Introduction to

Gases
 States of Matter
2 main factors determine state:
• The forces (inter/intramolecular)
holding particles together
• The kinetic energy present (the
energy an object possesses due to its
motion of the particles)
• KE tends to ‘pull’ particles apart
 Kinetic Energy , States of Matter &
Temperature
Gases have a higher kinetic energy
because their particles move a lot more
than in a solid or a liquid
As the temperature increases, there gas
particles move faster, and thus kinetic
energy increases.
 Characteristics of Gases
Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
 Characteristics of Gases
Gases can be compressed.
Gases undergo diffusion & effusion
(across a barrier with small holes).
• random motion
Kinetic Molecular Theory of ‘Ideal’
Gases
Particles in an ideal gas…
• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions (ie. billiard
ball→ particles exchange energy with
eachother, but total KE is conserved
• are in constant, random, straight-line
motion.
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• have an avg. KE directly related to
temperature ( temp= motion= KE)
 Real Gases
Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other (intermolecular
forces)

Gas behavior is most ideal…

• at low pressures
• at high temperatures
 Real Gases
At STP, molecules of gas are moving fast and
are very far apart, making their intermolecular
forces and volumes insignificant, so
assumptions of an ideal gas are valid under
normal temp/pressure conditions. BUT…

• at high pressures: gas molecules are

pushed closer together, and their
interactions with each other become more
significant due to volume
• at low temperatures: gas molecules move
slower due to KE and intermolecular
forces are no longer negligible
Standard Temperature & Pressure

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure

0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Temperature: The Kelvin Scale

Always use absolute temperature

(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373

C = K − 273 K = ºC + 273
 Kelvin and Absolute Zero

Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin

suggested that -273oC (0K) was the
temperature at which the motion
particles within a gas approaches
zero.. And thus, so does volume)

Absolute Zero:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHXxPnmyDbk
Comparing the Celsius and Kelvin Scale:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G9FdNqUVBQ
 Why Use the Kelvin Scale?

Not everything freezes at 0oC, but

for ALL substances, motion stops
at 0K.

It eliminates the use of negative

values for temperature! Makes
mathematic calculations possible
(to calculate the temp. twice
warmer than -5oC we can’t use 2x(-
5oC) because we would get -10oC!)
Kelvin Scale vs Celsius Scale
Converting between Kelvin and Celsius

C = K − 273 K = ºC + 273
a) 0oC =_____K
b) 100 o C = ____K
c) 25oC =______K
d) -12oC =______K
e) -273K = ______oC
f) 23.5K = ______oC
g) 373.2K= ______oC
The Gas Laws
 1. Intro to Boyle’s Law
Imagine that you hold the tip of a
syringe on the tip of your finger so
no gas can escape. Now push
down on the plunger of the syringe.

What happens to the volume in the

syringe?

What happens to the pressure the

gas is exerting in the syringe?
1. Boyle’s Law
 1. Boyle’s Law
The pressure and volume of a gas
are inversely proportional (as one
increases, the other decreases,
and vice versa
• at constant mass & temp

V
 1. Boyle’s Law

Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical

expression: *Assuming temp is constant

P1V1=P2V2
Where P1 represents the initial pressure

V1 represents the initial volume,

And P2 represents the final pressure

V2 represents the final volume

 Example Problem:
A weather balloon with a volume of
2000L at a pressure of 96.3 kPa
rises to an altitude of 1000m, where
the atmospheric pressure is
measured to be 60.8kPa. Assuming
there is no change in the
temperature or the amount of gas,
calculate the weather balloon’s final
volume.
You Try:
Atmospheric pressure on the
peak of Kilimanjaro can be as
low as 0.20 atm. If the volume
of an oxygen tank is 10.0L, at
what pressure must the tank be
filled so the gas inside would
occupy a volume of 1.2 x 103L
at this pressure?
ASSIGNMENT CARD
2. Intro to Charles’ Law

Imagine that you put a balloon

filled with gas in cold water?

What is happening to the

temperature of the gas in the
balloon?

What will happen to the volume

of the balloon?
2. Charles’ Law
2. Charles’ Law

The volume and absolute

temperature (K) of a gas
are directly proportional (an
increase in temp leads to an
increase in volume)
• at constant mass &
pressure
V

T
2. Charles’ Law
2. Charles’ Law

➢ Charles’
Law leads to the
mathematical expression:

*Assuming pressure remains

constant

➢ V1T2=V2T1
 Example Problem:
A birthday balloon is filled to a
volume of 1.5L of helium gas in an
air-conditioned room at 293K. The
balloon is taken outdoors on a warm
day where the volume expands to
1.55L. Assuming the pressure and
the amount of gas remain constant,
what is the air temperature outside in
Celsius? 1.5L(T )=(1.55L)(293K)
2

T2=302.77K
 You Try:

A beach ball is inflated to a

o
volume of 25L of air at 15 C.
During the afternoon, the
volume increases by 1L.
What is the new temperature
outside?

T2=299.52K
3. Intro to Gay-Lussac’s Law
Imagine you have a balloon
inside a container that ensures
it has a fixed volume. You heat
the balloon.

What is happening to the temp of

the gas inside the balloon?

What will happen to the pressure

the gas is exerting on the
balloon?
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law

The pressure and absolute

temperature (K) of a gas
are directly proportional (as
temperature rises, so does
pressure)
• at constant mass &
volume
P

T
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
➢ Gay-Lussac’s Law leads to
the mathematical expression:

*Assuming volume remains

constant

Egg in a bottle to show Gay-Lussac's Law:

T & P relationship:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_JnUBk1JPQ
 Example Problem:
The pressure of the oxygen gas
inside a canister with a fixed volume
is 5.0atm at 15oC. What is the
pressure of the oxygen gas inside
the canister if the temperature
changes to 263K? Assume the
amount of gas remains constant.

P2=4.57atm
 You Try:
The pressure of a gas in a
sealed canister is 350.0kPa at
a room temperature of 15oC.
The canister is placed in a
refrigerator that drops the
temperature of the gas by
20K. What is the new
pressure in the canister?
P2=3.22atm
4. Combined Gas Law
By combining Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay
Lussac’s Laws, the following equation is
derived:

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
 Sample Problem:

A gas occupies 7.84 cm3

at 71.8 kPa & 25°C. Find
its volume at STP.

1000 cm3 = 1L
 5. Introduction to Avogadro’s Law

How would you

compare the air
inside your lungs
when you are
shallow
breathing and
deep breathing?
5. Introduction to Avogadro’s Law
5. Avogadro’s Law
States that at constant temperature
and pressure, two gases with of
the same volume will contain the
same number of molecules.

Amadeo Avogadro
5. Avogadro’s Law
The volume of a gas at a given
temperature and pressure is
directly proportional to the
number of moles contained in
the volume.
5. Avogadro’s Law
Can be mathematically expressed as

Where
V1 –initial volume V2-final volume
n1-initial no. of moles n2,-final no. of moles
STP and Molar Volume
The volumes of gases can be
compared at STP (standard
temperature and pressure) when
they have the same number of
moles of gas.
• Standard temperature is
exactly 0 °C (273 K).
• Standard pressure is exactly 1
atm (760 mmHg).
STP and Molar Volume
At STP, 1 mole of any gas occupies a
volume of 22.4 L, approximately equal to
the volume of about three basketballs.
STP and Molar Volume
When a gas is at STP conditions (0
°C and 1 atm), its molar volume
can be written as a conversion
factor and used to convert between
moles of gas and its volume, in
liters.
Sample Problem
If a 0.75 mole sample of helium gas
occupies a volume of 1.5 L, what
volume will a 1.2 mole sample of
gas occupy at the same
temperature and pressure?

V2= 2.4L
6. Introduction to Ideal Gas Law

How do ventilation work?

5. Introduction to Ideal Gas Law

Why is ventilation important in

buildings?
6. Ideal Gas Law
6. Ideal Gas Law

is a combination of the four

properties (P, V, n, and T),
written as a single
expression:

PV = nRT
6. Ideal Gas Law
Rearranging the ideal gas law
equation shows that the four
properties are equal to the gas law
constant, R, equal to 0.0821 L atm
per mol K.
Sample Problem
How many moles of N2 gas are
present if the sample occupies
215 mL at 0.813 atm and
30.0 °C?

n=0.007 mole
7. Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure
7. Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure

states that the total pressure of a

mixture of gases is equal to the sum
of the partial pressures of the
component gases:
 7. Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure
Can be mathematically expressed
as
PTotal=Pgas 1+Pgas 2+Pgas 3​ …

P1= Ptotalx1
where x1 = mole of gas 1/ total mole of gas
Sample problem

If I place 3 moles of N2 and 4 moles

of O2 in a 35 L container at a
temperature of 25 degrees C, what
will the pressure of the resulting
mixture of gases be?
SUMMARY
Boyle’s Law:
At constant mass and temperature, as
pressure increases ,volume decreases
P1V1=P2V2

Charles’ Law:
At mass and constant pressure, as
temperature increases, volume
increases
V1T2=V2T1
SUMMARY
Gay Lussac’s Law:
At constant volume, as pressure increases,
temperature increases
P1T2=P2T1

Combined Gas Law:

Avogadro’s Law:
At constant temperature and pressure, as
volume increases, number of molecules
increases
V1n2=V2n1
SUMMARY

Ideal Gas Law:

PV=nRT
R (gas constant)=0.0821L.atm/mol.K

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure:

Ptotal =P1 + P2 + P3
 Exercises
The pressure of a gas in a
sealed canister is 350.0kPa at
a room temperature of 15oC.
The canister is placed in a
refrigerator that drops the
temperature of the gas by
20K. What is the new
pressure in the canister?
P2=3.22atm
 Exercises

A beach ball is inflated to a

o
volume of 25L of air at 15 C.
During the afternoon, the
volume increases by 1L.
What is the new temperature
outside?

T2=299.52K
 Exercise

a) A gas occupies 473 cm3 at

36°C. Find its volume at 94°C

b) A gas’ pressure is 765 torr

at 23°C. At what temperature
will the pressure be 560. torr