Chapter5 States of matter

4.1Four lattice structure of a crystalline solid

 Giant ionic lattice

 Simple molecular lattice
 Giant molecular lattice
 Giant metallic lattice
4.2 The gaseous state

Anaesthetists have to know about gas volumes

so that patients remain unconscious during
major operations.
costa concordia in 2012
Though there is 21% of O2, the density of air is smaller ,so the
amount of O2 is less

The jet engines pull in air from around the plane, compressing
and heating as part of the process that thrusts the plane forward.
The compression also makes the air more breathable for us,
because it squeezes the oxygen molecules together.
 Origin of pressure in a gas
• Origin of pressure: collisions beetween gas molecules and the wall of containers

•Gas pressure=collions/per unit area of the container wall

 The ideal gas
a. Assumptions of kinetic theory of gases
　

①The gas molecules move rapidly and randomly

②The distance between the gas molecules is much greater than the
diameter of the molecules so the volume of the molecule is negligible
③There are no intermolecular forces of attraction

　④ All collisiions between particles aer elastic-this means no kinetic energy is lost in collisions

⑤The temperature of the gas is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.

　　　
b. Ideal gas: A theoretical gas that fits the description is called an ideal gas.

Real gas: The gases we encounter do not fit this description.

 Real Gas Vs. Ideal Gas
A real gas is most like an ideal gas when the real
gas is at a low pressure and a high temperature.
The gases that act most like ideal gases are the
small mass ones – hydrogen and helium.---with
lowest intermolecular
forces.
(not in2023 syllabus
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law – at constant temperature, the
volume of the gas increases as the pressure
decreases. The volume of the gas decreases
and the pressure increases.
V↑ P↓

V
o
P1V1 = P2V2 =constant
l
u If you squeeze a
m balloon, the
e pressure inside
L the baloon
increases

Pressure (kPa)
 Now . . . a
container where
the volume can
Moveable change (syringe)
piston
↕

Same
temperature

Volume is 100 mL Volume is 50 mL

at 25°C at 25°C

In which system is the pressure higher? (Which has the greater

number of collisions with the walls and each other?)
Charles’ Law
Charles’ Law – at a constant pressure, the
volume of a gas increases as the temperature
of the gas increases and the volume decreases
when the temperature decreases.
V1 V2
= = constant
T1 T2
• a balloon decreases in V
volume if you put it o
outside in the cold l
u
m
e

Temperature (K)
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law – the pressure of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature at
a constant volume.

P1 P2 Pressure
= = constant (atm)
T1 T2

When the temperature of a

container increases,the
pressure of the gas inside
increases also
Temperature (K)
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law – equal volumes of gases
at the same temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of molecules.
H2 O2 CO2

1 mole of ANY gas takes up a volume of

22.4 dm3 at STP.
1 mole of ANY gas takes up a volume of 24
dm3 at room temperature and pressure.
To remember how these work. . .

PTV
Think “Public Tele Vision”
 To remember which constants go
with which law . . .

Boyle’s Law – Temperature is constant BLT

Charles’ Law – Pressure is constant Cheese Pizza

Gay-Lussac’s Law – Volume is constant Green

Veggies
 Combined Gas Law

P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2

The equation is found on Table T.

Note that all temperatures must be in
Kelvin!
 Units used to describe gas samples:

Volume Temperature Pressure

Liter (L) Kelvin ONLY Atmosphere (atm)
Milliliter (mL) Kilopascale (kPa)
1000 mL = 1L 1 atm = 101.3 kPa
1 atm = 760 mm Hg

a. pressure × volume = number of moles × gas constant × temperature

P(pa) V(m3) n (mol) R(J K-1 mol-1 ) T(K)

PV=nRT

The value of R is 8.31J K-1 mol-1

Find the relative molecular mass
1) Using mass spectrometer more accurrate

2)Using pV=nRT --- weighing a gas is difficult , so the method can be applied to find the relative
molecular mass of a volatile liquid