Ch1_L12-2nd 2016-2017 J

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

•Gases made up of tiny, invisible, particles
called molecules separated by great distances
•Gases in constant, random and straight line
Chem 1 motion.
•Gas molecules collide with one another and
with walls the container à pressure
2nd Sem 2016-2017 •Collisions are completely elastic: total energy
Lecture 12 remains constant (none lost due to collision)
•Kinetic energy of gas molecules directly
proportional to absolute temperature (oK
FCariño scale).

Gas laws
Properties describing physical gas • Boyle’s law
behavior • pressure inversely proportional to volume;
• P1V1 = P2V2
• Amount of gas (moles) • Charles law
• pressure directly proportional to temperature in ⁰K;
• Volume (Liters or milliliters)
• V1 V2
• Pressure (atmosphere ; 1 atm = 760 mmHg =
T1 T2
= 101 kPa) • Equation of state (ideal Gas Law)
• PV=nRT
• Temperature (Kelvin; K = oC + 273.15)
• Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
• Freezing point of water = 0 oC = 273.15 oK
• Avogadro’s Law:
• Boiling point of water = 100 oC = 373.15 oK • Volume directly proportional to amount of gas at constant
T and P
• 1 mol of ideal gas occupies 22.4L at STP (1 atm, 0⁰C)

Liquids
• Gases condense into liquids
• Increase- pressure on gas à push molecules
together àreduce temperature à gas
condenses
Liquids
• Molecules experience short range and weak
Fixed volume, variable shape attractive forces (van der Waal’s attractive
forces)
• Particles far enough from each other à allow
translational motion, slide past each other,
but movement more restricted than gas.

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IMF = InterMolecular Forces

Interlude
Intermolecular Forces
(Interparticle forces)
van der Waal’s

Liquids
• Virtually incompressible
• Essentially maintain their volumes
• Indefinite shape (take shape of
containers)
Liquids • Denser than gases
Fixed volume, variable shape • Diffuse slowly
• Evaporate from open containers
• Exhibit surface tension, vapor pressure,
viscosity, boiling, freezing

Surface tension Surface tension

• Attractive forces pull surface
• Energy or work required to
increase surface area of liquids by
unit amount
• Occurs because of intermolecular
forces of attraction
molecules towards interior and
compress molecules closer to each
other à shrinking surface area.
• spherical droplets with “tight skin”
• stronger intermolecular forces of
attraction à more energy required to
increase surface area à higher surface
tension

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Surface tension Pictures from: A. fotolia.com; B. rduauto.com; C.

connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au; D. discovermagazine.com; E.
apparatus-boschus.deviantart.com; F. www.123rf.com

D E
A

B C

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water mercury

Vapor pressure, evaporation Boiling point

• Evaporation –surface phenomenon;
molecules of liquid enter vapor phase
• Occurs because attractive forces at
surface are weaker than those in bulk of
liquid à some molecules escape into gas
phase
• Pressure exerted by molecules that
escape into gas phase = vapor pressure
• Volatile – high vapor pressure
• Non-volatile – low vapor pressure
• Temperature at which vapor pressure =
atmospheric pressure
• Normal boiling point – defined as boiling
temperature of liquid at 1 atm (101 kPa)
• lower atmospheric pressures: boiling point
decreases because less energy required to
counter atmospheric pressure
• Cooking at high elevations take much longer
because water boils at lower temperature

Images from: unit5.org; library.thinkquest.org

T at which vp =
atm pressure
à boiling point
Effects of non-
volatile solute on
vapor pressure
Viscosity
• = resistance to flow
• Rate of flow depends on magnitude
of intermolecular forces and the
shapes of the molecules.
• Higher intermolecular forces, higher
resistance to flow, higher viscosity

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Viscosity
Solids
•Temperatures low enough such that
molecular energies are reduced à
freedom of motion considerably
restricted à locked into solid geometry
•Gas: chaotic motion
•Liquid: sliding motion
•Solid: vibrating motion about a fixed
point
Solids
• Crystal lattice that may be composed of
• Polar molecules –held together by intermolecular
attraction (dipole-dipole, H-bonds, London forces)
• Non-polar molecules – soft solids, held together
by London forces
• Cations and anions in ionic compounds
• Atoms in covalent or network crystals – very hard
solids with very high melting points, like diamond
• Cations in a sea of electrons – like metals; may be
very soft or very hard
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Solids
definite shape, definite volume
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Solids
•Definite volumes and shapes
•Particles are packed against one another
in highly organized way
•Particles vibrate about fixed points (not
enough energy to move farther away)
•Maybe crystalline or amorphous
•Crystal lattice is due to strong interparticle
forces of attraction
Solids
• melting point = temperature at which
solid melts to become liquid.
• Freezing point = characteristic
temperature at which liquids turn into
solids
• In theory, melting point of a solid
=freezing point of liquid
• In practice, small differences between
melting and freezing points observed.
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Phase changes Phase diagram

Phase diagram
• Triple point: point at which all three
phases come together
• represents temperature and pressure for
which all three states of matter can exist. The Other States of matter
• For water, triple point is 273.16 ⁰K at
611.2 Pa
• Critical point: no phase boundaries exist
• Supercritical fluids – no definite phase

States of Matter States of

matter
• Based upon particle arrangement
• Based upon energy of particles
• Based upon distance between
particles

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States of Matter Plasma

• Temperatures elevated to super-high
levels: 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C
à gas is made up of particles that carry
electric charge (“ionized particles”)
• entire gas as a whole: quasi-neutral;
approx. equal numbers of + and - ions
Close together with Well separated
Tightly packed, in
a regular pattern
no regular with no regular
Has no definite
volume or shape • if the density is not too high à plasma
arrangement. arrangement. and is composed
Vibrate, but do Vibrate, move Vibrate and move
not move from of electrical
about, and slide freely at high charged particles
place to place past each other speeds

Plasma Plasma
§ = an ionized gas.
§ very good conductor of
electricity
§ Strongly affected by
magnetic fields.
§ have indefinite shape
and indefinite volume.
§ Estimate is that 99% of
the matter in the
observable universe is
in the plasma state v not a very
(sun, stars, ionosphere of
earth, intergalactic uncommon state of
space, etc.)
matter (in the universe)
http://pluto.space.swri.edu/image/glossary/
plasma2.html

Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC)

• Technology-created (1995) by Eric Cornell and Carl
Weiman using a combination of lasers and
magnets
• sample of rubidium cooled to within a few degrees
of absolute zero à molecular motion very close to
stopping altogether
• Predicted in 1924 by Bose and Einstein

Satyendra
Bose Albert
Einstein http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/
physics/laureates/2001/

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Computer images of BEC

Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC)
• At that very low T, atoms
begin to clump together:
no longer thousands of
separate atoms, just one
“super atom”
• many superfluid
properties : can flow
without friction
http://www.livescience.com/
• All atoms have same 37216-atoms-quantum-spin-
quantum state (spin) controlled.html

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