IDEAL GASES

BY MARCO THASYA HUGO

GRADE 11 PHYSICS PRESENTATION

IDEAL GAS
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of a
set of randomly-moving point particles that
interact only through elastic collisions.

Characteristics of ideal gases:

Point particles
No intermolecular forces
No volume
Elastic collisions
 001
PARTICLES
OF A GAS
In 1820s, the movement was investigated by a Scottish botanist,
Robert Brown, known as Brownian Motion. Particles of pollen in
water and smoke in air are used. They are seen to be moving in a
random, haphazard and jerky motion that is being hit by invisible
molecules of water or air around them.

Gas particles are fast-moving molecules. The average speed is about

400 m/s, but it could be faster or slower. However, the velocity of an
individual molecule changes as it collides with anything else.
 002
EXPLAINING PRESSURE
Pressure is the force exerted per unit area of the surface.

A gas exerts pressure on any surface which it comes in contact with.

Movement of a single molecule of air in a box:
1. Bounces around the side
2. Colliding with the various surfaces of the box
3. Exerts a small force on the box at each collision

Pressure can be affected by number of molecules that hit each side

of the box and force with which a molecule collides with the wall.

increase V → greater F → increase p

constant T → number of collisions increase → same F
increase rate of collision → increase F → increase p
increase T → increase V → hit sides more → increase p
 003

MEASURING
Properties of gas:
1. Pressure = force exerted per
unit area by the gas on the
THE GAS
number of molecules = mol x NA
walls of the container (Pa) (Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 10^-23)
2. Temperature (use the Kelvin if mass in unified atomic mass units,
scale, T (K) = C + 273.15) 1 u = 1.66 x 10^-27 kg
3. Volume = a measure of the
space occupied by gas (m³)
4. Mass (g or kg)
 004

BOYLE'S LAW
“The pressure exerted by a fixed mass of gas is inversely
proportional to its volume, provided the temperature of
the gas remains constant.” - Robert Boyle (1662)

If the temperature T is constant, then Boyle’s Law is given by

This leads to the relationship between the pressure and volume

for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature:
 CHARLES'S LAW
005
The relationship between volume V and
thermodynamic temperature T can be written as:
∝T
CHANGING V V/T = constant
It only applies to a fixed mass of gas and
to constant pressure.

TEMPERATURE This leads to the relationship between the volume and

thermodynamic temperature for a fixed mass of gas at
constant pressure:
In Boyle’s Law, temperature of a gas is fixed. However, if
the temperature decreases and the volume of a gas also
decreases, it obeys the Charles's Law.

Charles's Law was found by Jacques Charles. In 1787, this

Combination of Boyle’s Law & Charles’s Law:
French physicist did an experiment with different gasses
kept at constant pressure.
pV/T = constant
with fixed mass of gas
 006
IDEAL GAS EQUATION
In thermodynamics, ideal gas law is a well-defined approximation of the behavior
of many gases under diverse conditions. The equations are the combination of
empirical laws like Charle’s law, Boyle’s law, Gay-Lussac’s law, and Avogadro’s law.

1ST EQUATION 2ND EQUATION

P = PRESSURE (Pa) P = PRESSURE (Pa)

V = VOLUME (m³) V = VOLUME (m³)
n = NUMBER OF MOLES (mol) N = NUMBER OF MOLECULES
R = IDEAL GAS CONSTANT (J/Kmol) k = BOLTZMANN CONSTANT (J/K)
8.314 J/Kmol 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J/K
T = TEMPERATURE (K) T = TEMPERATURE (K)
MOLAR MASS 006
The molar mass of a substance is the mass, in grams in one mole. Having the unit of mol-1.

AVOGADRO'S CONSTANT
A mole of any substance (solid, liquid or gas) contains a standard number of particles (molecules or atoms).
This number is known as the Avogadro constant, NA. The value for NA is 6.02 × 10^23 mol−1.

CALCULATING NO. OF MOLES

number of moles = mass (g)/molar mass (gmol−1)
number of moles = number of molecules/NA (mol-1)
 007

MODELLING GASES:
THE KINETIC MODEL
A gas is made up of particles (atoms or molecules) , the pressure is from the
collision of particles of the gas with the surface area of the container walls.

THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

A theory that links these microscopic properties (mass and speed) of
particles to the macroscopic properties (pressure and volume) of a gas.
 007
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
CONCEPT AND DEFINITION

MOLECULAR MOVEMENT CAUSING PRESSURE:

Molecules hit and rebound off the walls of the container. The change in momentum
gives rise to force. Many impulses averaged to give constant force and hence pressure,
From observation of a smoke cell under a microscope, the Brownian motion of particles
(haphazard, random) provides evidence of movement of gas molecules

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:

1. A gas contains a large number of particles (atoms or molecules) moving at random that
collide elastically with the walls and with each other.
2. The forces between particles are negligible, except during collisions.
3. The volume of the particles is negligible compared to the volume occupied by the gas.
4. The time of collision by a particle with the container walls is negligible compared with
the time between collisions. James Clerk Maxwell
developed the kinetic
theory of gases
MOLECULAR MOVEMENT FIND THE CHANGE IN MOMENTUM AS A 007
SINGLE MOLECULE HITS A WALL AT 90°

AND PRESSURE When particle collides with wall, velocity is

reversed and change in momentum is

CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF COLLISIONS PER

SECOND BY THE MOLECULE ON A WALL
Using speed-distance formula, time between collisions is

FINDING THE CHANGE IN MOMENTUM PER SECOND

Rate of change of momentum (i.e. force) is
Consider a cube of space with
length L and a particle moving
with velocity C.
 FIND THE PRESSURE ON THE WALL
The area of one wall is l²
The pressure is
007
→

With large number of N molecules:

→

DERIVATION OF
Each molecule has a different velocity
→

THE EQUATION CONSIDER THE EFFECT OF HAVING THREE

DIRECTIONS IN WHICH THE MOLECULE CAN MOVE
→
→
→

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES EQUATION

Considering N particles in 3D with average speed c,
→
 It shows how the absolute temperature of a gas
is related to the mass and speed of its molecules.
If we focus on the quantities of interest:
008

TEMPERATURE N/n = NA Avogadro constant, so

AND MOLECULAR
KINETIC ENERGY
It is easier to make sense of this if we divide both sides
by 2, to get the familiar expression for kinetic energy:

Comparing the kinetic theory of gases

and ideal gas equation pV = nRT : The quantity R/NA = Boltzmann constant k, so
TEMPERATURE AND MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY
Mean translational kinetic
energy of an atom of an ideal
gas is proportional to the
thermodynamic temperature.
Translational KE is the energy
that the molecule has because
it is moving from one point in
space to another.
Rotational KE is when a mole-
cule made of two or more
atoms spin or tumble around.
THE ROOT-MEAN-
SQUARE SPEED
Comparing mean speed
and mean-square speed
then if the
molecules have the speed.
It can also be concluded that
≠ In the air, repetitive collision
≠
So, a special quantity called root-
mean-square speed is defined:
008
MASS, KINETIC ENERGY
AND TEMPERATURE
Increasing the thermodynamic
, temperature doubles the mean
kinetic energy, but only
increases the mean speed by a
factor of the square root of 2.
cause same mean kinetic energy.
But, CO2 molecules move slower
than O2 molecules due to
greater mass but same mean
translational kinetic energy.
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