KS3 Physics

8I Heating and
Cooling

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 Heat transfer (Conduction)
L.O.:
1-To explain the difference between temperature and thermal energy.
2- To understand the different ways heat transfers in different matters.
3- To recap on different heat conductors and insulators, stating different
examples.
Starter:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9joLYfayee8
1-A small cup of water or a cooking pot
filled with water will need more
thermal energy to boil, relate your
Answer to particle theory?
2-Which rod will burn their hands first?
3-What happens when solid particles gain energy?
4-Why metals are good conductors for heat?

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 What is heat?
Heat is a type of energy.
Heat is the name for the type of kinetic energy
possessed by particles.
Heat energy is measured in joules (J) and kilojoule (kJ)?
If something gains a lot of heat energy, it becomes hot
So what is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is.
(It is not the total amount of energy contained in the
object.)
Temperature can be measured by mercury, alcohol and
digital thermometers.

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 Heat transfer
The correct phrase for heat transfer is “thermal transfer”.

Heat energy can be transferred (moved) by four processes:

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
4. Evaporation
In each process, thermal energy is also transferred in the way :

HOT COLD
Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.

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 The particle model
The differences between solids, liquids and gases can be
explained by the particle model:

1. All substances are made up of particles (atoms, ions or

molecules).

2. These particles are attracted to each other, some strongly

and others weakly.

3. These particles move around (i.e. have kinetic energy).

4. The kinetic energy of particles increases with temperature.

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 Temperature and energy
What happens to the gas as the temperature increases?
Would this be the same for solids and liquids?

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 CONDUCTION:
 When heat is applied to a conductor the
energy of the molecules increases.
(kinetic energy of the molecules)

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 CONDUCTION:
 When the energy of the molecules
increases the vibration of the atoms also
increases.

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 CONDUCTION:
 These vibrations then spread out to the
molecules of the material causing other
molecules to vibrate faster.

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 Conduction in non-metals
Non-metals are poor conductors of heat.
In a non-metal, heat energy is only passed on by neighbouring
particles vibrating along the non-metal (no free electrons).
This allows a flow of energy from hot to cold.

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 Conduction – compare a metal and a non-metal

Which material feels warmer if you touch a piece of wood

and a piece copper metal, both at room temperature
(i.e. both at 25ºC)?

The wood feels warmer because it is a poor conductor.

It cannot conduct heat away from your hand as quickly as
the copper which is a good conductor.
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 Good Conductors at home:

 Conductors are materials that pass on heat

easily from one end of the material to the
other.
 Most metals are good conductors of heat.
 Stainless steel (mostly iron) is a very good
conductor of heat and is used to make cooking
pots.

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 Heat Energy Insulators:
 Insulators are materials that do not pass on
heat from one end of the material to the
other.
 Wood and plastic are poor conductors of heat.
 Poor conductors are called insulators.
 We tend to use wooden spoons in cooking since
they won’t
pass the heat
through them
to your hand.

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 Conduction – summary table

Material Conductor or Insulator?

metals very good conductors

non-metals insulators

liquids insulators

gases good insulators

vacuum excellent insulator

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 Conduction in liquids and gases:

Liquids like water are poor conductors of

thermal energy compared to solids.
Example: A diver wears a wetsuit to dive in
cold water. The water trapped inside between
the diver’s skin and the rubber suit act as a
bad conductor for thermal energy. So thermal
energy is not easily transferred from the
diver to the sea.
Air is a very good insulator, if it is trapped
and cannot move.
Example: clothing can be
made of materials
that trap air.

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 Do you have any question?

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 Plenary:
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5f95cfafaf6c91001b870b21?source=quiz_share

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