Lecture # 20

Ch. 5. Finite Control Volume Analysis

Fluid Mechanics-I (ME321)

Dr. Ali Turab Jafry

2021 Fall Semester

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 1
 Moment-of-Momentum Equation
 In many engineering problems, the moment of a force with respect to an axis, namely,
torque, is important.
 Moment-of-momentum equation relates torques (r x F) and angular momentum (r x mV)
flow for the contents of a control volume. It is derived from Newton’s second law.

 Moment-of-momentum equation (fixed and nondeforming CV):

Time rate of change of Net rate of flow of

moment-of-momentum moment-of-momentum
of the contents of CV through the CS
 An important category of fluid mechanical problems that is readily solved with the help of the
moment-of-momentum equation involves machines that rotate or tend to rotate around a
single axis.
 Examples of these machines include rotary lawn sprinklers, ceiling fans, lawn mower blades,
wind turbines, turbochargers, and gas turbine engines. As a class, these devices are often
called turbomachines.
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 Moment-of-Momentum Equation
 Application of the Simplified Version of Moment-of-Momentum Equation

Simplifications to above equation can be done with if assume that:

1.Flows are one-dimensional (Uniform velocity)
2.Flows are steady or steady-in-the-mean cyclical flows
3.Consider only axial component (i.e. along axis of rotation) of Moment-of-Momentum
equation

How to assign the sign for V·n and r x V ?

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Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation

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 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation

How to assign the sign for V·n and r x V ?

For flow into control volume V·n is negative
For flow out, V·n is positive
For r x V (use right hand rule): if Vθ and U are in the same direction, use +
if Vθ and U are in the opposite direction, use –

r x V resolved along the axis of rotation is

Right-hand rule convention. zero - no axial moment-of-momentum flow 5
 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation

How to assign the sign for V·n and r x V ?

For flow into control volume V·n is negative
For flow out, V·n is positive
For r x V (use right hand rule): if Vθ and U are in the same direction, use +
if Vθ and U are in the opposite direction, use –
For sprinkler shown in the figure (on previous slide)

Shaft torque (+ve in same direction as rotation)

-ve mean that the shaft torque actually
r2V 2 m  Tshaft opposes the rotation of the sprinkler arms
Shaft power
W shaft  Tshaft  r2V 2 m   U 2V 2 m Power is equal to angular
velocity times torque.
Shaft work per unit mass
wshaft  U 2V 2 -ve shaft work is work out of the CV, i.e. work
done by the fluid on the rotor (shaft) 6
Rotating Lawn Sprinkler

Impulse-Type Lawn Sprinkler

 Moment-of-Momentum Equation—Torque
Example 5.18: Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady
rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in Fig. The exit area of each of the two nozzles is 30
mm2 and the flow leaving each nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius from
the axis of rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 200 mm.
FIND (a) Determine the resisting torque required to hold the sprinkler head stationary.
(b) Determine the resisting torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a
constant speed of 500 rev/min.
(c) Determine the speed of the sprinkler if no resisting torque is applied.

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 Moment-of-Momentum Equation—Torque
(a)

Vnozzle=

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 Moment-of-Momentum Equation—Torque
(b)

The speed of the nozzle

2  𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 =1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
 Moment-of-Momentum Equation—Torque
(c) When no resisting torque is applied to the rotating sprinkler
head, a maximum constant speed of rotation will occur as
demonstrated below.
 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation
Angular momentum equation is used to obtain torque and power for rotating
machines (one-dimensional flow through a rotating machine):

Tshaft   m in    rinV in   m out   routV out 

W shaft   m in   U inV in   m out  U outV out 

Shaft work per unit mass

W shaft
 wshaft    U inV in    U outV out 
m

  Tshaft and   Vθ and U

Same direction +ve +ve power is into the fluid (a pump) Same direction +ve
Opposite direction –ve –ve power is out of the fluid (turbine) Opposite direction –ve

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 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation
 The first law of thermodynamics for a system is (conservation of energy):

 The total stored energy per unit mass for each particle in the system, e, is

 Heat transfer and work transfer: + ve into the system, - ve coming out.
 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation
 For Reynold’s Transport theorem where b is e:

 Combining, we get the first law of thermodynamics for CV:

 Energy equation involves stored energy, heat transfer, and work

  p V2 
t cv cs   2
e  dV   u    gz   V  ˆ
n dA    W
Qnet shaft
 in net in
 First Law of Thermodynamics—The Energy Equation
 One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow:

 p V2   p V2   
m  u    gz    u    gz    Qnet  W shaft
  2 out   2 in  in net in

 or in terms of enthalpy

 V2   V2   
m  h   gz    h   gz    Qnet  W shaft
 2 out  2 in  in net in

 Equation is valid for incompressible and compressible flows

 EXAMPLE 5.21 Energy—Turbine Power per Unit Mass of Flow
A steam turbine generator unit used to produce electricity is shown in Fig. Assume the steam
enters a turbine with a velocity of 30 m/s and enthalpy, h, of 3348 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the
turbine as a mixture of vapor and liquid having a velocity of 60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550
kJ/kg. The flow through the turbine is adiabatic, and changes in elevation are negligible.
Determine the work output involved per unit mass of steam through-flow.
EXAMPLE 5.21 Energy—Turbine Power per Unit Mass of Flow
 EXAMPLE 5.22 Energy—Temperature Change
The 420-ft waterfall shown in Fig. E5.22a involves steady flow from one large body of water to
another.
Determine the temperature change associated with this flow.

Temperature change is related to the change of internal energy of the water

specific heat of water.

 EXAMPLE 5.22 Energy—Temperature Change
 We assume that the flow is adiabatic. Thus

 Also, due to incompressible flow and atmospheric P at (1) and (2):

 Furthermore,

 Remaining equation:
 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation
 Bernoulli Equation for (frictionless flow)
pout Vout2 pin Vin2
  gzout    gzin
 2  2
 For incompressible flow through pumps, blowers, fans, and turbines energy equation can be
expressed as

pout Vout2 pin Vin2  

  gzout    gzin   uout  uin  qnet 
 2  2  in 

Second law
Without Friction With Friction Loss of useful or
of
available energy Thermodyna
mics
An important group of fluid mechanics problems involves one-dimensional, incompressible,
steady-in-the-mean flow with friction and shaft work. Included in this category are constant
density flows through pumps, blowers, fans, and turbines
 It is called the mechanical energy equation or extended Bernoulli equation

pout Vout2 pin Vin2

  gzout    gzin  wshaft  loss
 2  2 in
 Various types of energy occur in flowing fluids.

Work must be done on the device shown to turn it over because the system gains
potential energy as the heavy (dark) liquid is raised above the light (clear) liquid. This
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy which is either dissipated due to friction
as the fluid flows down the ramp or is converted into power by the turbine and then
dissipated by friction. The fluid finally becomes stationary again. The initial work done in
turning it over eventually results in a very slight increase in the system temperature.
 Assignment 4 + Quiz 4_Ch. 4 & 5 28th Dec Tuesday 6:00 – 7:00 PM

Course Book: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Munson, 7th Edition

Sample Problems:
5.10, 5.20, 5.36, 5.38, 5.39, 5.42, 5.54, 5.87, 5.88, 5.116, 5.119

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