GAS PRESSURE

1. Temperature
This pertains to the measurement of the speed of particles while moving inside an object. The faster the particles move, the
more energy and heat they generate. This leads to the greater amount of pressure in the gas. So, if you heat a gas, you give the
molecules more energy so they move faster. This means more impacts on the walls of the container and an increase in the pressure.
Conversely if you cool the molecules down they will slow and the pressure will be decreased.
2. Volume
Pressure is also affected by the volume of the container. If the volume of a container is decreased, the gas molecules have
less space in which to move around. As a result, they will strike the walls of the container more often and the pressure increases. It
refers to the amount of space an object takes up. In gases, volume depends on the vessel containing the gas. Less volume denotes
higher pressure.
3. Number of Particles
The more gas particles in a container, the greater is its pressure, and vice versa. For example, in a rigid container, like metal
cylinders, if you introduced more gas into the container, it means adding more gas particles. So, as a result, pressure also increases.

GAS LAWS
BOYLE’S LAW Boyle’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a constant
temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it. In other words, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely
proportional to each other as long as the temperature and the quantity of gas are kept constant.
P1V1 = P2V2 → Boyle’s Law equation
CHARLE’S LAW
French physicist Jacques Charles explained these phenomena in
1787 using direct temperature-volume relationship at constant
pressure. This is known as Charle’s Law.
Note: In this formula, the temperature used must be the Kelvin scale Charle’s Law equation:
temperature

GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
In 1882, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac stated that the pressure of a certain mass of gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant volume. This is known as
the GayLussacs’s Law. The direct proportion relationship between the two means
that if the temperature increases, the pressure will also increase; and if the Gay – Lussac’s equation
temperature decreases, the volume will also decrease.

AVOGADRO’S LAW
Avogadro’s Law states that the volume of gas, at a constant temperature
and pressure, is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present.
When the original number of moles of gas is doubled, the volume of the
gas increases twofold; conversely, halving the original number of moles Avogadro’s Law equation of gas likewise
halves the volume

COMBINED GAS LAW

The combined gas law, a combination of Boyle’s, Charle’s Law, and
Gay-Lussac’s Law, states that the volume is inversely proportional
to its pressure and directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Combined Gas Law’s equation

DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

To measure the pressure of the air, a barometer is needed and if inside the container a manometer is needed; both are
commonly known as pressure gauge. We do this because we are measuring the macroscopic physical property of large number of gas
molecules that are invisible to the naked eye. Take note that the pressure exerted by the gas is the individual gas molecules colliding
with the walls of the container. If the mixture of gasses is present inside the container, it is possible determine the pressure exerted by
each different gas and the total pressure of the gasses. An English teacher name John Dalton aside from his famous Atomic Theory,
propose the Law of Partial Pressure. Partial pressure is the pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it
occupied the same volume on its own. In other words, the total pressure of the gas is the sum of the partial pressure of each individual
gas. This is because we assume there are no attractive forces between the gases and the volume of the gas are negligible.
The Dalton’s Law of partial pressure can be described by the formula: Ptot = PA + PB + …Pn
where, Ptot = Total Pressure of gasses PA = Partial pressure of gas A
PB = Partial pressure of gas B Pn = Partial pressure of gas other gases
The partial pressure can also be expressed in terms of mole of a gas in the mixture. Note that the mole fraction of a gas is the
ratio of the total moles of the gas;
XA = mole fraction of gas A = ____moles of A______
Total moles mixture
Therefore, the partial pressure of gas is equal to: PA = X APtot
Both forms of Dalton's law are extremely useful in solving different kinds of problems including: a.) Calculating the partial
pressure of a gas when you know the mole ratio and total pressure, b.) Calculating moles of an individual gas if you know the partial
pressure and total pressure, and c.) Calculating the total pressure if you know the partial pressures of the components

QUANTUM MECHANICAL DESCRIPTION OF ELECTRONS

Electron configuration is the description of how the electrons of an atom fill up the orbitals.
Valence Electrons are electrons found at the outermost shell of an atom, and the ones which are directly involved in chemical reaction.
The Bohr model shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons with the electrons in circular orbitals at specific
distances from the nucleus. These orbits form electron shells or energy levels, which are a way of visualizing the number of electrons in
the various shells.
An atomic orbital is a region of space round the nucleus in which the probability of finding a particular electron in a free atom is the
greatest.
Electrons can occupy four types of orbital, which differ from each other in terms of shape and in their orientation in space. They are
called s, p, d and f orbitals.

The location of the electrons in an atom can be predicted by applying three important rules: Aufbau Principle, Pauli’s
Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s Rule.
1. Aufbau Principle.
• Electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.
• Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom have been accounted for.
• The last electron that enters an orbital is called the differentiating electron.
• It makes the configuration of an atom different from that of the other atom.