Gases

Four states of matter i.e., Solid, liquid, gases and plasma

Liquid, present lesser than others bcz require narrow range of temperature and pressure

Gases the simplest form of state

Plasma the most abundant and complex form in the universe

Properties of Gases

• No definite shape
• No definite volume
• Definite mass
• Densities of gases is very less as compared to liquid and gases so tend to rise up in them

• Show diffusion and effusion also shown by liquids but not by gases
• Expand by heating, increasing volume or decreasing pressure
• Always in a random motion and exhibit pressure on the walls of the container in which these
are stored due to random collisions

• Show cooling effect on sudden expansion, Joul Thomson Effect

• Intermolecular forces are very weak
• Can be compressed by applying pressure but not liquids or solids

Gas Laws
• All gases show nearly equal uniform behavior

• Gas laws describe the uniform behavior of gases.

Boyle’s Law
• Pressure and volume are variable
• V 1/P T and n are constant
• V = k/P
• k is proportionally constant

Charles’s Law
• Temperature and volume are variables
• V∝T P and n are kept constant
 • V = kT
• k is proportionally constant

General Gas Equation

• For Boyle’s Law
V∝1/P

• For Charles’s Law V ∝

T
• For Avogadro’s Law V
∝n

Combined equation will be

V ∝ nT/P

V = RnT/P

Or

PV = nRT

The above equation is general gas equation

Ideal Gas constant R

• The value of R depends upon units chosen for temperature, pressure and volume When

• P is in atm, V is in dm3 and T is in K R = 0.0821 dm3 atm K-1 mol-1

• P is in Nm, V is in m3 and T is in K R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1

• R = 62.4 mm of Hg dm3 K-1 mol-1

• R = 62400 mm of Hg cm3 K-1 mol-1

Scientists Work

Bernoulli Put forward kinetic molecular theory of gases

Clausius Deduced all gas laws from KMT

Maxwell Explained distribution of velocities of gas molecules

Boltzmann Explained distribution of energies of gas molecules

Van der Waal Modified the gas equation for real gases

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

1. Gas consists a very large number of tiny molecules
 2. Gas molecules move haphazardly, collide with each other and with the walls of container
and change their direction
3. Gases exerts pressure due to the collision among themselves and with walls of the
containers. The collision between the gas molecules is perfectly elastic.
4. Gas molecules are widely separated that there are enough empty spaces present among
them.
5. The molecules have no forces of attraction among them. (wrong)
6. The volume of gas molecules is negligible as compared to the total volume of gas. (wrong)
7. The effect of gravity on gas molecules is negligible due to the continuous collisions between
the gas molecules.
8. The average Kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportion to the absolutes
temperature.

Equation
PV = 1/3 mNc²

Crms = √3RT/M

Ideality of a Gas
A gas will be more ideal if
• Less IMF
• Non-Polar
• Small Size
• Smaller Mass
• Small values of a and b (Van der Waal)

(P + an²/V²) (V-nb) = nRT Van der Waal Equation