Introduction to Gases

States of Matter
 2 main factors determine state:
• The forces (inter/intramolecular) holding particles together
• The kinetic energy present (the energy an object possesses due to its motion of the particles)
• KE tends to ‘pull’ particles apart
Kinetic Energy , States of Matter & Temperature
 Gases have a higher kinetic energy because their particles move a lot more than
in a solid or a liquid
 As the temperature increases, there gas particles move faster, and thus kinetic
energy increases.
 Characteristics of Gases
 Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
 Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
 Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
 Characteristics of Gases
 Gases can be compressed.
• no volume = lots of empty space
 Gases undergo diffusion & effusion (across a barrier with small holes).
• random motion
 Kinetic Molecular Theory of ‘Ideal’ Gases
 Particles in an ideal gas…

• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions (ie. billiard ball
particles exchange energy with each
other, but total KE is conserved
• exhibit no attractive forces toward each
other
• have an avg. KE directly related to
temperature ( temp= motion= KE)
 Real Gases
 Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other (intermolecular forces)

 Gas behavior is most ideal…

• at low pressures
• at high temperatures
Why???
 Real Gases
 At STP, molecules of gas are moving fast and
are very far apart, making their intermolecular
forces and volumes insignificant, so
assumptions of an ideal gas are valid under
normal temp/pressure conditions. BUT…

• at high pressures: gas molecules are

pushed closer together, and their
interactions with each other become more
significant due to volume
• at low temperatures: gas molecules move
slower due to KE and intermolecular
forces are no longer negligible
 Pressure

force
pressure 
area

Which shoes create the most pressure?

 Atmospheric Pressure
 The gas molecules in the atmosphere are pulled
toward Earth due to gravity, exerting pressure

 Why do your ears ‘pop’ in an airplane?

 Pressure
 Barometer
• measures atmospheric pressure

Mercury Barometer
 Units of Pressure
 At Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SAP)
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm (atmosphere)
760 mm Hg
(millimeter Hg) N
760 torr kPa  2
m
14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)
Standard Temperature & Pressure

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure

0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Temperature: The Kelvin Scale
 Always use absolute temperature
(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373

C  K  273 K = ºC + 273
 Kelvin and Absolute Zero
 Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin suggested that -273oC (0K) was the temperature at which the motion particles within a
gas approaches zero.. And thus, so does volume)

 Absolute Zero:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHXxPnmyDbk
 Comparing the Celsius and Kelvin Scale:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G9FdNqUVBQ
 Why Use the Kelvin Scale?
 Not everything freezes at 0 oC, but for ALL substances, motion stops at 0K.
 It eliminates the use of negative values for temperature! Makes mathematic
calculations possible (to calculate the temp. twice warmer than -5 oC we can’t use
2x(-5oC) because we would get -10oC!)
Kelvin Scale vs Celsius Scale
 Converting between Kelvin and Celsius

C  K  273 K = ºC + 273
a) 0oC =_____K
b) 100oC= _____K
c) 25oC =______K
d) -12oC = ______K
e) -273K = ______oC
f) 23.5K = ______oC
g) 373.2K= ______oC
QUESTIONS?
Gas Law Variables

 P pressure
 V volume
 n moles
 R gas constant 0.0821 atm L/ mol K
 T temperature
 Part B: The Gas Laws

1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’ Law
3. Gay-Lussac’s Laws
4. Relate T, P and/or V
5. Calculate unknown values using the equations derived
from these laws and the combined gas law.
 1. Intro to Boyle’s Law
 Imagine that you hold the tip of a syringe on the tip of your finger
so no gas can escape. Now push down on the plunger of the
syringe.

What happens to the volume in the syringe?

What happens to the pressure the gas is exerting in the syringe?

1. Boyle’s Law
 1. Boyle’s Law
 The pressure and volume of a gas are
inversely proportional (as one increases,
the other decreases, and vice versa
• at constant mass & temp

V
 1. Boyle’s Law

Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical

expression: *Assuming temp is constant

P1V1=P2V2
Where P1 represents the initial pressure

V1 represents the initial volume,

And P2 represents the final pressure

V2 represents the final volume

 Example Problem:
A weather balloon with a volume of 2000L at a pressure of 96.3
kPa rises to an altitude of 1000m, where the atmospheric pressure
is measured to be 60.8kPa. Assuming there is no change in the
temperature or the amount of gas, calculate the weather balloon’s
final volume.
 You Try:
Atmospheric pressure on the peak of Kilimanjaro can be as low as
0.20 atm. If the volume of an oxygen tank is 10.0L, at what
pressure must the tank be filled so the gas inside would occupy a
volume of 1.2 x 103L at this pressure?

Given:
P1 = 0.20 atm
V1 = 10.0 L
V2 = 1.2 x 103L

Unknown: P2
 Solution:
•According to Boyle's law, pressure on a gas is inversely proportional
to the volume of the gas in the container.
•It can also be stated that the product of the pressure and the volume
of a gas is constant, provided that the temperature is constant.
                              

•Here, P₁ is the atmospheric pressure on the peak of Kilimanjaro, V₁

is the volume of the oxygen tank, P₂ is the pressure at which the tank
must be filled and V₂ is the volume occupied by the gas.
                                                                  
                            
                                 

Therefore, the pressure at which the tank must be filled is 0.002 atm.

2. Intro to Charles’ Law
 Imagine that you put a balloon filled with gas in liquid nitrogen

What is happening to the temperature of the gas in the balloon?

What will happen to the volume of the balloon?

2. Charles’ Law
2. Charles’ Law
 The volume and absolute temperature (K) of
a gas are directly proportional (an increase
in temp leads to an increase in volume)
• at constant mass & pressure

T
2. Charles’ Law
2. Charles’ Law
 Charles’ Law leads to the mathematical
expression:

*Assuming pressure remains constant

 Example Problem:
A birthday balloon is filled to a volume of 1.5L of helium gas in an air-
conditioned room at 293K. The balloon is taken outdoors on a warm
day where the volume expands to 1.55L. Assuming the pressure and
the amount of gas remain constant, what is the air temperature outside
in Celsius? Convert Kelvin into Celsius
°C = K - 273
    = 293 - 273
Given:
    = 20°C
V1 = 1.5 L
∴ T1 = 20°C
T1 = 293K
V2 =1.55L
V1T2 = V2T1
T2 = V2T1/V1
Unknown: T2
We substitute the values,
    = [(1.55L)(20°C)]/1.5L
    = 20.66667°C
    = 20.67°C
Therefore, the T2 i.e., the temperature
outside in Celsius is 20.67°C
 You Try:
A beach ball is inflated to a volume of 25L of air at 15oC. During
the afternoon, the volume increases by 1L. What is the new
temperature outside?
3. Intro to Gay-Lussac’s Law
 Imagine you have a balloon inside a container that ensures it
has a fixed volume. You heat the balloon.

What is happening to the temp of the gas inside the balloon?

What will happen to the pressure the gas is exerting on the

balloon?
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law
 The pressure and absolute temperature
(K) of a gas are directly proportional (as
temperature rises, so does pressure)
• at constant mass & volume

T
2. Gay-Lussac’s Law
 Gay-Lussac’s Law leads to the mathematical
expression:

*Assuming volume remains constant

Egg in a bottle to show Gay-Lussac's Law:

T & P relationship:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_JnUBk1JPQ
 Example Problem:
The pressure of the oxygen gas inside a canister with a fixed
volume is 5.0atm at 15oC. What is the pressure of the oxygen gas
inside the canister if the temperature changes to 263K? Assume
the amount of gas remains constant.
 You Try:
The pressure of a gas in a sealed canister is 350.0kPa at a room
temperature of 15oC. The canister is placed in a refrigerator that
drops the temperature of the gas by 20K. What is the new
pressure in the canister?
4. Combined Gas Law
By combining Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay
Lussac’s Laws, the following equation is
derived:

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
 Example Problem:
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa & 25°C. Find
its volume at STP.
 Exercises:
a) A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Find its volume at 94°C

b) A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at 23°C. At what temperature will the pressure
be 560. torr
5. Avogadro’s Law
Example
 You Try:
A 6.0 L sample at 25°C and 2.00 atm of pressure contains 0.5
mole of a gas. If an additional 0.25 mole of gas at the same
pressure and temperature are added, what is the final total volume
of the gas?

Given:
V1 = initial volume = 6.0 L
n1= initial number of moles = 0.5 moles
Vf = final volume =?
nf = final number of moles = 0.75 moles (0.5+0.25)

V1/n1 = V2/n2
Solve for V2

V2 ​= V1n2/n1
V2= (6.0 L x 0.75 mole)/0.5 mole
V2 = 4.5 L/0.5
V2 = 9 L
6. Ideal Gas Equation
1
Boyle’s law: V (at constant n and T)
P
Charles’ law: V  T(at constant n and P)

Avogadro’s law: V n(at constant P and T)

nT
V
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P

PV = nRT
 The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are
called standard temperature and
pressure (STP).
 Example
 What is the volume (in liters) occupied by
49.8 g of HCl at STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K
P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
n = 49.8 g x 1 mol HCl = 1.37 mol
V = nRT 36.45 g HCl
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821mol•K x 273 K
V=
1 atm

V = 30.6 L