APNI KAKSHA 1

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

➢ The molecules like solid, liquid or gas exhibit forces of attraction which are called intermolecular
forces. Van der Waal forces are the collective of dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole and
dispersion forces. Ion-dipole and ion-induced dipole are not Van der Waal forces. Hydrogen
bonding is the strongest force of attraction.
The different types of intermolecular forces are:
Dipole-Dipole Interaction
➢ Polar molecules exhibit dipole-dipole interactions. They have permanent dipole moments. The
positive pole and negative pole are attracted in the molecule. For example, HCl.
In HCl molecule, Cl is more electronegative than hydrogen. So, the chlorine atom acquires
negative charge while, hydrogen atom acquires positive charge. Thus, dipole-dipole interaction
takes place among them.

Attraction

Ion-Dipole Interaction
➢ The attraction between the cation, anion, and a polar molecule is known as ion-dipole interaction.
For example, NaCl. The polar water molecules are attracted towards Na+ and Cl– on dissolving
NaCl in water.

Ion-Induced Dipole Interaction

➢ The interaction between the non-polar molecules when a polarized ion is brought near to it is
known as ion induced dipole interaction. For example, an iodine molecule which is not polar gets
polarized in the presence of a nitrate ion.

Dipole-Induced dipole interaction

➢ The interaction between the non-polar molecules when a polarized dipole is brought near to it is
known as dipole-induced dipole interaction. For example, in the presence of polar molecules,
noble gases get polarized.

APNI KAKSHA 2
 London forces or Dispersion forces
➢ For instance, the electron cloud of the molecule gets distorted for the generation of an
instantaneous dipole. The momentary dipole is produced in the molecule in which one part of the
molecule is more negative than the other part. The momentary dipole produced induces a dipole
in the other molecule. Thus, the force of attraction between the induced momentarily dipole is
known as London dispersion forces.

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES VERSUS THERMAL ENERGY

➢ The force of interaction tries to bring the molecules closer. That is, the solid possesses the strongest
intermolecular force of attraction, while the gases possess the least intermolecular force of
attraction. The decreasing order is,

The thermal energy is possessed by the molecule. The kinetic energy helps in the movement of
particles. The gas possesses the highest thermal energy, while the solid possesses the least thermal
energy. The decreasing order is,

IDEAL GAS
➢ An ideal gas is a hypothetical concept. There are various assumptions of an ideal gas. Some of
them are: The force of interaction between the molecules is zero. The volume of the molecules is
very small. The molecules of the gas collide with each other and with the walls of the container.
STATE OF A GAS AND STATE VARIABLE
➢ The physical condition of the system is the state of a gas. The variables which are used to denote
the physical condition of a gas are known as state variables. They are pressure, volume and
temperature

APNI KAKSHA 3
 Pressure
➢ The force exerted on an object per unit area is known as pressure. The force applied is always
perpendicular to the object. The unit of pressure is the pascal. Pressure can be measured by various
instruments. Barometer and manometer are used to measure pressure.
Volume
➢ The volume of the gas is the same as the volume of the container in the case of rigid containers.
For non-rigid containers, the volume of the gas is determined by the number of moles and other
state functions.
Temperature
➢ The amount of heat contained in the gas can be measured by the physical term temperature. No
heat flows in and out of the gas when the temperature of the gas is equal to the surrounding
temperature. The thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the gas. The units of
temperature are Celsius, kelvin, and Fahrenheit.
THE GASEOUS STATE
➢ This is the simplest state of matter. A look at the
periodic table shows that only eleven elements exist as
gases under normal conditions.
➢ The gaseous state is characterized by the following
physical properties.
• Gases are highly compressible.
• Gases exert pressure equally in all directions.
• Gases have much lower density than the solids and
liquids.
• The volume and the shape of gases are not fixed.
These assume volume and shape of the container.
• Gases mix evenly and completely in all proportions
without any mechanical aid. Simplicity of gases is due to fact that the forces of interaction between
their molecules are negligible.
IDEAL GAS LAWS
Boyle’s Law (Pressure – volume Relationship)
➢ Robert Boyle reached to the conclusion that at constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed
amount of gas varies inversely with its volume. This is known as Boyle’s law.
1 1
p ; p = k1
V V
Where k1 is the proportionality constant. The value of constant k1 depends upon the amount of the
gas, temperature of the gas and the units in which p and V are expressed.
pV = k1
p1V1 = p 2 V2 = constant
p1 V2
=
p 2 V1

APNI KAKSHA 4
 The value of k1 for each curve is different because for a given mass of gas, it varies only with
temperature. Each curve corresponds to a different constant temperature and is known as an
1
isotherm. Higher curves correspond to higher temperature. The graph between p and . It is a
V
straight line passing through origin. However, at high pressures, gases deviate from Boyle’s law
and under such conditions a straight line is not obtained in the graph. Gases are highly compressible
because when a given mass of a gas is compressed, the same number of molecules occupy a smaller
space. By definition,
m
d = . We obtain the relationship.
V
m
d =   p = k 'p
 k1 
This shows that at a constant temperature, pressure is directly proportional to the density of a fixed
mass of the gas.

Q. A balloon is filled with hydrogen at room temperature. It will burst if pressure exceeds 0.2 bar. If at
1 bar pressure the gas occupies 2.27 L volume, upto what volume can the balloon be expanded?
Sol. According to Boyle’s Law p1V1 = p 2 V2

If p1 is 1 bar, V1 will be 2.27 L

p1V1
If p2 = 0.2 bar, then V2 =
p2

1bar  2.27L (Practice Question in the End, Q.1)

 V2 = = 11.35L
0.2bar
Since balloon bursts at 0.2 bar pressure, the volume of balloon should be less than 11.35L.

APNI KAKSHA 5
 Charles’s Law
➢ It gives the relation between temperature-volume. At
constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is
directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
Mathematically, it can be written as,
VT;
V = kT ;
V
k=
T

Q. On a ship sailing in Pacific Ocean where temperature is 23.4°C, a balloon is filled with 2 L air. What
will be the volume of the balloon when the ship reaches Indian ocean, where temperature is 26.1°C?
Sol. V1 = 2L T2 = 26.1 + 273
T1 = (23.4 + 273) K = 299.1 K
= 296.4 K
From Charles law
V1 V2 V1T2
=  V2 =
T1 T2 T1
= 2L × 1.009 (Practice Question in the End, Q.6)
= 2.018L

Gay-Lussac’s Law
➢ It gives the pressure-temperature relationship. At fixed volume,
the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to the
absolute temperature. Mathematically, it can be written as,
p
pT; p = kT ; k=
T

Avogadro’s Law
➢ It gives the relation between amount of gas and volume. It states that all the gases of equal volume
under the same condition of temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules
V  n where n is the number of moles of the gas.
V = kn
The number of molecules in one mole of a gas has been determined to be 6.022 × 1023 and is known
as Avogadro constant.
m
Number of moles of a gas can be calculated as follows n =
M

APNI KAKSHA 6
 m
Where m = mass of the gas under investigation and M = molar mass Thus. V = k
M
m
M=k = kd
M
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
➢ Combining all the three laws,
1
Boyle’s law: p  ; Charles law: V  T ; Avogardos law: V  n
V
➢ All the above laws when combined together give an equation, known as an ideal gas equation.
Combining all the equations,
nT nRT
V ; V= ; pV = nRT
p p
➢ The above equation is known as ideal gas equation. Here, P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is
the amount of gas, T is temperature and R is universal gas constant.
The values of R varies with different units. The values of R are:
R = 8.314J K −1mol−1 ; R = 0.0821L atm K −1mol−1 ; R = 2 cal K −1 mol −1
➢ If temperature, volume, and pressure varies from their initial state to final state, then the ideal gases
exert increased the pressure difference gas equation can be rewritten as,
pV pV
nR = 1 1 ; and nR = 2 2
T1 T2
p1V1 p 2 V2
On combining the equation, =
T1 T2
The above equation is known as combined Gas Law.
Q. At 25°C and 760 mm of Hg pressure a gas occupies 600 mL volume. What will be its pressure at a
height where temperature is 10°C and volume of the gas is 640 mL.
Sol. P1 = 760 mm Hg, V1 = 600 mL
T1 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
V2 = 640 mL and T2 = 10 + 273 = 283 K
According to Combined gas law
p1V1 p 2 V2
=
T1 T2
p1V1T2
 p2 =
T1V2

 p2 =
( 760 mm Hg )  ( 600 mL )  ( 283K ) = 676.6 mm Hg
( 640 mL )  ( 298K ) (Practice Question in the End, Q.3)

Density and Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance

Ideal gas equation can be rearranged as follows:
n p
=
V RT

APNI KAKSHA 7
 m m p
Replacing n by , we get =
M MV RT
d p
= (where d is the density)
M RT
On rearranging equation, we get the relationship for calculating mass of a gas.
dRT
M=
p
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
➢ At constant temperature and volume, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reactive gases
equals the sum of their partial pressures. The pressure exerted by individual gases is known as
partial pressure. Mathematically, it can be shown as,
p total = p1 + p 2 + p3 + ....
Here, p total is the total pressure and p1 , p 2 , p 3 are the partial pressure of the gases.
➢ Partial pressure can also be expressed in terms of mole fraction. If there are three gases which exerts
partial pressure as, p1 , p 2 , p 3 at constant temperature and volume, then the relation between ideal
gas equation and partial pressure can be shown as
n RT n RT n 3RT
p1 = 1 ; p2 = 2 ; p3 =
V V V
p1 , p 2 , p 3 are the number of moles of gases respectively.
➢ The total pressure exerted can be calculated as,
n RT n 2 RT n 3RT RT
p total = p1 + p 2 + p3 ; p total = 1 + + ; p total = ( n1 + n 2 + n 3 )
V V V V
On dividing p1 by p total

p1  n1  RTV  n1  n1
=  =  = = x1
p total  n1 + n 2 + n 3  RTV  n1 + n 2 + n 3  n

p1 = x1  p total
Similarly, for the other gases,
p 2 = X 2  p total and p3 = X 3  p total

Thus, the general equation is, pi = X i  p total

Q. A neon-dioxygen mixture contains 70.6 g dioxygen and 167.5 g neon. If pressure of the mixture of
gases in the cylinder is 25 bar. What is the partial pressure of dioxygen and neon in the mixture?
70.6 g
Sol. Number of moles of dioxygen = = 2.21 mol
32 g mol−1

167.5g
Number of moles of neon = = 8.375 mol
20 g mol−1
2.21 2.21
Mole fraction of dioxygen = = = 0.21
2.21 + 8.375 10.585

APNI KAKSHA 8
 8.375
Mole fraction of neon = = 0.79
2.21 + 8.378
Alternatively,
Mole fraction of neon = 1 – 0.21 = 0.79
Partial pressure of gas = mole fraction × total pressure
 partial pressure of oxygen = 0.21 × (25 bar) = 5.25 bar
Partial pressure of neon = 0.79 × (25 bar) = 19.75 bar (Practice Question in the End, Q.10)
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
➢ The postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases are given below.
(i) Gases are made up of many similar particles (atoms or molecules). They are so small in size
that the actual volume of the molecules is negligible.
(ii) At normal temperature and pressure, there is no force of attraction between the particles.
(iii) Particles of a gas are always in constant and random motion. They collide with one other and
the container walls during their erratic mobility. The collision of the particles with the walls
of the container is the total pressure exerted by the gas.
(iv) The collisions of gas molecules are perfectly elastic. This means that the total energy of
molecules remains the same before and after a short-range collision.
(v) At any particular time, different particles in the gas have different speeds and hence different
kinetic energies.
➢ The distribution of speed remains constant even on changing the individual speeds of gases. If the
gases will have variable speed, they must also have variable kinetic energy. The average kinetic
energy of the gas molecule is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.
Mathematically, the relation is shown as,
3 3
K.E per mole = nRT K.E per molecule = KT
2 2
Here, K is known as Boltzmann’s constant.

Molecular Distribution of Speed (Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution)

➢ A plot of the fraction of molecules in the gas vs the speed of the gas molecule is the Maxwell
Boltzmann distribution curve. The graph is shown below. Salient features of graphs are:
(a) The percentage of molecules with a very high or very low speed is extremely small.

APNI KAKSHA 9
 (b) Mostly, the molecules possess speed in the middle, which is known as the most probable
speed.
(c) The total area covered by the graph gives the total number of molecules in the sample.
(d) There are two more speeds, root means square speeds and average speeds. Mathematically,
they are shown as,
3RT 2RT 8RT
 rms = ;  mp = ;  avg =
M M M
Note: Take molecular mass always in kilograms. The ratio for the speeds of the gas at fixed
temperature is,
mp : avg : rms = 1:1.128 :1.224.
REAL GASES
➢ The assumption taken for ideal gases becomes invalid in case of real gases.
(i) We thought that in an ideal gas, there are no interactions between molecules.
(ii) The volume of a gaseous molecules is negligible compared to the entire volume of gases.
The molecular interaction cannot be ignored in real gases. They are:
Attractive forces with a long range and repulsive forces with a short range.
The interactive forces present in real gases are negligible when they are far apart. But, when the
molecules are brought closer attractive forces start to develop. On bringing the molecules closer,
they start repelling each other.

COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
➢ The compressibility factor is the measurement of the
deviation from ideal behaviour. It is denoted by Z. It is
represented as,
V
Z = real
Videal
Following are the key points:
(a) There is no contact between the molecules when the
pressure is exceedingly low. At that point, the value of
Z is 1.

APNI KAKSHA 10
 (b) When the pressure is low or moderate, attractive forces take over, compressing a real gas to a
larger volume. In that case, the value of Z is less than one.
(c) When the pressure is high, repulsions take over, making it difficult to compress the real gas,
resulting in a smaller volume. At that point, the value of Z is greater than 1. For an ideal gas,
the value of Z is always one.
pV
For real gases, Z =
nRT

VARIATION OF Z WITH p AND T

➢ The graph is a straight-line curve for an ideal gas of compressibility factor Z with pressure.
However, at low pressure, for real gases the value of Z is < 1. As pressure increases, Z becomes >
1. Keeps on increasing. On further increasing the temperature the graph tends more towards Z = 1
i.e. ideal gas.
➢ It can be concluded that real gas follows ideal behaviour only at low pressure and high temperature.
The main point to be noted is that on increasing and further increasing the temperature, a real gas
will not convert to an ideal gas. There is a characteristic temperature at which a gas follows ideal
behaviour. The temperature at which gas follows ideal behaviour is called Boyle’s temperature.
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION

➢ After correction of pressure and volume terms, the ideal gas equation can be formulated as,

 an 2 
 p + 2 
+ (V − nb) = nRT
 V 
Here, a and b are Van der Waals constants.
a is the attractive force between the gases. As the attractive forces between the molecules increases,
the value of a increases. Whereas, b is the volume occupied by the molecule.
The Van der Waal constant a is always greater than b for a given gas.
The higher the value of a, the more easily liquefaction can occur.

Applicability of Van der Waal equation:

➢ At high temperature and low pressure, the compressibility factor is equal to 1, and equation is
reduced to,
PVm = RT

At low/moderate pressure
➢ Here, the volume correction factor can be ignored. When Z < 1, attractive force dominates.
At high pressure
➢ Here, a pressure correction factor can be ignored. When Z > 1, the repulsion force dominates
over attractive forces.

APNI KAKSHA 11
 LIQUEFACTION OF GASES

➢ When the attractive forces between the

molecules increase, molecules of gas come
closer to each other. A stage reaches when
gas changes to a liquid. This phenomenon is
known as the liquefaction of gases.

Critical temperature:

➢ The critical temperature is the temperature

above which a gas cannot be liquified. It is
denoted as. Tc It is represented as,
8a
Tc =
27Rb

Critical pressure:

➢ The pressure required during the

liquefaction of gas is its critical pressure. It is
denoted as 𝑃𝑐 . It is represented as,
a
pc =
27b2

Critical volume:

➢ The critical volume is the volume of 1 mole of a gas at critical temperature. It is denoted as Vc. It
is represented as,
Vc = 3b

Note: At critical points, the value of the compressibility factor is constant and has the value of
0.375. The Liquefaction of gases can be achieved in two ways:
Either increase the pressure or decrease the temperature of the gas. The dominant factor is
temperature.

Q. Gases possess characteristic critical temperature which depends upon the magnitude of
intermolecular forces between the gas particles. Critical temperature of ammonia and carbon dioxide
are 405.5 K and 304.10 K respectively. Which of these gases will liquify first when you start cooling
from 500 K to their critical temperature?
Sol. Ammonia will liquify first because its critical temperature will be reached first. Liquefaction of CO2
will require more cooling.

APNI KAKSHA 12
LIQUID STATE
Properties of liquid:
➢ There are very few empty spaces present in liquids. The interactive forces present in liquid are
more than gases and less than solids. Liquids have a definite volume. The molecules in the liquid
move so fast with one another. They, therefore, acquire the shapes of the container.

Vapour pressure:
➢ The pressure exerted by the vapour present above the liquid in equilibrium with the liquid at a
given temperature is known as vapour pressure. The vapour pressure depends on two factors-
nature of the liquid and temperature.
Nature of liquid:
➢ The molecules leave the liquid phase and shift to the gaseous phase if the intermolecular
attraction is weak. Thus, the vapour pressure becomes higher.
Effect of temperature:
➢ Vapour pressure increases with an increase in temperature.
Boiling point:
➢ The temperature at which the vapour
pressure of the liquid becomes equal to
the atmospheric pressure is known as the
boiling point. When the external pressure
is 760 mm Hg, boiling point is said to be
a normal boiling point. When the external
pressure is 1 bar, boiling point is said to
be the standard boiling point.
➢ The influence of external pressure on the
boiling point is applied as follows:
➢ Higher will be the external pressure,
higher will be the boiling point. Because
more heat will be required to make the
vapour pressure equal to the external
pressure and hence higher will be the
boiling point. In hospitals, surgical
instruments are sterilized in autoclaves,
which raise the boiling point of water by
covering the vent with a weight.
➢ Similarly, lower will be the external
pressure, lower will be the boiling point.
Therefore, on the top of a mountain, a
liquid boils at a lower temperature (where
pressure is low) than on the seashore.

APNI KAKSHA 13
Surface tension:
➢ The surface tension arises because the molecules of the
liquid at the surface and in the interior portion are in a
different situation.
➢ The force acting at right angles to the surface along the
one-centimeter length of the surface is surface tension.
The units of surface tension are dynes per cm or
Newtons per meter.
Important results of surface tension are:
➢ The minimal surface area is why the spherical shape
drops the lowest energy state of a liquid. The surface
area of the liquid is decreased to the minimum due to
the surface tension. The drops of a liquid are spherical
because a sphere has a minimum surface area.
➢ Rise of a liquid in a capillary tube. The liquid is pushed into the capillary tube by the inward pull
of surface tension acting on the surface, and so the liquid rises.
Effect of nature of the liquid on surface tension:
➢ Surface tension arises due to the intermolecular forces of attraction among the molecules. Greater
will be the intermolecular forces of attraction, higher is the surface tension of that liquid.
Effect of temperature on surface tension:
➢ As the temperature increases, surface tension decreases. At the critical temperature, surface
tension becomes zero. This is because as temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the
molecules increases and therefore the intermolecular attraction decreases.
Viscosity:

➢ Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow which arises due to the internal friction between
layers of fluid as they slip past one another while liquid flows. The SI unit of viscosity is 1
Nsm–1. There is a regular gradation of velocity inflowing of the water from one layer to
another. Such flowing of water is known as laminar flow. A force is required to maintain the
flow of layers. This force is proportional to the area of contact of layers and velocity gradient.
Mathematically, it is related as,
du du
FA ; F = A
dz dz

APNI KAKSHA 14
 du
➢ Here, A is the area of contact and is the velocity gradient. 𝛾 is the constant and is known as
dz
the coefficient of viscosity.
➢ The factors that cause more viscosity are hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals force. Slowly
the liquid flows, greater is the viscosity. As the temperature increases, viscosity decreases. This
is due to the fact that as temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases and
they overcome the intermolecular forces between the layers.
Notes End

Ab Phod Do!

APNI KAKSHA 15
 Important NCERT Questions
Q1. What will be the minimum pressure required to compress 500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at
30°C? [NCERT Exercise]
Ans. Initial pressure, P1 = 1 bar
Initial volume, V1 = 500 dm3
Final volume, V2 = 200 dm3
As the temperature remains the same, the final pressure (p2) can be calculated with the help
of Boyle’s law.
P1V1 1 500
P1V1 = P2V2 P2 = =
V2 200
= 2.5 bar
 the minimum pressure required to compress is 2.5 bar.
Q2. Using the equation of state pV = nRT; show that at a given temperature density of a gas is
proportional to gas pressure P. [NCERT Exercise]
Ans: The equation of state is given by,
pV = nRT …(1)
where, p = pressure
V = volume
N = number of moles
R = Gas constant
T = temp
n p
=
V RT
m
Replace n with , therefore,
M
m p
= ….(2)
MV RT
Where, m = mass
M = molar mass
m
But, =d
V
Where, d = density
Therefore, from equation (2), we get

APNI KAKSHA 16
 d p
=
M RT
 M
d= p
 RT 
Therefore, at a given temp, the density of the gas(d) is proportional to its pressure (p)
Q3. The pressure of 1 g of an ideal gas A at 27°C is found to be 2 bar. When 2 g of another ideal
gas B is introduced in the same flask at the same temperature the pressure becomes 3 bar.
Find a relationship between their molecular masses. [NCERT Exercise]
Ans.
For ideal gas A, the ideal gas equation is given by,
pxV = nxRT ...(1)
Where px and nx represents the pressure and number of moles of gas x.
For ideal gas Y, the ideal gas equation is given by,
p Y V = n Y RT ...(2)

Where, pX and nY represent the pressure and number of moles of gas Y.

[V and T are constants for gases X and Y]
From equation (1),
mX
pX V = RT
MX

pxMx RT
= ...(3)
mx V
From equation (2),
mY
pY V = RT
MY

pY M Y RT
= ...(4)
mY V

Where, MX and MY are the molecular masses of gases X and Y respectively.

Now, from equation (3) and (4),
pX M X pY M Y
= ...(5)
mX mY

Given,
mX = 1 g
pX = 2 bar

APNI KAKSHA 17
 mY = 2 g
PY = (3 – 2) = 1 bar (since total pressure is 3 bar)
Substituting these values in equation (5),
2  Mx 1 M Y
=
1 2
4 MX = MY
Q4. What will be the pressure exerted by a mixture of 3.2 g of methane and 4.4 g of carbon dioxide
contained in a 9 dm3 flask at 27 °C? [NCERT Exercise]
Ans.
It is known that,
m RT
p=
M V
For methane (CH4),
3.2 8.314  300
pCH4 =  [Since 9 dm3 = 9 × 10–3m3 27°C = 300K]
16 9 10 –3

= 5.543 × 104 Pa
For carbon dioxide (CO2),
4.4 8.314  300
pCO2 = 
44 9 10–3
= 2.771 × 104 Pa
Total pressure exerted by the mixture can be calculated as:
p = pCH4 + pCO2 = (5.543 × 104 + 2.771 × 104) Pa
= 8.314 × 104 Pa

Q5. The density of a gas is found to be 5.46 g/dm3 at 27°C at 2 bar pressure. What will be its density
at STP? [NCERT Exercise]
Ans.
Given, d1 = 5.46 g/dm3
P1 = 2 bar
T1 = 27°C = (27 + 273) K = 300K
P2 = 1 bar
T2 = 273 K
d2 = ?
The density (d2) of the gas at STP can be calculated using the equation,

APNI KAKSHA 18
 M p1
M d RT1 d1 p1 T2
d= P 1 = =
RT d 2 M p 2 d 2 p 2 T1
R T2
p 2 T1d1 1 300  5.46
d2 = =
P1T2 2  273
= 3 g dm–3
Hence, the density of the gas at STP will be 3 g dm–3

Q6. A student forgot to add the reaction mixture to the container at 270 C but instead, he placed
the container on the flame. After a lapse of time, he came to know about his mistake, and using
a pyrometer he found the temp of the container 4770 C. What fraction of air would have been
expelled out? [NCERT Exercise]
Ans.
Let the volume of the container be V.
The volume of the air inside the container at 27°C is V.
Now, V1 = V
T1 = 27° C = 300 K V2 = ?
T2 = 477°C = 750 K
Acc to Charles’s law,
V1 V2 VT 750V
= V1 = 1 2 =
T1 T2 T1 300
= 2.5 V
Therefore, volume of air expelled out
= 2.5 V – V = 1.5 V
Hence, fraction of air expelled out
1.5V 3
= =
2.5V 5

Q7. Calculate the total number of electrons present in 1.4 g of dinitrogen gas.
Ans. Molar mass of dinitrogen (N2) = 28 g mol–1 [NCERT Exercise]
Thus, 1.4 g of N2
1.4
= = 0.05 mol
28
= 0.05 × 6.02 × 1023 Number of molecules
= 3.01 × 1023 number of molecules
Now, 1 molecule of N2 has 14 electrons.

APNI KAKSHA 19
 Therefore, 3.01 × 1023 molecules of N2 Contains,
= 14 × 30.1 × 1023
= 4.214 ×1023 electrons

Q8. Calculate the total pressure in a mixture of 8 g of dioxygen and 4 g of dihydrogen confined in
a vessel of 1 dm3 at 27°C. R = 0.083 bar dm3 K–1 mol–1. [NCERT Exercise]
Ans.
Given:
Mass of O2 = 8g
Number of moles
8
= = 0.25 mole
32
Mass of H2 = 4 g
4
Number of moles = = 2 mole
2
Hence, total number of moles in the mixture
= 0.25 + 2
= 2.25 mole
Given:
V = 1 dm3
n = 2.25 mol
R = 0.083 bar dm3 at K–1 mol–1
T = 27° C = 300 K
Total pressure:
pV = nRT
nRT
p=
V
225  0.083  300
=
1
= 56.025 bar
Therefore, the total pressure of the mixture is 56.025 bar.

Q9. Calculate the volume occupied by 8.8 g of CO2 at 31.1°C and 1 bar pressure. R = 0.083 bar
dm3 K–1 mol–1. [NCERT Exercise]
Ans.
pVM = mRT

APNI KAKSHA 20
 mRT
V=
Mp
Given:
m = 8.8 g
R = 0.083 bar dm3 at K–1 mol–1.
T = 31.1°C = 304.1 K
M = 44 g
P = 1 bar
Thus, Volume (V),
8.8  0.083  304.1
=
44 1
= 5.04806 L
= 5.05 L
Therefore, the volume occupied is 5.05 L.

Q10. A mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen at one bar pressure contains 20% by weight of
dihydrogen. Calculate the partial pressure of dihydrogen. [NCERT Exercise]
Ans.
Let the weight of dihydrogen be 20 g.
Let the weight of dioxygen be 80 g.
Number of moles of dihydrogen n H2 , ( )
20
= = 10 moles
2
Number of moles of dioxygen n O2 ( )
80
=
32
= 2.5 moles
Given:
Ptotal = 1 bar
Therefore, partial pressure of dihydrogen PH2 , ( )
n H2
=  Ptotal
n H 2 + n O2

10
= 1 = 0.8 bar
10 + 2.5

APNI KAKSHA 21
 Therefore, the partial pressure of dihydrogen is 0.8 bar.
Q11. In terms of Charles’ law explain why – 273°C is the lowest possible temperature.
Ans. According to Charles’ law [NCERT Exercise]
At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temp.

It was found that for all gases (at any given pressure), the plot of volume vs. temp. (in °C) is a
straight line.
If we extend the line to zero volume, then it intersects the temp-axis at –273°C. That is the
volume of any gas at – 273°C is 0. This happens because all gasses get transferred into liquid
from before reaching – 273°C.
Therefore, it can be said that – 273°C is the lowest possible temp.

Q12. Explain the physical significance of Van der Waals parameters?

Ans. [NCERT Exercise]
The physical significance of ‘a’:
The magnitude of intermolecular attractive forces within gas
is represented by ‘a’.
The physical significance of ‘b’:
The volume of a gas molecule is represented by ‘b’.

Ab Phod Do!

APNI KAKSHA 22