1 Both strontium and sulfur have chlorides of the type XCl 2.

The table below compares some of

their properties

(a) (i) Use the data in the table to explain why sulfur chloride is a liquid at room temperature,

25°C.

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........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Strontium is a metal and sulfur is a non-metal. Explain why both have chlorides of the
type XCl2

. The electron distribution of a strontium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 8 + 2.

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........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Deduce the name of the acidic compound formed when sulfur chloride reacts with
water.

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(iv) Explain the difference in the electrical conductivity of liquid strontium chloride and liquid
sulfur chloride.

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 [Total: 7]

2 Ammonia is a compound which only contains the elements nitrogen and hydrogen. It is a
weak base.

(a) (i) Define the term base

................................................................................................................ ....................... [1]

(ii) Given aqueous solutions of ammonia and sodium hydroxide, both having a
concentration of 0.1mol/dm3, how could you show that ammonia is the weaker
base?

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...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process. The economics of this process
require that as much ammonia as possible is made as quickly as possible.

Explain how this can be done using the following information.

The conditions for the following reversible reaction are:

● 450°C

● 200 atmospheres pressure

● Iron catalyst

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g) the reaction is exothermic

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(c) Another compound which contains only nitrogen and hydrogen is hydrazine, N2H4.

Complete the equation for the preparation of hydrazine from ammonia.

 .....NH3 + NaClO → N2H4+ ............ + H2O [2]

[Total: 13]

3 A student prepared a sample of potassium nitrate by neutralising nitric acid using

potassium hydroxide solution.

25.0cm3 of nitric acid was poured into a conical fl ask. Potassium hydroxide was added a
little at a time from a burette as shown below.

After each addition of potassium hydroxide solution the pH was measured with a pH
meter and the values recorded in the table of results.
You are going to draw a graph to find the volume of potassium hydroxide solution
required to neutralise the 25.0cm3 of nitric acid.

(a) Plot the results on the grid below and draw a smooth line graph
 (b) Which point appears to be inaccurate?

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) (i) Use your graph to find the pH of the solution when 35.0 cm3 of potassium
hydroxide was added.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Use your graph to find the pH of 25.0 cm3 of nitric acid.

Show clearly on the grid how you obtained your answer.

. .................................................................................................................................... [2]
 (d) (i) What is the pH of the solution when all of the nitric acid has just been neutralised?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What volume of potassium hydroxide was required to neutralise 25.0cm3 of nitric
acid?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]
4 This question is about nitrogen and some of its compounds.

Describe how you would prepare a pure dry sample of copper (II) nitrate crystals in the
laboratory using dilute nitric acid and solid copper (II) carbonate.Include a series of key
steps in your answer.

You should include a chemical equation for the reaction.

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[Total: 6]

5 Crystals of sodium sulphate-10-water, Na2SO4.10H2O, are prepared by titration.

 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is pipetted into a conical flask.
A few drops of an indicator are added. Using a burette, dilute sulphuric acid is slowly
added until the indicator just changes colour. The volume of acid needed to neutralise
the alkali is noted. Suggest how you would continue the experiment to obtain pure, dry
crystals of sodium sulphate-10-water.
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[Total: 4]

6 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of five
substances, A to E.
Choose a substance from the table above to match each of the following descriptions. A
substance may be used once, more than once or not at all. Justify each choice with evidence
from the table.
One has been completed as an example.

(a) This substance has a giant covalent structure. ..................

Evidence...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) This substance is a metal. ..................
Evidence...................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) This substance is a liquid at room temperature (25 °C). ..................
Evidence...................................................................................................................................
.
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(d) This substance is an ionic solid. ..................
Evidence...................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 11]
6 The following are examples of redox reactions.
 Bromine water was added to aqueous sodium sulfide.
Br2(aq) + S2–(aq) →2Br–(aq) + S(s)
(i) Describe what you would observe when this reaction occurs.
.........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Write a symbol equation for this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why bromine is the oxidant (oxidising
agent) in this reaction.
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.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]

7 This question is concerned with the following oxides.

sulfur dioxide
carbon monoxide
lithium oxide
aluminium oxide
nitrogen dioxide
strontium oxide
(i) Which of the above oxides will react with hydrochloric acid but not with aqueous
sodium hydroxide?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which of the above oxides will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide but not with
hydrochloric acid?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Which of the above oxides will react with both hydrochloric acid and aqueous
sodium hydroxide?
........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) Which of the above oxides will not react with hydrochloric acid or with aqueous
sodium hydroxide?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
8 This question is concerned with the following oxides.
 aluminium oxide
carbon monoxide
copper(II) oxide
silicon(IV) oxide
sodium oxide
sulfur dioxide
zinc oxide
Choose one oxide from the above list to match each of the following descriptions. An oxide may
be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) This oxide does not react with acid or alkali......................................................................... [1]
(b) This oxide reacts with water to give a strong alkali solution. ............................................... [1]
(c) This oxide is used as a bleach. ........................................................................................... [1]
(d) This oxide is amphoteric. ..................................................................................................... [1]
(e) This oxide has a giant covalent structure. ........................................................................... [1]
(f) This oxide is soluble in water and it is acidic. ...................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
9 Match the following pH values to the solutions given below.
1 3 7 10 13
The solutions all have the same concentration.
Solution pH
aqueous ammonia, a weak base ............
dilute hydrochloric acid, a strong acid ............
aqueous sodium hydroxide, a strong base ............
aqueous sodium chloride, a salt ............
dilute ethanoic acid, a weak acid ............
[Total:5]
10 Hydrogen peroxide solution, H2O2, decomposes slowly in the absence of a catalyst.
Oxygen and water are formed.
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
(a) Draw a diagram of the apparatus you could use to investigate the speed of this reaction.
You must label your diagram.
 [3]
3 o
(b) Catalyst X was added to 50cm of hydrogen peroxide solution at 20 C and the
amount of oxygen given off was recorded over a two minute period.
The experiment was repeated with the same amounts of catalyst Y and catalyst Z. Apart
from the type of catalyst; all conditions were kept the same in the three experiments.
A graph of the results is shown below.

(i) What is a catalyst?

………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) Which catalyst, X, Y or Z, produced oxygen gas the fastest?
Explain your answer.
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(iii) Why is the final amount of oxygen gas the same in each experiment?
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(iv) Many transition metals and their oxides are good catalysts. State two other
properties of transition metals which are not shown by other metals.
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………... [2]
[Total: ]
11 The diagram shows a cross section of a soil

The soil contained large amounts of calcium ions and carbonate ions.
(i) Use the information in the diagram to suggest where these ions came from.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) Complete the word equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.
Calcium carbonate+ hydrochloric acid→ calcium chloride + ..................................+..................[2]

12