Igcse Chemistry Section 4 Lesson 4

IGCSE CHEMISTRY
SECTION 4 LESSON 4
Content
The iGCSE
Section 1 Principles of Chemistry
Chemistry
Section 2 Chemistry of the Elements
course
Section 3 Organic Chemistry
Section 4 Physical Chemistry
Section 5 Chemistry in Society

Content
Section 4
a) Acids, alkalis and salts
b) Energetics
Physical c) Rates of reaction
Chemistry d) Equilibria
d) Equilibria
Lesson 4
4.22 understand that some reactions are reversible
and are indicated by the symbol ⇌ in equations
d) Equilibria 4.23 describe reversible reactions such as the
dehydration of hydrated copper(II) sulphate and the
effect of heat on ammonium chloride
4.24 understand the concept of dynamic
equilibrium
4.25 predict the effects of changing the pressure
and temperature on the equilibrium position in
reversible reactions.
Reversible Reactions
OK, let’s introduce

you to a new
symbol and
concept.
X
This is the
symbol for
a reversible
reaction
A reversible
reaction is one
which can go in both
directions.
This means that in a chemical
reaction the products of the
reaction can be turned back
into the original reactants.
For example:
A + B C + D
For example:
A + B C + D
A and B react to produce C and D, but

also C and D can react to produce A
and B.
Let’s look at an
example
Heating blue
copper sulphate
Water
vapour
Heating blue
copper sulphate
Water
vapour
White
anhydrous
copper
sulphate
Add a few
drops of
Blue water
hydrated
copper
sulphate
White
anhydrous
copper
sulphate
CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O
Add a few
drops of
Blue water
hydrated
copper
sulphate
White
anhydrous
copper
sulphate
Let’s look at
another example –
favourite one in
the exams!
Let’s look at The Thermal

another example – Decomposition
favourite one in of ammonium
the exams! chloride,
NH4Cl
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
Water in
and out
Solid ammonium
chloride
Ammonia and HCl
gases
Solid ammonium
chloride
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
1. When heated. Ammonium
Water in
chloride splits up into
and out
ammonia gas and hydrogen
chloride gas.
Solid ammonium
chloride
Ammonia and HCl
gases
Solid ammonium
chloride
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
Water in
and out
chloride gas.
2. As these gases cool on the
bottom of the flask, they
Solid ammonium recombine to form solid
chloride ammonium chloride again.
Ammonia and HCl
gases
Solid ammonium
chloride
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
Water in
and out
chloride gas.
2. As these gases cool on the
bottom of the flask, they
Solid ammonium recombine to form solid
chloride ammonium chloride again.
Ammonia and HCl 3. This is a good example of
gases a reversible reaction
because the products
Solid ammonium recombine to easily form
chloride the original reactants.
Reversible Reactions and
Closed Systems
Closed Systems
Try to imagine a closed

system where no more
reactants are added, and
no products are removed.
Closed Systems
Closed Systems
A + B C + D
A and B will be combining to form C and D,

while at the same time C and D will be
combining to form A + B.
Closed Systems
A + B C + D
A point will eventually be reached when the

rate of the forward reaction is equal to the
rate of the backward reaction.
Closed Systems
A + B C + D
This point is know as the

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
Closed Systems
Temperature and equilibria
If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

ENDOTHERMIC and heat energy is taken in ……..
A + B C + D
Closed Systems

Then if the
temperature is
increased. A + B C + D
Closed Systems

Then if the The yield of

temperature is products is
increased. A + B C + D increased, and
more heat is
taken in.
Closed Systems

Then if the
temperature is
decreased A + B C + D
Closed Systems


decreased. A + B C + D decreased, and
less heat is
taken in.
Closed Systems

EXOTHERMIC and heat energy is given out……..
A + B C + D
Closed Systems

Then if the
temperature is
increased. A + B C + D
Closed Systems


increased. A + B C + D decreased, and
less heat is given
out.
Closed Systems

Then if the
temperature is
decreased. A + B C + D
Closed Systems


decreased. A + B C + D increased, and
more heat is
given out.
Closed Systems
What about gases

and equilibria?
Closed Systems
Pressure and equilibria
Closed Systems
Closed Systems
Closed Systems
Pressure and equilibria Increasing the pressure will
push the reaction in the
direction of fewer molecules
Closed Systems
Increased pressure
Closed Systems
Decreased pressure
End of Section 4 Lesson 4
In this lesson we have covered:
Reversible reactions
Reversible reactions in closed systems

Igcse Chemistry Section 4 Lesson 4

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Igcse Chemistry Section 4 Lesson 4

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IGCSE CHEMISTRY

Section 4 Physical Chemistry

Section 5 Chemistry in Society

OK, let’s introduce

A and B react to produce C and D, but

Let’s look at The Thermal

Try to imagine a closed

A and B will be combining to form C and D,

A point will eventually be reached when the

This point is know as the

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

Then if the The yield of

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

Then if the The yield of

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

Then if the The yield of

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

If the forward reaction (i.e. going from left to right) is

Then if the The yield of

What about gases

In this lesson we have covered:

Reversible reactions in closed systems

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