REVIEWER IN SCIENCE
GASES AND KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
GAS
 Are generally invisible matter that occupies
nearly all spaces in the environment.
PROPERTIES OF GAS:
1. Gas particles come in the form of atoms or
molecules.
2. Gases match the shape and volume of their
containers.
3. The distance among gas particles are larger than
the distances among particles of liquid and
solid.
4. Gas particles are highly compressible.
5. Gas particles move free, constant, and random
motion.
6. Intermolecular forces among gas particles are
weak and negligible.
7. Gases act upon changes in temperature.
8. Gas particles diffuse or spread out.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
 Define the properties of gas and relate gases
with heat and kinetic energy.
RUDOLF CLAUSIUS, JAMES CLERK MAXWELL, LUDWIG
BOLTZMANN
 They conducted researches and experiments
that related the motion of gases with the
concepts of heat and kinetic energy.
 Through their experimentation, they discovered
how temperature affected the kinetic energy of
gas particles, highlighting in particular the
interactions among the molecules, the speed of
motion, and their distribution within a given
space.
POSTULATES THAT SERVE AS BASES FOR THE
IDENTIFICATION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE
PROPERTIES OF GASES:
POSTULATE 1: Gas particles move continuously in
random, linear motion and collide with each other or
with the container’s walls. The atoms and molecules of
gases drift at a constant rate towards one direction only
until they undergo collision, which changes the direction
of their motion.
PRESSURE= FORCE/AREA
POSTULATE 2: The collision of gas particles is elastic.
When gas particles collide, no energy is lost or gained
between them, and the total kinetic energy of the
particles remains constant.
POSTULATE 3: The average kinetic energy of gas
particles is directly proportional to their absolute
temperature (kelvin). The higher the temperature of the
gas molecules, the greater is their average kinetic
energy.
POSTULATE 4: The intermolecular forces among gas
particles are negligible. Any attractive or repulsive
forces arising among the particles when they interact
are immensely weak and unable to hold them together.
POSTULATE 5: The volume of gas particles are negligible
relative to the volume of their container in the other
words, the volume of gas depends on how much space
the gas particles occupy within the container.
THE GAS LAW
4 measurable properties of gases:
1. PRESSURE (P)
- Defined as the force exerted over a given
area.
- Standard unit of pressure is atmospheric
pressure or atm.
- Other units of pressure:
 Pascals (Pa)
 Kilopascals (kPa)
 Torr
 Millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
 Pounds per square inch (psi)
The standard equivalents of 1 atm are the following:
1 atm = 101 325 Pa
= 101.325 kPa
= 760 torr
= 760 mmHg
= 14.7 psi
 2. TEMPERATURE (T) CHARLES’ LAW
- The measurement of the kinetic energy of  Jacques Charles (1746-1823)
the gas particles.  States that volume is directly proportional to
- Standard unit for temperature is Kelvin or K the temperature at constant pressure.
- Other units of temperature:  A gas expands when its temperature increases.
 Degrees Celsius = C It contracts when temperature decreases.
 Degrees Fahrenheit = F  Charles’ law states that given a fixed amount of
- absolute zero (0 kelvin) is equivalent to (- gas with constant pressure, the volume is
273.15 C) directly proportional to its absolute
temperature.
The standard freezing temperature of 0 C is  Charles’ law expressed as:
equivalent to 273.15 K
- Conversion:
 K = C + 273
 C = K – 273
3. VOLUME (V) GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
- Refers to the amount of space occupied by  Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850)
the gas particles.  Pressure is directly proportional to temperature
- The standard unit for volume is liter or L  Gay-lussac’s law is expressed as:
4. AMOUNT OF GAS (n)
- The amount of gas is measured in relation
to the volume of particles at a specific
temperature and pressure.
- The standard unit for the amount of gas is AVOGADRO’S LAW
the mole or mol  States that equal volume of different gases with
the same temperature and pressure contain
GAS LAWS equal numbers of moles.
 Volume is directly proportional to amount of
BOYLE’S LAW gas
 Robert Boyle (1627-1691)  Avogadro’s law is expressed as:
 Boyle’s law states that the pressure is inversely
proportional to the volume at constant
temperature.
 When volume increases, pressure decreases.
When the volume decreases, pressure COMBINED GAS LAW
increases.  Combines the first three gas laws: boyle’s,
 Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature, charles’, and gay-lussac’s law.
the volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely  States the ratio between the pressure and
proportional to its pressure. temperature of gases is directly proportional to
the volume of the gas.
 Combined gas law is expressed as:

Pi= initial pressure

Pf= final pressure
Vi= initial volume
Vf=final volume IDEAL GAS LAW
 Relates the pressure, temperature, volume and
amount of a gas.
  The ideal gas constant at standard temperature
and pressure (STP) is 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K
 The ideal gas law is expressed as:
Ideal gases have no definite
volume
All ideal gases are assumed to
undergo elastic particle
collision
Intermolecular forces are
absent or negligible
They are considered as
hypothetical gases
the volume occupied by ideal
gas molecule is negligible in
relation to the volume
occupied by a gas as a whole
and the container
Ideal gases are independent or
separate from other gases
ideal gases obey gas laws
under all temperature and
pressure conditions
Ideal gas obeys the ideal gas
equation
PV=nRT
Real gases have definite
volume
Real gases may undergo non-
elastic collision
The intermolecular forces
among real gas particles are
taken into account
Real gases exist in the
environment
The volume occupied by real
gas molecule is significant in
relation to the volume
occupied by a gas as a whole.
Real gases interact and mix
with each other
Real gases obeys gas laws only
to low pressure and high
temperature
Real gas obeys the van der
Waals equation
In which indicates the strength
of attraction among gas
particles, and b represents the
atomic or molecular size