CHAPTER 3 (Cont)

BASIC EQUATIONS IN
FLUID MECHANICS
 SYLLABUS

BASIC FLUID EQUATIONS

 Continuity, momentum and energy equations
 Applications of Bernoulli equation
 Flow measurements
 Forces of fluids

ZMAS21718 2
 Momentum can define as:
Momentum = mv where m=mass and v= velocity
Momentum Equation express from Second Newton Law .
v1 dt v2 dt
A A’ D D’

ρ1 A 1 ρ2 A 2
v1 v2
B C C’
B’
The fluid contain in tube ABCD will moving to A’B’C’D
after time changing in dt.
Momentum = mass x velocity
AA’B’B = ρ1 A1 v1 dt x v1
= ρ1 A1 v12 dt
Momentum = ρ2 A2 v2 dt x v2
CC’D’D = ρ2 A2 v22 dt
Momentum changing in time= ρ2 A2 v22dt - ρ1 A1 v12dt
ZMAS21718 3
 v1 dt v2 dt
A A’ D D’

ρ1 A 1 ρ2 A 2
v1 v2
B C C’
B’

Divide by dt,
Momentum rate = ρ2 A2 v22 - ρ1 A1 v12

In steady flow, ρ1A1 v1 = ρ2 A2 v2 = ṁ

Momentum rate = ṁ(v2 – v1)
Force, F = ṁ (v2 – v1)

For steady flow in three dimension,momentum equations

can express with this component:
Fx = ṁ (vx2 – vx1), Fy = ṁ (vy2 – vy1), Fz = ṁ (vz2 – vz1)
ZMAS21718 4
 Application of Momentum:

a) Structure open to the atmosphere

(Example 15 & 16)
b) Force of Pressure Conduits and Bend
( Example 17 )
c) Force of A Stationary Vane or Blade
(Example 18,19 & 20)
d) Force of Nozzle ( Example 21)

ZMAS21718 5
 Example 15
The water passage is 3 m wide
normal to the plane of the figure.
Determine the horizontal force
acting on the shaded structure.
Assume ideal flow.
Free Body Diagram 2
V12
 1
V22
2g 2g
Continuity Equation:
A1V1  A2V2
(2x3)V1  (1x3)V2
Energy Equation: Therefore,
p1 V12 p2 V22
z    z2 
g 1 2g g 2g
P1 and P2 = 0
ZMAS21718 6
Applying momentum equation to the free-body diagram.
F1  F2  Fx  Q(V2  V1 )
(9.81x103 x1x6)  (9.81x103 x0.5x3)  Fx  (103 x15.34 x(5.11  2.56)
Fx  4.91KN ()

ZMAS21718 7
 Example 16
Flow occurs over the spillway of constant section as
shown in Figure. Given that y1, = 4.2 m and y2 = 0.7 m,
determine the horizontal force on the spillway per meter
of spillway width (perpendicular to the spillway section).
Assume ideal flow.
Assume width = 1 m
V12 V22
4.2   0.7 
2g 2g
Continuity Equation:
A1V1  A2V2
(4.2 x1)V1  (0.7 x1)V2
Energy Equation: Therefore,
p1 V12 p2 V22 V1 = 1.401 m/s, V2 = 8.40 m/s ;
z    z2  Q = A1V1 = 5.88 m3/s
g 1 2g g 2g
P1 and P2 = 0
ZMAS21718 8
 Fx
F1
F2

Applying momentum equation to the free-body diagram.

F1  F2  Fx  Q(V2  V1 )
(9.81x103 x2.1x4.2)  (9.81x103 x0.35 x0.7)  Fx  (103 x5.88 x(8.4 1.4)
Fx  42.9 KN ()

Water (Fw/s)x acts on spillway to the right with 42.9 kN/m.

ZMAS21718 9
Force of Pressure Conduits and Bend
Consider the case of horizontal flow to the right through the
reducer. A free-body diagram of the forces acting on the fluid
mass contained in the reducer (the control volume (CV) is
shown. We shall apply Fx = ṁ (vx2 – vx1) to this fluid mass to
examine the forces that are acting in the x direction.

ZMAS21718 10
The forces P1A1 and P2A2 represent pressure forces that fluid
located just upstream and just downstream exerts on the control
volume. The forces Fx represents the force exerted by the
reducer on the fluid ( CV) in the x direction.
Neglecting shear forces at the boundary of the reducer, the force
Fx is the resultant (integrated) effect of the normal pressure
forces that the wall of the reducer exerts on the fluid.
since the entry and exit velocities are parallel to the x direction,

Fx = P1A1 – P2A2 –Fx = Q(V2-V1)

Fx = P1A1 -P2A2- Q(V2-V1)

ZMAS21718 11
If the fluid undergoes a change in both direction and velocity,
as in the reducing pipe bend, The change in fluid momentum
in the x direction, gives

Fx = P1A1 – P2A2cos –Fx = Q(V2x-V1x)

Known that V2x = V2 cos and V1x = V1,
Fx = P1A1 – P2A2cos - Q(V2cos  - V1)
ZMAS21718 12
In the y direction,

Fy = 0 – P2A2sin + Fy = Q(V2y - V1y)

Known that V2y = V2 sin and V1y = 0,

Fy = P2A2sin + Q(V2sin  )

ZMAS21718 13
 Example 17
A water flows in a pipe which bend to the horizontal axis at
450. The inlet pipe’s diameter is 600mm and reduce to 300mm
at the end. Given the inlet’s pressure and flow rate are
140kPa and 0.425 m3/s respectively. Neglecting the friction,
calculate the resultant force at the bend. P2 A2
Q 2
V1 
Q V2 
A1 A1
0.425 0.425 v2
V1  V2 
 0.62  0.32
4 4 v1  = 450
P1A1
V1  1.5 m/s V2  6.0 m/s
Energy Equation: 1
p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1    z2 
g 2g g 2g P2  123kPa
140 103 1.52 p2 62
  
1000  9.81 2  9.81 1000  9.81 2  9.81
ZMAS21718 14
 Fx = Momentum Changes in x direction
P1A1 – P2A2cos  - Fx = Q(v2cos  - v1)
(140 x 103)(0.282) – (123x 103) (0.071) (cos 45o) – Fx = (103) (0.425) (6 cos
45o -1.5)
Fx = 32260 N (  )

Fy = Momentum Changes in y direction

0 – P2A2sin  + Fy = Q(v2sin  - 0)
–(123x 103) (0.071) (sin 45o) + Fy = (103) (0.425) (6 sin 45o)

Fy = 7970 N ( ) Direction of resultant

force
Fy
Resultant force tan  
FR  Fx2  Fy2 Fx
FR  32260  7970
2 2   13.9o ( to horizontal )
FR  33k N
Therefore,
ZMAS21718
the resultant force F = 33kN acts at angle  = 13.9o from horizontal.
15
 Example 18
Assuming ideal flow in a horizontal plane, calculate the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the stationary
blade. Note that the jet (Vj, = 12 m/s, D = 150 mm) is divided by
the splitter so that one-third of the water is diverted toward A.
Q  AFVF
  0.152
Q 12 +
4
Q  0.212 m 3 /s
Q
QA   0.0707 m3 /s
3 FR
QB  Q  QA  0.1414 m 3 /s

Fx = Momentum Changes in x direction

- Fx = Q(-v2cos 60o - v1) + Q(v2cos 60o - v1)
- Fx = (103) (0.0707) (-12cos 60o -12) + (103) (0.1414) (12cos 60o -12)
- Fx = - 2.12kN
Fx = 2.12kN ( )
ZMAS21718 16
 Fy = Momentum Changes in y direction

Fy = Q(-v2sin 60o - 0) + Q(v2sin 60o - 0)

Fy = (103) (0.0707) (-12 sin 60o) + (103) (0.1414) (12 sin 60o)

Fy = 0.735kN ( ) Direction of resultant

force
Resultant force Fy
FR  Fx2  Fy2 tan  
Fx
FR  2.12 2  0.735 2   19.12 o ( to horizontal )
FR  2.24kN ( )
Therefore, the resultant force FR(W/B) = 2.24kN ( ) acts at angle  = 13.9o
from horizontal.

ZMAS21718 17
 Example 19
Assume that friction is negligible, that  =115°, and that the
water jet has a velocity of 25 m/s and a diameter of 40 mm.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force exerted
on the blade.

ZMAS21718 18
 Q  AFVF FR
  0.04 2
Q  25
4
Q  0.0314 m3 /s

Fx : Fy :
- Fx = Q(-v2cos 65o - v1) - Fy = Q(-v2sin 65o - 0)
- Fx = (103)(0.0314) (-25cos 65o -25) - Fy = (103)(0.0314) (-25sin 65o)
- Fx = - 1.117kN - Fy = - 0.711kN
Fx = 1.117kN ( ) Fy = 0.711kN ( )

Resultant force Direction of resultant

FR  F  F
x
2
y
2
force
Fy
FR  1.117 2  0.7112 tan  
Fx
FR  1.32kN ( )
  32.5o ( to horizontal )

Therefore, the resultant force FR(W/V) = 1.32kN ( ) acts at angle  = 32.5o

19
fromZMAS21718
horizontal.
 Example 20
A 25 mm diameter jet of water having a velocity of 6 m/s is deflected 90 by a
curved vane, as shown in figure. The jet flows freely in the atmosphere in a
horizontal plane. Calculate the x and y forces exerted on the water by the vane.

Flow rate Q  AV
 0.025 2
Q 6
4
Q  2.95  103 m3 /s

20
 V2 = 6 m/s y

control volume

x
3
Q  2.95  10 m /s 3

Rx and Ry are x- and y-direction

reaction forces exerted by the vane
on the fluid
V1 = 6 m/s
Rx

Ry

x-direction force equation: y-direction force equation:

Fx  QV2 x  V1x  Fy  QV2y  V1y 

Rx  1000  2.95  103  0   6 Ry  2.95  6  0

Rx  17.67 N Ry  17.67 N

21
 Example 21
3
In a fountain, 0.05 m /s of water having a velocity of 8 m/s is being deflected by the angled
chute shown in figure. Determine the reactions on the chute in the x and y directions shown.
Also calculate the total resultant force and the direction in which it acts. Neglect elevation
changes.
V2 = 8 m/s

V1 = 8 m/s 3
Q = 0.05 m /s

22
 V2 = 8 m/s x-direction force equation:
3 Fx  QV2 x  V1x 
Q = 0.05 m /s
V1 = 8 m/s  
Rx  1000  0.05   8sin15   8cos45 
Rx  179.32 N

y-direction force equation:

Fy  QV2y  V1y 
Rx
 
Ry  1000  0.05  8cos15   8sin45 
Ry  669.21N
Ry

Resultant force R  Rx2  Ry2 Direction of resultant force

R
R  179.322  669.212 tan  y
Rx
R  692.82 N
669.21
tan 
179.32
  75.0
o
Therefore, the resultant force R = 692.92 N acts at angle  = 75 from horizontal.
23