Professional Documents
Culture Documents
net/publication/329443489
CITATIONS READS
0 24,469
1 author:
Gur Mittelman
Afeka Tel-Aviv Academic College of Engineering
53 PUBLICATIONS 1,273 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Gur Mittelman on 12 June 2020.
Synopsis
The fundamental principles of fluid mechanics were developed for centuries now. Thus, if
we ever get a chance to challenge the very basic laws of this discipline, well, it could be
quite exciting. In the excellent textbook by Munson et al., this material is delivered with
great detail and patience, while uncompromising the degree of clarity. However, fluid
mechanics is a very cunning field, and the deep observations provided in this book give an
opportunity to think it over again. The current review comes across some of the
fundamental concepts, not just in the current textbook, but in the field as general (see for
example note 4). The following annotations are definitely not recommended for the faint-
hearted readers.
Review
1. Reynolds transport theorem, Section 4.4.1 equation (4.19) p. 182.
DBsys
Dt
bd CS bV ndA
t CV
It seems that the (partial) time derivative of the first term on the right side could be
replaced with ordinary derivative i.e.
DBsys d
bd bV ndA
Dt dt CV CS
because any integration over the entire space of the control volume (fixed or moving,
nondeformed or deformed) will remove the spatial dependence, resulting in an
expression which is only time dependent.
Figure E5.10.
D D
Dt sys
(r V)d
sys
Dt
(r V)d
Replacing the sequential order of differentiation and integration in this equation could
be not trivial because of the Leibnitz rule:
Moving C.V.
The moving control volume is highlighted in green. This C.V. is moving in the tangential
speed of the cup, U.
The jet speeds are as following (equations 12.48-12.49):
W V V CV
W1 V1 U
W2 cos V2 U
Where V refers to the jet speed relative to earth and W refers to a jet speed relative to
the blade. From mass conservation we get (equation 5.16),
W ndA 0
CS
Q 2W2 A 2 0
2W2 A 2 Q
With agreement with the water sprinkler example on page 208.
If friction and gravity can be neglected along the jet streamline, then from the Bernoulli's
equation in the moving C.V we have:
P1 1 P 1
gz1 W12 2 gz 2 W22
2 2
W1 W2
Note that no work is done on the cup in the moving C.V. as the cup speed is zero in such
coordinates.
From the linear momentum conservation in the moving C.V. we have (equation 5.29):
WW ndA Fcontents of the
CS
control volume
And we get,
FCV W12 A1 2(W2 cos )W2 A 2
Stationary C.V.
If take the Bernoulli along the jet streamline in the stationary C.V., we have:
P1 1 P 1
gz1 V12 2 gz 2 V22 w shaft
2 2
where w shaft Wshaft / m .
Thus, the power transfer to the cup is
1
Wshaft m(V12 V22 )
2
From classical mechanics, the force applied to the blade is equal to the difference
between the jet inlet and outlet momentum,
Fblade m(V1 V2 )
Substituting:
V1 W1 U
V2 W2 cos U W1 cos U
We have:
Fblade m(V1 V2 ) m[W1 U (W1 cos U)]
(3)
mW1 (1 cos )
Which is identical to equation (1).
From the linear momentum conservation on the stationary C.V. (equation 5.22) we have,
VV ndA Fcontents of the
CS
control volume
Moving C.V.
6. Finite control volume analysis – energy equation. Viscous dissipation Section 5.3.2
p. 238.
The one-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow is given in
equation (5.67):
p p V 2 Vin2
m[u out u in ( ) out ( )in out g(z out z in )] Q net W 0
2 in
Where the work rate term includes both shaft and viscous (shear, tangential) effects
e.g. W Wshaft Wtangential stress .
or
pin pout
u out u in c v (Tout Tin )
Thus, the fluid is heated due to the pressure drop, which is directly related to the wall
4 w
shear stress (friction), p from the momentum balance [equation (8.5)].
D
Hence, fluid heating is related to friction despite the fact that viscous power transfer
is obscured. This is quite tricky.
A similar argument may valid for example 5.22: temperature change in a waterfall.
Viscous power transfer is neglected but yet, the water in section 2 is heated due to
friction.
It is argued that dimensional analysis may go wrong when important variables are
omitted. However, it seems that this can also go the other way around as dimensional
analysis often yields more dimensionless groups than required due to lack of
information, which is available in the governing equations. Also, in boundary layer
problems, it looks like nondimensionalization could yield false prediction for the
functional dependence of local parameters.
Consider the following dimensionless boundary layer equations for a flat plate in
steady, laminar, incompressible 2D parallel flow:
u * v *
0
x * y *
u * u * 1 2u *
u* v*
x * y * Re L y *2
where
u v
u* v* =
V V
x y
x* y* =
L L
VL
Re L
Hence,
u *
(x*, Re L )
y * y*0
u V u *
w
y y0
L y * y*0