CHAPTER 3:

ENERGY AND POWER IN

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
AHMAD AZIZI BIN KAMARUDDIN MALIK
MUHAMMAD ARIF AIMAN BIN JIDIN
VIKNARAJ A/L PARAMASIVAM
MOHD TAUFIQ BIN MOHD KHAIRUL ANUAR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI
MALAYSIA
01
INTRODUCTION

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
1. Electrical
Motor
2. ICE

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 Hydraulic Power
POWER INPUT = rate of energy added to pump by the prime
mover

POWER OUTPUT = rate of energy deliver to external load by

the actuator

HIGH HIGH HIGH

FORCE/TORQUE
RATE OF WORK POWER OUTPUT
(EXTERNAL LOAD)

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 02
REVIEW OF
MECHANICS

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FUNDAMENTAL OF NEWTON’S LAW OF
MOTION

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 TYPE OF MOTION ACT ON BODY
LINEAR MOTION ANGULAR MOTION

1. Velocity, v = distance / time 1. Torque, T = force x moment arm

2. Force, F = mass / acceleration 2. Brake or Torque Horsepower, HP =
3. Work , W = force x distance HP = (torque x rotational speed)
4. Power = (force x distance) / time 63,000
= force x velocity
5. Horsepower, HP = (force x velocity (sec)) / 550
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 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency, n = Output Power

Input Power

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03
MULTIPLICATION
OF FORCE
(PASCAL’S LAW)

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 PASCAL’S LAW
Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions throughout the fluid
and acts perpendicular to the surfaces in contact with the fluid.

Analysis of Simple Hydraulic Jack

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Application of
Pascal’s Law

Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack

Air-to-Hydraulic Pressure Booster

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 Hand-Operated Hydraulic Jack
The system uses a piston
-type hand pump to power
a hydraulic load cylinder
for lifting loads.

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 How it works?
1- A hand force is applied at point A of handle ABC. The
piston rod of pump cylinder is pinned to the input handle
at point B.

2. When the handle is pulled up, the piston rises and

creates a vacuum in the space below it. Thus, atmospheric
pressure forces oil to leave tank and flow through check
valve 1 to fill the void created below the pump piston.

3. When the handle is pushed down, oil is ejected from the

pump cylinder and flow through check valve 2 and enters
the bottom end of the load cylinder.

From Pascal’s Law: The pressure acting on the load

piston equals the pressure generated by the pump piston.
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Air-to-Hydraulic Pressure Booster

It used for converting air into the

higher hydraulic pressure needed
for operating hydraulic cylinders
requiring small to medium volumes
of higher-pressure oil.

It consists of a cylinder containing a

large-diameter air piston driving a
small diameter hydraulic piston.

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Sheet Hydroforming Advantages

1. Machine can operate with hydraulic

pressure up to 10,000 psi.

2. Can make variety of complex shape

parts

3. Parts consisting different materials can

be produced

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Tube Hydroforming
1. Process to shape metal tubes into
lightweight , structurally stiff and strong
parts.
2. Maximum hydraulic pressure required
for most application is around 50,000
psi.

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06
Conservation of
Energy

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Conservation of Energy Law
❏ It states that energy can be
neither created or destroyed.
❏ This mean total energy of a
system remains constant. The
total energy includes potential
energy due to elevation and
pressure, kinetic energy due to
velocity.
The three forms of energy as established by
elevation (Z), pressure (p), and velocity (υ).
➢ Potential energy due to elevation (EPE):
Figure shows a chunk of fluid of weight W at an elevation Z
with respect to a reference plane. The weight has potential
energy (EPE) relative to the reference plane because work
would have to be done on the fluid to lift it through a distance
Z:
➢ Potential energy due to pressure (PPE):
If the W lb of fluid in Figure possesses a pressure p, it contains
pressure energy as represented by
➢ Kinetic energy (KE):
If the W of fluid in figure is moving with a velocity υ, it
contains kinetic energy, which can be found using
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continued…

The total energy, possessed by the W chunk of

fluid remains constant as the W chunk flows
through a pipeline of a hydraulic system.

continued…

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07
The Continuity
Equation

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Use of Weight Flow Rate

Continuity equation states that the

weight flow rate (weight of fluid passing a
given station per unit time) is same for all
location of pipe.
Weight flow rate, w = γQ
Continuity equation also states if no Volume flow rate, Q = AV
fluid is added or withdrawn from the
pipeline between stations 1 and 2, then
the weight flow rate at both stations must
be equal.

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 Weight flow rate, w = γQ
Use of Volume Flow Rate Volume flow rate, Q = AV

If the fluid is a liquid we can cancel

out the specific weight terms. This is
because a liquid is essentially
/ /
incompressible.

Continuity equation can be

rewritten as follows:

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 HYDRAULIC POWER

1 . How to determine the size of piston diameter for the

cylinder ?
2. The pump flow rate to drive the cylinder through its stroke in a
specified time ?
3. How much hydraulic horsepower does the fluid deliver to
the cylinder ?
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 Pump flow rate : Pump flow rate :

Hydraulic Power Formulas

Hydraulic horse power Hydraulic horse power

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Example Question

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Bernoulli's Equation

● Z is called elevation head.

● p/γ is called pressure head.
● v2/2g is called velocity head. 26
 ENERGY EQUATION

❏ HL = head loss
❏ HP = pump head
❏ Hm = motor head

● Head loss represents the energy per pound of fluid loss due to friction in going from station 1 to
station 2.
● Pump head represents the energy per pound of fluid added by a pump,
● Motor head represents the energy per pound of fluid removed by a hydraulic motor.

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 ENERGY EQUATION

Pump head formula:

HHP = motor hydraulic power

Q = gallons per minute (gpm) flow rate

Note :
1. The pump hydraulic horsepower is the power the pump delivers to the fluid,
2. Motor hydraulic horsepower is the power the fluid delivers to the motor

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Venturi Application

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➔ We need to convert gpm
(gallons per minute ) to
ft3/s

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TORRICELLI’S
THEOREM

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 TORRICELLI’S THEOREM

States that ideally the velocity of a free

jet of fluid is equal to the square root of
the product of two times the
acceleration of gravity times the head
producing the jet
System for Torricelli’s
equation.

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From energy equation between points 1 and 2:

From the figure, we can make this observation:

1. p1 & p2 = atmospheric pressure = 0 psig.

2. The area of the surface of liquid in the tank is large
so that the velocity υ1 equals essentially zero.
3. There is no pump or motor (Hp & Hm = 0).
4. The fluid is ideal, and therefore there are no
frictional losses (HL = 0).
5. Z2 can be taken as the reference zero elevation
plane (Z2 = 0).
Substituting known values yields

Solving for v2, we have

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If we do not assume an ideal fluid, frictional head losses occur

Therefore, the solution become

This shows that the jet velocity is reduced if the fluid is not ideal. Thus, the
actual velocity of the jet depends on the viscosity of the fluid.

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THE SIPHON

It is commonly used to cause a

liquid to flow from one container in
an upward direction over an
obstacle and then flow downward
into a second lower container

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THE SIPHON

For the fluid to flow out of the free end,

two conditions must be met:

1. The elevation of the free end must

be lower than the elevation of the
liquid surface inside the container.

2. The fluid must initially be forced to

flow up from the container into the
center portion of the U-tube.

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 Applying the energy equation using points 1 and 2

The following conditions apply for the siphon:

1. p1 & p2 = atmospheric pressure = 0 psig.

2. The area of the surface of the liquid in the
container is large so that the velocity υ1
equals essentially zero.
3. There is no pump or motor (Hp & Hm = 0).
4. Z1 - Z2 = h = differential head between liquid
level and free end of U-tube.

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Substituting known values, we have

Solving for υ2 yields

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12 ENERGY, POWER AND
FLOW RATE IN THE SI
METRIC SYSTEM

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ENERGY
In the SI system, the joule (J) is the work done when a force of 1 N acts through
a distance of 1 m. Therefore, we have

Thus, we have

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POWER
In the SI system, 1 watt (W) of power is the rate of 1 J of work per second.
Thus, we have::

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Pump head Hp in units of meters can be related to pump power in units of
watts by using equation

p = γ Hp

Substituting into power equation, we will get

The motor head can also be calculated using this equation, where

1. The Hp term is replaced by Hm

2. The pump hydraulic power is replaced by the motor hydraulic power
3. Q represents the motor flow rate

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The mechanical output power

where

T is torque
ω or N is angular speed

This equation is derived in Appendix H

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FLOW RATE
Volume flow rate in pipelines equals the product of cross sectional area and fluid
velocity. Thus, we have

A flow rate of 1 m3 /s is an extremely large flow rate (1 m3 /s 15,800 gpm).Thus

flow rates are frequently specified in units of (Lps) or (Lpm)

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 Thanks!

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