Hydrodynamics Assignment 1

Hawassa University

Institute Of Technology

Faculty of Biosystem and Water Resource Engineering

Department of Hydraulic Engineering

M.Sc. Program

Assignment on hydrodynamics

Submitted to: Alemu Osore (PhD)

Course: hydrodynamics

Course Code: CEng

Wondimu Legesse
I.D.: GPHydrR/013/12

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 Hydrodynamics Assignment 1

Derivation of the linear momentum

From Reynolds theorem we have the equation

d d
( Bsyst )  (  dV )    (Vr.n)dA
dt dt cv cs
(1)

Where β = dB/dm be the intensive value or the amount of B per unit mass in any small portion of
the fluid

Hence we can take β of equation (1) as the intensive property of linear momentum, which can be
symbolized by mV and the equation becomes

d d
( mV ) syst   F  (  V dV )   V  (Vr.n)dA
dt dt cv cs
(2)

The following points concerning this relation should be strongly emphasized:

1. The term V is the fluid velocity relative to an inertial (non accelerating) coordinate system;
otherwise Newton’s law must be modified to include non inertial relative-acceleration terms

2. The term F is the vector sum of all forces acting on the control-volume material considered as
a free body; i.e., it includes surface forces on all fluids and solids cut by the control surface plus
all body forces (gravity and electromagnetic) acting on the masses within the control volume.

3. The entire equation is a vector relation; both the integrals are vectors due to the term V in the
integrands. The equation thus has three components. If we want only, say, the x component, the
equation reduces to

d
F x 
dt cv
( u  dV )   u  (Vr.n)dA
cs
(3)

and similarly, Fy and Fz would involve v and w, respectively. Failure to account for the vector
nature of the linear-momentum relation (2) is probably the greatest source of error in control-
volume analyses. For a fixed control volume, the relative velocity Vr = V, and

d
 F  dt ( cv
V dV )   V  (V.n)dA
cs
(4)

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 Hydrodynamics Assignment 1

If the control volume has only a number of one-dimensional inlets and outlets, we can
write

d V 
( dV )   (Vi  i AiVi )out   (Vi  i AiVi )in  0
dt cv t i i (5)

V 
Assuming the flow to be steady flow t = 0

 (V  A V )
i i i i out   (Vi  i AiVi )in  0
i i (6)

Taking Vi(ρiAiVi) taking (ρiAiVi) to be ṁ then equation (6) becomes

 (V m )
i
i i out   (Vimi )in  0
i (7)

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 Hydrodynamics Assignment 1

Derivation of the conservation of Energy

From Reynolds theorem we have the equation

d d
( Bsyst )  (  dV )    (V.n)dA
dt dt CV CV
(8)

From the conservation of Energy we have the following equation

dQ-dW= dE or

dQ dW dE
 
dt dt dt (9)

The dummy variable B becomes energy E, and the energy per unit mass is dE/dm =e. Equation
(9) can then be written for a fixed control volume as follows:

dQ dW dE d
dt dt CV
   ( e dV )   e  (V.n)dA
dt dt CV
(10)

Positive Q denotes heat added to the system and positive W denotes work done by the system.
The system energy per unit mass e may be of several types:

e =einternal + ekinetic + epotential

1
e   û    V 2  gz
2 (11)

Although the work done on the system can be classified as more than two components we only
consider, for the sake of simplicity, work done as pressure and viscous stress by the applied heat.
Hence we get the following equation

W= Wpressure + Wviscous stress

On a small elemental area Wpressure can be expressed as,

dWp  ( p dA)Vn, in   p ( V.n)dA

The total pressure work is the integral over the control surface and can be given as

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 Hydrodynamics Assignment 1

Wp   p (V.n)dA
CV (12)

The shear work due to viscous stresses (Viscous stress ) occurs at the control surface can be expressed
on a small elemental area as

dW   .VdA

The total shear work is the integral over the control surface and can be given as

W     .VdA
CS (13)

The total work done becomes

W  p(V.n)dA   ( .V ) ssdA
CV CS (14)

Where the subscript SS stands for stream surface. Combining equation (14), (11) and (10)

p
Q - Ws - ( WU)SS= ∂ ( ∫ e pdV) + ∫ (e + p ) p (V.n)dA
∂t CV CS
(15)

Using e from (11), we see that the enthalpy h= û +p/ρ occurs in the control-surface integral. The
final general form for the energy equation for a fixed control volume becomes

Q - Ws - (Wu) SS =∂ [∫ (û + 1 V2 + gz) pdV] +

2
∫ (h + 12 V 2
+ gz ) p (V.n)dA
∂t
CV CS

(16)
If the control volume has a series of one-dimensional inlets and outlets the surface integral in
(16) reduces to a summation of outlet fluxes minus inlet fluxes

∫ (h + 1 V 2 + gz ) p(V.n)dA =
2
∑(h + 12 V 2
+ gz) out mout - ∑(h + 12 V 2
+ gz) in min
CS

(17)

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