Gases

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
 Define pressure and
give its common units

 Express the gas laws in

equation form
 Use the gas laws to
determine the pressure,
volume, or temperature
of a gas under certain
conditions of change

 Use the ideal gas

equation to calculate
the pressure, volume,
temperature, or number
of moles of a gas
 Use Dalton’s law of
partial pressures to
relate the mole fraction
and the partial pressure
of gases in a mixture

 Apply the principles of

stoichiometry to
determine the amounts
of gaseous reactants
and products
 Explain the gas laws in
terms of the kinetic
molecular theory of
gases

 Relate the rate of gas

effusion with molar
mass
GASES

Described as not having a definite shape and

volume

Have lower density

Gas particles collide with one another

 Force produced
when the
particles collide
with a surface
creates pressure
 PRESSURE

 Commonly measured
using a barometer or a
manometer

Barometer – measures the

atmospheric pressure
Manometer or
pressure gauge –
measures the
pressure in a
closed system
 KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY (KMT) OF
GASES

 describes the nature of

gases and the behaviour
of the particles that
comprise them
 KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY OF GASES MAKES
THE FOLLOWING
ASSUMPTIONS:

 The gas consists of a

minute particles (atoms
or molecules)
 The gas particles
The gas particles
are considered as
are constantly
hard spheres such
moving at a rapid
that their collision
and random motion
are perfectly elastic
 KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY OF GASES MAKES
THE FOLLOWING
ASSUMPTIONS:

 The interaction among

particles
(intermolecular forces
of attraction), either
attractive or repulsive,
is negligible.
 The average kinetic
energy of a gas is
directly proportional to
its absolute
temperature expressed
in Kelvin.
 Boyle’s law

Charles's law

Gay-Lussac’s law
have kinetic
are explained
Gases properties Avogadro’s law by molecular
predicted by theory

Ideal glass equation

Dalton’s law

Graham’s law
BOYLE’S LAW

States that the

pressure of a fixed
Formulated by Irish amount of gas is
scientist Robert Boyle inversely proportional
to its volume at
constant temperature
GAY-  Named after French chemist and
LUSSAC’S physicist Joseph Gay-Lussac

LAW
 States that the
pressure of a fixed
amount of gas is
directly proportional
to its absolute
temperature at a
constant volume
CHARLE’S LAW

States that the volume

French scientist
of a gas is directly
Jacques Charles
proportional to its
together with Gay-
absolute temperature
Lussac
at a constant pressure
AVOGADRO’S
LAW

 By Amadeo Avogadro
known for the
Avogadro’s number
 States that the volume
of a gas is directly
proportional to the
number of particles at
the same pressure and
absolute temperature,
regardless of the
nature of the gas
IDEAL GAS AND
IDEAL GAS
EQUATION
 In relation to the
Avogadro’s law ideal
gas equation links all
three variables
(volume, temperature,
and pressure) to the
amount of a gas
expressed in mole
Ideal gas - is a
theoretical gas, which
satisfies the
assumptions of the
kinetic molecular
theory
COMBINED GAS
LAW

 Combination of gas laws of

Boyle, Charles, and Gay-
Lussac into a single
equation to examine the
behaviour of a constant
amount of gas when three
gas conditions are changed
DALTON’S LAW OF
PARTIAL PRESSURES
 States that the total pressure of a
mixture of gases in a container is equal
to the sum of the partial pressures of the
individual gases

PT = P1 + P2+ P3 + ... + Pn
Solve

 A gas is compressed initially at a volume of 4L to 0.5 L.

The initial pressure is 2 atm. What is the final pressure
provided that the temperature remain constant?
Solve

 A gas is compressed initially at a volume of 4L to 0.5 L.

The initial pressure is 2 atm. What is the final pressure
provided that the temperature remain constant?

 P1V1 = P2V2

 2 atm (4L) = P2 (0.5L)

 P2 = 16 atm
Gas
Stochiometry
Answer
Effusion and
Diffusion
 EFFUSION – is the movement of gas
particles through a tiny hole

 DIFFUSION – the process by which a gas

spreads or mixes with another gas
LAW OF
EFFUSION
 Formulated by Scottish
chemist Thomas
Graham

 States that the rate of

effusion or diffusion of
a gas is inversely
proportional to the
square root of its
molar mass