SELF-LEARNING MODULE

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 3 | Week 05 | MAR 18-20, 2024
TEACHER: NASRIEL K. TOLIA

I. OBJECTIVES
1. Define pressure and give the common units of pressure (STEM_GC11G-Ih-i-43)
2. Use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas under
certain conditions of change (STEM_GC11G-Ih-i-45)
3. Use the Ideal Gas Equation to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of
moles of gas (STEM_GC11G-Ih-i-46)
4. Use Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure to relate mole fraction and partial pressure of
gases in a mixture. (STEM_GC11DL-Ii-47)
_

II. SUBJECT MATTER

 GAS LAWS

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

 Textbook: Exploring Life Through Science-CHEMISTRY

IV. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

What Is It

The entire universe is made up of matter including humans, animals, plants,

and even the non-living things. There are three phases or states of matter, namely;
solid, liquid, and gas. Moreover, gas behaves differently from solids and liquids due
to differences in their molecular behavior. The movement of the gas is in random
motion due to the vast empty space in a certain system since the distance per
particles are far greater than the other two states of matter. Under some conditions of
a gas sample, it can be defined in terms of its variables; temperature, volume, moles,
and pressure.

In the gaseous phase, molecules or the particles collide randomly against

other molecules and against its container or its system. This random collision
resulted changes in momentum which give way to the one of the property of gases
called pressure. Pressure as one of the variables defines as the amount of force
exerted per unit area. It refers to the force exerted by colliding molecules per unit
area of container walls.

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 What Is It

What makes pressure quantifiable? How does pressure measured and

expressed? The following details are some of the units that can be used for pressure:
a. Standard Atmosphere (atm)  It is commonly
and widely used unit for pressure in chemistry. The Mercury Barometer
1 atm is equal to the pressure that supports a
column of mercury which is exactly 760 mmHg.
b. Torr (or mmHg)  mmHg means millimeter of Pressure Pressure
mercury, where it represents the pressure exerted
by a column of a mercury which exactly equals to
atmosphere. The unit mmHg is called torr, named
after the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, who
also invented Barometer, a device used to
measure the atmospheric pressure.
c. Pounds per square inch (psi) If we say that gas
exerts a pressure of 20 psi, it means the pressure
on the wall of the gas container is 20 pounds or the
force per square inch of the unit area. The
atmospheric pressure at sea level is
14.7 psi.
d. kilopascal(kPa)  A kilopascal is equal to
1000 pascals (Pa). It is the standard unit for
pressure.

Conversion Factor:

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi

1 kPa = 1000Pa

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 What I Have Learned
Direction: Answer the following questions as directed. For the calculations, show your
solution and encircle the final answer.

1. What is pressure?

2. What are the different units that can be used to measure and express
pressure? Then explain each briefly.
(a.)

(b.)

(c.)

(d.)

3. The pressure of the air on a mountain is 0.978 atm. What will be the pressure
in the units of torr?

4. The pressure inside the tires of a backhoe is 40 psi. What will be the pressure
in the units of atm?

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 GAS LAWS

What’s In

Pressure is one of the variables that describes the properties of gases, so in

continuation, the next topic will help you learn about the other variables which are the
Volume(V), Temperature (T), amount in moles (n) that describes the behavior of
gases under certain condition and the laws that governs how it behaves.

What I Need to Know

Air is all around us, thus gases always involved in our daily activities, from
breathing down to automobile tires or bicycle, balloons, and even lifeboats and vest.
Life won’t be possible without this life-sustaining gas found in the atmosphere.

Scientist have always been curious about how gases behaves. And how it is
different compared to other states of matter. Investigations and experiments on the
behavior of gases leads to the parameters or variables that used to describe the
properties of gases aside from pressure, and these are volume, temperature, and the
amount in moles. The relationship between variables are explained by Gas Laws.

In addition, you will be able to use gas laws to determine pressure, volume,
temperature of a gas under certain conditions od change. Then, use the ideal gas
equation to calculate pressure, volume, temperature, or number of moles of a gas.

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 What Is It

Gas Laws governs the behavior of gases and describes the relationship of the
following variables: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and moles. The relationship
among the variables are led and investigated by Robert Boyle, Jacques Charles, and
Amedeo Avogadro, and the laws where named after them respectively.

Boyle’s Law
The law is named after its proponent, who is a British
chemist, Robert Boyle.
He emphasized the law correctly and stated that “The volume of
a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at
constant temperature”. It means, as the volume increases, the
pressure of the gas decreases, and vice versa, provided that the
temperature remains the same. Thus, it is evident that the
relationship between the two variables, volume and pressure is
inversely proportional.
Figure 1: Robert Boyle.
Image source [14]

Boyle’s Law is expressed in this mathematical equation:

In terms of proportion: V α 1/P (at constant amount and temperature)
In terms of equation: V = k/P (at constant amount and temperature)
PV=k or
P1V1 = P2 V2

Where;
P1 = initial pressure
V1 = initial volume
P2 = Final pressure
V2 = Final volume

Example: A 2.5 L container has a gas pressure of 4.6 atm. If the volume is
decreased to 1.6 L. What will be the new pressure inside the container?

Given: V1 = 2.5 L V2 = 1.6 L

P1= 4.6 atm P2 = ?

P 1V 1 = P 2V 2 , P 2 = P 1V 1 / V 2

= 1.6 atm (2.5 L)

1.6 L

= 7.2 atm

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Charles’ Law
It is one of the gas laws and named after the
French scientist Jacques Charles who formulated the law
in 1897. This law states that “The volume of a given
amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature and constant pressure.” It means that as the
volume increases, the temperature also increases, and
vice versa, provided that the amount of gas and the
pressure is constant. The temperature should be
expressed in Kelvin (K).
Figure 2: Jacques Charles.
Image source [11]

Charles’ Law is expressed in this mathematical equation:

In terms of proportion: V α T (at constant amount and pressure)
In terms of equation: V = kT (at constant amount and pressure)
V / T =k or
V1 / T1= V2 / T2

Where;
V1 = initial volume
T1 = initial Temperature
V2 = Final volume
T2 = Final Temperature

Example: A 3.5 L flexible container holds a gas at 250 K. What will be the new
volume if the temperature is increased to 400K at constant pressure?

Given: V1 = 3.5 L V2 = ?
T1= 250 K T2 = 400K

V 1 / T 1 = V 2 / T 2 ; V 2 = V 1T 2 / T 1

= 3.5 L (400K)
250 K

= 5.6 L

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Avogadro’s Law
The proponent of this law is named after Amedeo
Avogadro, who is a notable Italian mathematical physicist.
This law state that “The volume of a gas at a given
temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the
number of moles contained in the volume”. This law is
based on Avogadro’s hypothesis that the same volume of
two gases at constant temperature and pressure contain
the same number of molecules. It means as the volume
increases the amount of substance or the moles also
increases, so the relationship is directly proportional. Keep
in mind that a mole is related to the quantity of molecules in Figure 3: Amedeo Avogadro.
a substance. Image source [15]

Avogadro’s Law is expressed in this mathematical equation:

In terms of proportion: V α n (at constant temperature and pressure)
In terms of equation: V = k n (at constant temperature and pressure)
V / n =k or
V1 / n1= V2 / n2
Where;
V1 = initial volume
n1 = initial number of moles of the gas
V2 = Final volume
T2 = Final number of moles of the gas

Example: A 2.4 moles of gas occupies 60.0 L at a certain temperature. What volume
will 3.7 moles of a gas occupy?

Given: n1 = 2.4 moles n2 = 3.7 moles

V1= 60.0 L V2 = ?

V1 / n1 = V2 / n2 ; V1n2=n 1V2
V2 = V1 n 2 / n 1

= 60.0 L ( 3.7 moles)

2.4 moles

= 92.5 L

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Ideal gas Equation

It is a single equation that sums up and combines the mathematical

expression of Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and Avogadro’s Law.

PV = nRT

Where;
P = Pressure n= moles (refers to the amount of substance)
V= Volume T= Temperature (express in Kelvin (K))
R = The universal gas constant (0.0821 atm.L / mol.K)

The value of the universal gas constant (R) is the same anywhere and anytime. It
can be calculated using the using the standard conditions of mole, pressure, volume,
and temperature. The value can also be derived from the ideal gas equation as
shown below.

PV = nRT

R = PV = 1.00 atm x 22.4 L

nT 1.00 mole x 273 K

R = 0.0821 atm . L
mole .K

Example:

A 3.5 L container holds 0.45 moles of O2 gas at 300K. What is the pressure
inside the container?

Given: V = 3.5 L T = 300 K

N = 0.45 moles P=?

PV = nRT ; P = nRT
V
atm . L
= 0.45 moles x 0.0821 mole .K x 300 K

1.5 L

P = 3.17 atm

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 What’s More

Calculations
A. Direction: Calculate the given problems and use the gas laws to determine
pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas under certain conditions of change.
Show your solutions. Encircle your final answer.

1. The gas inside the tire has a volume of 20.00 L at a pressure of 5.00 atm.
Calculate the pressure of the gas if its volume is reduced to 10.0 at the same
temperature.

2. If 150.00 mL of N2 gas was collected at 760 torr, what is the new volume of the
gas when the pressure is compressed to 740 torr at the same temperature?

3. At 300 K, the given amount of fluorine gas has a volume of 30.0 L. What will
be the temperature if the gas occupies a volume of 25 L at constant pressure?

4. A certain gas sample has a volume of 40.00 L at 273 K. At constant pressure,

the volume increase to 50.00 L. What will be the final temperature of the gas?

5. At 55.00 L a compressible container contains 5.00 moles of a certain gas. If

3.00 moles of a gas were added to the container, what will be its final volume?

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 Summary

Gases are everywhere, it behaves differently from other states of matter. The
properties of gases are described by its variables or parameters namely; pressure,
temperature, volume, and the amount of substance or moles under some certain
conditions. The relationship between the variables are govern by gas laws. Gas laws
and categorized into three laws; Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and Avogadro’s Law
which are named after their proponents and scientist who observed such properties
of gases.

Boyle’s law describes that the relationship of pressure and volume is inversely
proportional given that temperature is constant, for Charles’s Law, Volume and
Temperature is directly proportional at constant pressure. Avogadro’s law explains
the relationship between volume and the amount of substance (moles) is directly
proportional when pressure and temperature is constant. Then, the variables are
combined to form an ideal gas equation.

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure tells us that the pressure of each component
in a mixture is equivalent to its mole fraction multiplied to the total pressure exerted
by the mixture.

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 Assessment: Post-Test

MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answers on the space provide before the number.

1. Which of the following description refers to pressure?

a. It is the force exerted by colliding molecules per unit area of container walls.
b. It refers to the force exerted by the wall.
c. The force resulted from the molecules or particles in static.
d. The resulting force from the bodies at rest or in equilibrium.
2. Which of the following is not a unit of pressure?
b. Atm b. Torr
d. mmHg d. none of the above
3. Which of the following refers to standard atmospheric pressure?
e. Atm
f. Torr
g. mmHg
h. Pa
4. One (1) atm is equal to what value of mmHg?
e. 706 mmHg
f. 273 mmHg
g. 760 mmHg
h. 101.3 kPa
5. The volume of a given amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at
constant temperature is stated by what law?
e. Avogadro’s Law
f. Charles’s Law
g. Gay-Lussac Law
h. Boyles Law
6. When volume on a gas goes up what happens to its pressure?
e. stays the same
f. goes down
g. rises
h. rises, then falls
7. Which of the following refers to the statement of Charles’ Law?
e. The relationship of volume and pressure of a gas is inversely proportional.
f. The relationship of volume and pressure of a gas is directly proportional.
g. The relationship of temperature and volume of a gas is directly proportional.
h. The relationship of temperature and volume of a gas is inversely proportional.
8. When the volume goes down the what happens to its temperature?
e. rises
f. goes up
g. goes down
h. rises, then falls
9. Which of the following gas laws describes the relationship of volume and moles?
c. Boyle’s Law c. Charles’s Law
d. Avogadro’s Law d. Ideal Gas Laws
10. Which of the following is the ideal gas equation?
c. PV=NRT c. PV=nRT
d. Pv=nrt d. pv=nR

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