline
• Unsaturated = solvent can accommodate
more solute Solid Liquid Liquid Sugar in water
• Supersaturated = solvent has dissolved Solid Solid Solid Brass, steel alloy
more than it can handle; unstable state, may Liquid Solid Solid Amalgam (mercury
lead to precipitation of solute out of solution
in magnesium)

Solutions
Suspensions
• Liquid solutions most
common • Particles larger than those found
• Most common solvent is in solutions.
water (à aqueous • Components can be evenly
solutions) distributed by mechanical means
• Water as solvent: (agitation), but eventually
• Dissolve polar compounds components will settle out.
• Oil and Water
• Dissolve salts (hydration of
ions occur)

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Colloids Colloids
• Dividing line between solutions and Particle Dispersing Medium Type
heterogeneous mixtures
Liquid Gas Liquid aerosol
• Particles intermediate in size between Liquid Liquid Emulsion
those in solutions and suspensions Liquid Solid Solid emulsions
• can be mixed such that they remain evenly Solid Gas Solid aerosols
distributed without settling out. Solid Liquid Sol
Solid Solid Solid sol
• Particles range in size from 10-8 to 10-6 m Gas Liquid Foam
• Tyndall effect (scattering of light) observed Gas Solid Solid foam

•Acids and bases (17th Century, Robert

Boyle - 1st to label substances as acids or bases)

• Acids
• taste sour
• are corrosive to metals
Acids & Bases • change litmus (dye extracted from lichens)
from blue to red
• Bases
• Bitter taste
• feel slippery to touch
• change litmus from red to blue
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Acids Bases
• Produce H3 orO+ H+
in aqueous solution • Produce OH-
in aqueous solution
(Arrhenius concept) (Arrhenius concept)
• HA + H2O à H3O+ + A- or HA à H+ + A- • BOH à OH- + B+
• Strong acid: completely dissociated in • Strong base: completely dissociated in
aqueous solutions aqueous solutions
• e.g., HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 • e.g., KOH, NaOH
• Weak acids: partially dissociated in aqueous • Weak base: conjugate of weak acids
solutions • e.g., lactate, acetate, cyanide, carbonate,
• e.g., Acetic acid, lactic acid, HCN, carbonic acid, ascorbate
ascorbic acid

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pH and pOH pH and pOH

• Measures of acidity and basicity
• pH = - log [H+]; pOH = -log [OH-] • pH = 1 à [H+] = 10-1 M, pOH = 13
• pH + pOH =14 • pH = 4 à [H+] = 10-4 M, pOH = 10
• pH scale is 1-14 • pH = 7 = à [H+] = 10-7 M, pOH = 7
• pH < 7.0 à acid • pH = 10 à [H+]= 10-10M, pOH = 4
• pH = 7 neutral • pH = 12 à [H+] – 10-12M, pOH = 2
• pH > 7.0 à basic pH + pOH = 14
• Buffers: solutions whose components [H+][OH-] = 10-14
resist drastic changes in pH

Common acids
Common bases
Name Formula Item
Name Formula Item
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 Vinegar
Ammonia NH3 cleaners
Acetylsalicylic acid HC9H7O4 Aspirin
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime
Ascorbic acid H2C6H6O6 Vitamin
Mg hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Antacid
Citric acid H3C6H5O7 Lemon juice
Hydrochloric acid HCI Gastric juices K hydroxide KOH Soft soap
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Batteries Na hydroxide NaOH Drain and
oven cleaners
Nitric acid HNO3 fertilizers, TNT

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pH and pOH
• Measures of acidity and basicity
• pH = - log [H+]; pOH = -log [OH-]
• pH + pOH =14
• [H+][OH-] = 10-14
• pH scale is 1-14
• pH < 7.0 à acid;
• pH = 7 neutral
• pH > 7.0 à basic
• Buffers: solutions whose components resist
drastic changes in pH

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