ME 6604 Gas Dynamics Notes

ME 6604- Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mechanical Engineering 2016-2017
ME 6604 – GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION

UNIT – I BASIC CONCEPTS AND ISENTROPIC FLOWS
PART – A
1. Define Gas Dynamics.
The study of analysis of dynamics and thermodynamics of compressible flow is known as gas dynamics.
2. List the applications of gas dynamics.
The applications of gas dynamics are:
(a) Steam and gas turbines (b) High speed aerodynamics (c) High speed turbo compressors
(d) Jet, rocket and missile propulsion system (e) Transonic, supersonic and hypersonic flows
3. List the laws/equations used for solving gas dynamics problem.
(1) First law of thermodynamics (Energy equation)
(2) Second law of thermodynamics (Entropy relations)
(3) Law of conservation of mass (Continuity equation)
(4) Newton’s second law of motion (Momentum equation)
4. Define (i) Incompressible flow (ii) Compressible flow.
Incompressible flow: If the relative change in density of a fluid flow is negligibly small it is said to be
incompressible flow. Flow of gases at low Mach number (less than 0.3) can be assumed as incompressible.
Compressible flow: The flow of fluid in which the relative change in density are appreciable and cannot be
neglected are called as compressible flow. Flow of gases at Mach number higher than 0.3 are considered as
compressible.
5. Define coefficient of compressibility.
Coefficient of compressibility (β) of a fluid is defined as the ratio of relative change in volume to change in
pressure.
6. Define Reynolds number and Mach number.
Reynolds number is a non-dimensional number defined as the ratio between inertia force to viscous force.
Mach number is defined the ratio of fluid velocity to the local velocity of sound. M 
c c
a RT
7. Write SFEE for flow process/open system and non-flow process/closed system.
SFEE for flow process/open system : h1 + c12/2 + gZ1 + q12 = h2 + c22/2 + gZ2 + w12
SFEE for non-flow process/closed system : u1 + c12/2 + gZ1 + q12 = u2 + c22/2 + gZ2 + w12
8. Explain adiabatic energy transfer with suitable example. Give its equation.
In an adiabatic energy transfer process the heat transfer is negligibly small and can be ignored, the shaft
work is present. Expansion of gases and vapors in turbines and compression in compressors, etc.
Equation for adiabatic energy transfer : h1 + c12/2 = h2 + c22/2 + w12
9. Explain adiabatic energy transformation with suitable example. Give its equation.
In an adiabatic energy transformation process the heat transfer is negligibly small and can be ignored, the
shaft work is zero. Expansion of gases in nozzles and compression in diffusers, etc.
Equation for adiabatic energy transformation: h1 + c12/2 = h2 + c22/2
10. Define stagnation state.
The state of a fluid attained by it when it is isentropically decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation is
known as stagnation state.
11. Define stagnation enthalpy and stagnation temperature.
Stagnation enthalpy of a gas or vapor is its enthalpy when it is isentropically decelerated to zero velocity at
zero elevation.
Stagnation temperature of a gas or vapor is defined as the temperature when it is isentropically decelerated
to zero velocity at zero elevation.
12. Define stagnation pressure and stagnation density.
Stagnation pressure of a fluid is its pressure when it is adiabatically decelerated to zero velocity at zero
elevation.
Stagnation density of a fluid is its density when it is adiabatically decelerated to zero velocity at zero
elevation.
13. Define sonic and subsonic flow.
If the fluid velocity is less than the sound velocity (M<1) then the flow is known as subsonic flow.
If the fluid velocity is equal to the sound velocity (M=1) then the flow is known as sonic flow.
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology 1 ISO 9001:2008
14. Define supersonic and hypersonic flow.

If fluid velocity is greater than the sound velocity (M>1) then the flow is known as supersonic flow.
If Mach number of the fluid flow is more than 5 then the flow is known as hypersonic flow.
15. Define acoustic velocity (or) sound velocity.
The velocity with which the sound waves (infinitesimal small pressure disturbances) are moving in the fluid
is known as acoustic/sound velocity.
16. List the four reference velocities used in gas dynamics.
(a) Local velocity of sound (b) Stagnation velocity of sound
(c) Maximum velocity of fluid (d) Critical velocity of fluid/sound
17. Define Mach cone and Mach angles?
The cone with in which the disturbances are confined in supersonic flow is called as Mach Cone and the
half angle ‘α’ of this cone is known as Mach Angle.
18. Define Zone of silence and Zone of action in sonic flow.
In a sonic flow (M=1), the point source travels with the same velocity as that of the wave. The wave fronts
are always coincides with the point source and cannot move ahead of it. We won’t hear any sound at the
upstream side. This upstream side is called as “Zone of silence” and the downstream side is called as “ Zone
of action”.
19. Define Zone of silence and Zone of action in Supersonic flow.
The space or zone outside the Mach cone in supersonic flow is called as “Zone of silence” i.e., there is no
effect of disturbance in this region. The region inside the Mach cone in supersonic flow is called as “Zone
of action”.
20. What is critical velocity of fluid/sound. Give its formula.
Velocity of sound when the flow is sonic in known as critical velocity of fluid/sound. C*=a*=(γRT)1/2
21. Define characteristic Mach number.
It is defined as the ratio between the local velocity of fluid to the critical velocity of fluid/sound.
22. Why M* is used instead of M?
1) At high fluid velocities M approaches infinity, but M* is finite.
 1 It is more convenient using M* for doing calculations.
M 
 1
2) M* is proportional to the fluid velocity alone, whereas M depends on both fluid velocity and critical
fluid/sound velocity.
c c c
M     M
c a a
23. Define Crocco Number.
Crocco number is a non-dimensional fluid velocity which is defined as the ratio of actual fluid velocity to
the maximum fluid velocity.
24. Write the Bernoulli’s equation for incompressible and compressible flow.
For incompressible flow : C 2
p   p0
2
 1
For compressible flow :     po  p   C2     p 0 

         
   1   0   po  2    1    0 
25. Give the formula for pressure coefficient/compressibility factor.
p0  p
Pressure coefficient/compressibility factor =  C 2 
 
 2 
26. Write the pressure coefficient equation for air flow.
p0  p M 2 M 4
 1    ...
 C 2  4 40
 
 2 
27. Define impulse function.
Impulse function also known as wall force function is defined as the sum of pressure force (PA) and
impulse force (ρAC2).
28. What do you mean by chocked flow through nozzles?
When the back pressure is reduced in a nozzle, the mass flow rate will increase. The maximum mass flow
conditions are reached when the back pressure is equal to the critical pressure. When the back pressure is
reduced further, the mass flow rate will not change and is constant. This condition of flow is called chocked
flow.
The necessary condition for chocked flow: Nozzle exit pressure ratio must be equal to the critical pressure
ratio where Mach number is equal to one.
29. What do you understand from over expanding and under expanding in nozzles?
If the chamber/back pressure is greater than the design pressure, the nozzle is said to be over expanding and
if it is less, the nozzle is said to be under expanding.
30. Define nozzle efficiency and diffuser efficiency.
Nozzle efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual enthalpy drop to the isentropic enthalpy drop.
Diffuser efficiency is defined as the ratio of isentropic enthalpy rise to the actual enthalpy rise.
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. ‘Zone of silence’ is absent in subsonic flow. Why? (April/May 2012)
The wave fronts move ahead of the point source and therefore the zone of silence is absent.
2. What is the cross section of the nozzle required to increase the velocity of compressible fluid flow
from subsonic to supersonic and subsonic to sonic. (April/May 2012)
Subsonic to Supersonic : Convergent Divergent Nozzle
Subsonic to Sonic : Convergent Nozzle
3. What are the basic differences between compressible and incompressible flows?
(April/May 2013)
Sl. No. Compressible flow Incompressible flow
1 Density is not constant. Density is constant.
2 Compressibility factor is greater than one. Compressibility factor is one.
3 Fluid velocities are appreciable compared Fluid velocities are small compared with
with the velocity of sound. the velocity of sound.
4. Name the four references velocities that are used in expressing the third velocities in non-dimensional
form. (April/May 2013)
(a) Local velocity of sound (b) Stagnation velocity of sound
(c) Maximum velocity of sound (d) Critical velocity of sound/ fluid
5. What is impulse function and give its uses? (April/May 2013)
Impulse function also known as wall force function is defined as the sum of pressure force (PA) and impulse
force (ρAC2).
Use: It is used to find the thrust exerted by the flowing fluid between two sections.
6. Give the expression for To/T and T*/T for isentropic flow through variable area in terms of Mach
number. (April/May 2013)
To   1 2 T* 2   1 2
1  M    M
T  2  T   1    1 
7. Distinguish between nozzle and diffuser. (April/May 2014)
Nozzle is a device which increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of fluid in it.
Diffuser is a device which increases the pressure and decreases the velocity of the fluid flowing in it.
8. When does maximum flow occur for an isentropic flow with variable area duct? (April/May 2014)
Maximum flow occurs for an isentropic flow with variable area duct when back pressure ratio is equal to
critical pressure ratio and Mach number is one.
  
 
P  2    1 
Criticalpressureratio    
Po    1 
9. What is meant by gas dynamics? (April/May 2015)
Gas dynamics deals with the study of motion of gases and its effects.
10. Define Mach number. (April/May 2015)
Mach number is an index of the ratio between inertia force and elastic force. It is also defined as the ratio of
the fluid velocity to the sound velocity.
11. What is meant by stagnation pressure? (April/May 2015)
Stagnation pressure is the pressure of the gas when it is isentropicaly decelerated to zero velocity at zero
elevation. =

12. Write the steady flow energy equation for isentropic flow of air. (April/May 2016)
SFEE for flow process/open system : h1 + c12/2 + gZ1 + q12 = h2 + c22/2 + gZ2 + w12
SFEE for non-flow process/closed system : u1 + c12/2 + gZ1 + q12 = u2 + c22/2 + gZ2 + w12
13. Distinguish static and stagnation quantities. (April/May 2016)
Static temperature is the actual temperature of the fluid. Whereas, stagnation temperature is the temperature of
the gas when it is isentropicaly decelerated to zero velocity at zero elevation.
PART – B
PROBLEMS
BASIC CONCEPTS
1. An air jet at 400 K has a sonic velocity. Determine, (i) Velocity of sound at 400 K, (ii) Velocity of
sound at stagnation condition, (iii) Maximum fluid velocity of jet, (iv) Stagnation enthalpy and
(v) Crocco number.
Given Data: γ = 1.4 R = 287 J/kgK T = 400 K Sonic means M =1 & c = a
Find: (i) a (ii) ao (iii) Cmax (iv) ho (v) Cr
Solution:
(i) Velocity of sound at 400 K
a = γRT = √1.4 × 287 × 400 = . /
(ii) Velocity of sound at stagnation condition
.
=1+ M =1+ (1) =
a = γRT = √1.4 × 287 × 480 = . /
(iii) Maximum fluid velocity of jet
× .
From, h = + C = C = C = =
.
= . /
(iv) Stagnation enthalpy
h = C = × (1388.75) = . × /
(v) Crocco number
.
C = C = = Cr = 0.288
.
2. The pressure, temperature and Mach number at entry of flow are 2.5 bar, 26.5 oC and 1.4
respectively. If exit Mach number is 2.5, determine for adiabatic flow of perfect gas (R= 469 J/kgK
and γ=1.3), (i) Temperature and velocity of gas at exit, (ii) Mass flow rate per square meter at inlet
cross sectional area and (iii) Stagnation temperature.
Given Data: γ = 1.3 R = 469 J/kgK M1 = 1.4 M2 = 2.5
5 2
P1 = 2.5 bar = 2.5 x 10 N/m T1 = 26.5 + 273 = 299.5 K
̇
Find: (i) T2, C2 (ii) (iii) To
Solution:
(i) Stagnation temperature
At Inlet, From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.3 & M = 1.4
.
= 0.773 T = = = . = =
. .
(ii) Temperature and velocity of gas at exit
At Exit, From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.3 & M = 2.5
= 0.516 T = T × 0.516 = .
From the Exit Mach number
M = C = M × a = 2.5 × γRT

C = 2.5 × √1.3 × 469 × 199.95 = . /

(iii) Mass flow rate per square meter at inlet cross sectional area
ṁ = ρAC = ρ A C = ρ A C
̇ ̇
ṁ = ρ A C = ρ C = ×C = ×M ×a
̇ . × ̇
= × 1.4 × γRT = . /
× .
3. The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of the flow are 3 bar, 40 oC and 1.4
respectively. The exit temperature is 25 oC and flow velocity is 668 m/s. Determine foe an adiabatic
flow (R= 469 J/kgK and γ=1.4), (i) Mach number & stagnation temperature at exit, (ii) Mass flow rate
for diameter of 15 cm & (iii) Exit pressure.
Given Data: P = 3 × 10 T = 40℃ + 273 = 313 K M = 1.4

T = 25℃ + 273 = 298 K C = 668 m/s R = 469 J/kgK
̇
Find: i)M , T ii) for d = 15cm iii) P
Solution:
(i) Mach number (M ) & stagnation temperature at exit (T )
M = = M = = .
√ . × ×
At Inlet,
.
=1+ M =1+ 1.4 = . =
At Exit,
.
=1+ M T = . = .
× .
(ii) Mass flow rate for diameter of 15 cm
From the Continuity Equation
ṁ = ρAC = ρ A C = ρ A C
̇ ̇
ṁ = ρ A C = ×C = ×M ×a = × M × γRT
̇ ×
× .
= × 1.4 × √1.4 × 469 × 313 ̇ = . /
×
(iii) Exit pressure

ṁ = ρ A C
P P P
ṁ = ×A ×C = ×M ×a = × 1.4 × γRT
RT 469 × 298 469 × 313
22.92 = × 1.4 × √1.4 × 469 × 298 = . × /
×
4. Air enters a straight axis symmetry duct at 300 K, 3.45 bar and 150 m/s and leaves it at 277 K, 2.058
bar and 260 m/s. The area of cross section at exit is 500 cm2. Assuming adiabatic flow determine, (i)
Stagnation temperature, (ii) Maximum velocity, (iii) Mass flow rate, (iv) Area of cross section at
entrance.
Given Data: T = 300 K P = 3.45 × 10 N/m C = 150 γ = 1.4 R = 287 J/kgK

T = 277 K P = 2.058 × 10 N/m C = 260 m/s A = 500 × 10 m
Find: i)T ii) C iii) m iv) A
Solution:
(i) Stagnation temperature
The Mach Number (M )

M = = = = .
√ . × ×
At Inlet,
.
=1+ M =1+ × 0.432 = . =
(ii) Maximum velocity
a 1 1 a
h = + C = C =
γ−1 2 2 γ−1
× √ . × × .
C = C = C = = . /
.
(iii) Mass flow rate
ṁ = ρ A C
. ×
ṁ = × A × C ṁ = × 500 × 10 × 260 ̇ = . /
×
(iv) Area of cross section at entrance.
From the Continuity Equation, ṁ = ρAC = ρ A C = ρ A C
. ×
ṁ = × A × C 33.65 = × A × 150 = .
×
5. Air at P =3x105 N/m2, T = 500 K, C = 200 m/s flows into a 30 cm diameter duct. Calculate,
(i) Mass flow rate, (ii) Mach number, (iii) Stagnation temperature, (iv) Stagnation pressure for both
compressible & incompressible flow.
Given Data: P = 3 × 10 , T = 500 K, C = 200 , d = 30cm = 30 × 10 m

Find: i)ṁ ii)M iii) T iv) P
Solution:
(i) Mass flow rate
× × ×( × )
ṁ = × × C ṁ = × × 200 ̇ = . /
×
(ii) The Mach Number (M )
M = = = .
√ . × ×
(iii) Stagnation Temperature at inlet
.
=1+ M =1+ × 0.446 = .
(iv) Stagnation temperature From Compressible Flow

.
= 1+ M = 1+ 0.466 . = × /
×
From Compressible Flow

×
P =P + C P = 3 × 10 + × 200 = . × /
×
6. An aircraft flies at 800 km/h at an altitude of 10,000m at 0.264 bar and 223.15 K. The air is reversibly
compressed in an inlet diffuser. If Mach number at exit of the diffuser is 0.36, determine (i) Entry
Mach number, (ii) Velocity, temperature and pressure of air at exit.
×
Given Data: C = 800 = m/s = 222.2m/s Z = 10,000 m T = 223.15 K
P = 6.264 × 10 N/m M = 0.36
Find: i)M ii)C , P , T
Solution:
( ) The Entry Mach number (M )
.
M = = . × × = .
√ .
(ii) Pressure of air at exit
. .
= 1+ M
. ×
= 1+ 0.742 = . × /
Where, = =
. × .
= 1+ M = 1+ 0.36 3.5 = . × /
The Temperature of air at exit
.
=1+ M . = 1 + × 0.742 = . =
We know that
. .
=1+ M = 1+ 0.36 = .
The Exit Velocity ( )
M = 0.36 = = . /
√ . × × .
7. An aircraft flies at 12,000m at 0.193 bar and 216.65 K at a Mach number 0.82. The cross sectional
area of inlet diffuser before the low pressure compressor stage is 0.5 m2. Determine, (i) Mass of air
entering in 1 second, (ii) Speed of the aircraft and (iii) Stagnation pressure, stagnation temperature at
diffuser entry.
Given Data: Z = 12,000 m T = 216.65 K P = 0.193 × 10 N/m2 M = 0.82 A = 0.5 m

Find: i) C , ii)ṁ , iii) P , T
Solution:
(i) The Speed of the aircraft (C ):
M = 0.82 = . × × . = . /
√
(ii) Mass of air entering in 1 second
. ×
ṁ = ρ A C ṁ = ×A ×C = × 0.5 × 241.93 ṁ = . /
× .
(iii) Stagnation pressure, stagnation temperature at diffuser entry
From isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.82
.
= 0.881 T = . = . T = . = =
. ×
= 0.643 P = = P = . × = =
. .
8. The jet of gas at 593 K (R= 469 J/kgK and γ=1.3) has a Mach number of 1.2. Determine velocity of
sound and enthalpy for local and stagnation condition.
Given Data: T = 593 K, M = 1.2, γ = 1.3, R = 469 J/kgK

Find: i)a, a , h, h
Solution:
Velocity of sound for local condition
a = γRT = √1.3 × 469 × 593 a = . /
Velocity of sound for stagnation condition
.
=1+ M = 1+ × 1.2 = . = =
a = γRT = √1.3 × 469 × 721.08 = . /
Enthalpy for local condition
. ×
h = C T h = T= × 593 = × /
.

Enthalpy for stagnation condition

. ×
h = C T h = T = × 721.08 = × /
.
9. A jet plane travels at a speed of 1000 km/h. Determine Mach number, when it operates at (i)
Sea level where temperature is 24 oC and (ii) Altitude where temperature is – 57 oC.
×
Given Data: C = 1000 km/h = m/s = 277.7m/s, T = 24℃ + 273 = 297 K
T = −57℃ + 273 = 216 K
Find: i)M ii)M
Solution:
(i) The Mach number at Sea Level (M ):
.
M = M = . × × = .
√
(ii) The Mach number at Sea Level (M ):
.
M = M = = .
√ . × ×
10. The speed of an aircraft is indicated at Mach number 0.75 at cockpit. The atmospheric condition is
0.5775 bar and – 14 oC. Determine isentropic stagnation pressure of temperature recorded on the
board. Assume CP = 1.005 kJ/kgK, CV = 0.7171 kJ/kgK.
Given Data: T = −14℃ + 273 = 259 K P = 0.5775 × 10 N/m M = 0.75

C 1.005
C = 1.005 kJ/kgK C = 0.7171kJ/kgK γ = = = .
C 0.7171
Find: i) P , T
Solution:
Isentropic Stagnation Pressure
. .
= 1+ M
. ×
= 1+ 0.75 = . × /
Isentropic Stagnation Temperature
.
=1+ M = 1+ × 0.75 = .

ISENTROPIC FLOWS
1. Air enters an isentropic diffuser with Mach number 3.6 and decelerate it to Mach number 2.
A diffuser causes a flow of 15 kg/s. The initial static conditions are 1.05 bar, 40 oC. Assuming γ = 1.4
calculate, (i) Inlet area, (ii) Total pressure, total temperature, (iii) Exit area and exit static pressure.
Given Data: M = 3.6 M = 2 ṁ = 15 kg/s P = 1.05 bar = 1.05 × 10 N/m

T = 40℃ + 273 = 313K γ = 1.4
Find: i) T , P , ii) A , iii)A , P
Solution:
(i) Total pressure, total temperature
At Inlet, From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4, M = 3.6
T P A
= 0.278, = 11.38 × 10 , ∗ = 7.450
T P A
= 0.278 T = = = . = =
. .
. ×
= 11.38 × 10 P = = P = . × /
. × . ×
Where, = =
(ii) Inlet area
The Initial Aircraft Speed (C )
M = C = M × a = 3.6 × √1.3 × 469 × 313 C =1276.67 m/s

. ×
ṁ = × A × C 15 = × A × 1276.67 = .
×
∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ = 7.450 A = = A = . × = =
. .
(iii) Exit area and exit static pressure
At outlet, From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4, M = 2
∗
∗ = 1.687 A = 1.687 × A = 1.687 × 1.34 × 10 = . ×
= 0.128 P = 0.128 × P = 0.128 × 92.26 × 10 = . × /
2. The pressure, velocity and temperature of air at the entry of the nozzle are 2 bar 145 m/s and 330 K.
The exit pressure is 1.5 bar. Determine, (i) Shape of the nozzle, (ii) Mach number at entry and exit,
mass flow rate and Maximum mass flow rate.
Given Data: P = 2 bar = 2 × 10 N/m2 T = 330 K, C = 145m/s P = 1.5 × 10 N/m

Find: i) Shape of the Nozzle
ii)Mach number at entry and exit, mass low rate and Maximum mass low rate.
Solution:
(i) Mach number at entry(M )
M = = = . × × = .
√
(ii) Mach number at exit
At Inlet, From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.398
= 0.969 T = . = . = . = =
×
= 0.895 P = = = . × = =
. .
At Exit,
1.5×105
= 2.23×105 = 0.673
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & = 0.673 ≈ 0.676 = .
(iii) Mass flow rate
̇ ̇ × ̇
= ρ C = × C = × 145 = . /
×
(iv) Maximum mass flow rate:
̇ ̇ . . ̇
( ) √
∗ × = ∗× . × × .
= .
∗ = . /
3. Air is discharged from a compressor at P0 = 6.91 bar, T0 = 325 oC through a nozzle at an exit pressure
of 0.98 bar. If the flow rate is 3600 kg/h, for one dimensional isentropic flow determine, (i) T*, P*, C*,
(ii) A2, M2 and (iii) Maximum velocity.
Given Data: P = 6.91 bar = 6.91 × 10 N/m2 T = 325 ℃ + 273 = 598K

3600
P = 0.98 bar = 0.98 × 10 N/m2 ṁ = 3600kg/h = kg/s = 1 kg/s
3600
(Where, = = , = = )
Find: i) T ∗ , P ∗ , C ∗ , ii)A , M iii) Maximum Velocity
Solution:
( ) ∗ , ∗ , ∗
At Inlet, From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 1

∗
= 0.834 T∗ = 0.834 × T = 0.834 × 598 ∗
= .
∗
= 0.528 P ∗ = 0.528 × P = 0.528 × 6.91 × 10 ∗
= . ×
∗
M = ∗ C ∗ = a∗ = γRT ∗ = √1.4 × 287 × 498.73 ∗
=447.65 m/s
( ) ,
From the Continuity Equation, ṁ = ρ∗ A∗ C ∗
∗ . ×
ṁ = ∗ × A∗ × C ∗ 1 = × A∗ × 447.65 ∗ = . ×
× .
∗ ∗ ∗
Where, = =
. ×
At Exit, = = 0.142, γ = 1.4
. ×
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & = 0.142 = .
∗
∗ = 1.593 A = 1.593 × A = 1.593 × 8.76 × 10 = . ×
( )
.
∗ = = C = . /
. .
4. A conical air diffuser has an inlet diameter of 40 cm and exit diameter of 80 cm. Air enters the
diffuser with a static pressure of 200 kPa, static temperature of 37 oC, velocity of 265 m/s. Calculate,
(i) Mass flow rate, (ii) Properties at exit.
Given Data: d = 40 cm = 0.40 m d = 80 cm = 0.80 m C1 = 265 m/s

P = 200 kPa = 200 × 10 N/m T = 37℃ + 273 = 310 K
Find: i) m, ii) P , T , C , ρ
Solution:
(i) Mass flow rate
× × ×( . )
ṁ = × × C ṁ = × × 265 ̇ = . /
×
(ii) Properties at exit
M = = = M = .
√ . × ×
At Inlet, from Isentropic Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.75
= 0.899 T = . = . = . = =
×
= 0.688 P = = = . × = =
. .
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ = 1.062 A = = = . = =
. .
× × .
At Exit, A = = = .
A 0.5026
∗ = = 4.238 ≈ 4.182, γ = 1.4
A 0.1186
From Isentropic Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 4.238 ≈ 4.182 = .
= 0.996 T = 0.996 × T = 0.996 × 344.83 T = .
= 0.986 P = 0.986 × P = 0.986 × 2.906 × 10 P = . ×
M = C = M × a = 0.14 × √1.4 × 287 × 343.45 = 52 m/s
. ×
ρ = = ρ = . /
× .

5. Air is discharged from a compressor at P0 = 7 bar, T0 = 320 0C through a nozzle at an exit pressure of
0.98 bar. If the flow rate is 3500 kg/h, for one dimensional isentropic flow determine, (i) T*, P* and C*,
(ii) A2 and M2, (iii) Maximum velocity.
Given Data: P = 7 bar = 7 × 10 N/m2 T = 320 ℃ + 273 = 593K

N 3500 kg
P = 0.98 bar = 0.98 × 10 ṁ = 3500 kg/h = = 0.972 kg/s
m 3600 s
(Where, = = , = = )
∗ ∗ ∗
Find: i) T , P , C , ii)A , M iii) Maximum Velocity
Solution:
( ) ∗ , ∗ , ∗
At Inlet, From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 1
∗
= 0.834 T∗ = 0.834 × T = 0.834 × 593 ∗
= .
∗
= 0.528 P ∗ = 0.528 × P = 0.528 × 7 × 10 ∗
= . × /
The critical aircraft speed
∗
M = ∗ C ∗ = a∗ = γRT ∗ = 3.6 × √1.3 × 469 × 494.56 ∗
=445.77 m/s
( ) ,
From the Continuity Equation, ṁ = ρ∗ A∗ C ∗
∗ . ×
ṁ = ∗ × A∗ × C ∗ 0.972 = × A∗ × 445.77 ∗
= . ×
× .
Where, ∗
= ∗= ∗
At Exit,
P 0.98 × 10
= = 0.134, γ = 1.4
P 7 × 10
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & = 0.134 = .
∗
∗ = 1.646 A = 1.646 × A = 1.646 × 8.38 × 10 = . ×
( )
.
∗ = = C = . /
. .
6. A gas is isentropically expanded from 12 bar, 520 oC in a nozzle to a pressure of 7.5 bar. Mass flow
rate of gas is 1.4 kg/s. Determine , (i) pressure, temperature, and velocity at nozzle throat and exit,
(ii) Maximum possible velocity, (iii) Type of nozzle and its throat area. Take Ƴ=1.3, R = 0.46 kJ/kgK.
Given Data: P = 12 × 10 N/m T = 520 ℃ + 273 = 793 K P = 7.5 × 10 N/m

ṁ = 1.4 kg/s γ = 1.4, R = 0.46 kJ/kg
(Where, = = , = = )
Find: i) T ∗ , P ∗ , C ∗ , P , T , C ii)Maximum Velocity iii) Type of Nozzle and A∗
Solution:
( ) , , , ∗ , ∗ , ∗
P 7.5 × 10
, = = 0.625 ≈ 0.625,
P 12 × 10
From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.3 & = 0.625 ≈ 0.625
= .
= 0.896 T = 0.896 × T = 0.896 × 793 = .

From the exit Mach number

M = C = M × a = 0.85 × √1.3 × 460 × 710.528 C = 573.61 m/s
When, M = 0.88 < 1
∗ ∗ ∗
T = = . , P = = . × , C = = . /
(ii) The Maximum Possible Velocity
.
∗ = = C = . /
. .
∗
( ) ( )
. × ∗
ṁ = × A × C 1.4 = × A × 573.61 = = . ×
× .
7. In a nozzle of throat diameter 15 cm air is flowing with a stagnation velocity of 620 m/s. Stagnation
density is given as 1.2 kg/m3. Determine, (i) stagnation pressure and temperature, (ii) Maximum mass
flow rate and (iii) Throat pressure and temperature.
Given Data: d∗ = 0.15 m, a = 620 , ρ = 1.2 , γ = 1.4, R = 287 J/kgK

Find: i) T , P , ii) ṁ iii) T ∗ , P ∗ A∗
Solution:
(i) Stagnation Pressure and Temperature
a = γRT 620 = 1.4 × 287 × T = .
ρ = 1.2 = = . × /
× .
(ii) Maximum mass flow rate:
̇ ̇ √ .
∗ = 0.0404 × .
= 0.0404 ̇ = .
× . ×
(iii) Throat pressure and temperature

From Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & =1
∗
= 0.834 T ∗ = 0.834 × T = 0.834 × 956.69 ∗
= .
∗
= 0.528 P ∗ = 0.528 × P = 0.528 × 3.29 × 10 ∗
= . × /
8. A divergent nozzle has exit to throat area of 1.5. Air is flowing at a Mach number 0.8 and at a
pressure and temperature of 1 bar and 15 oC respectively. Determine, (i) Exit Mach number and (ii)
Exit pressure and temperature.
.
Given Data: ∗ = , P = 1 bar = 1 × 10 , T = 15℃ + 273 = 288K, M = 0.8
Find: i) M ii) P , T
Solution:
(i) Exit Mach number
At Inlet, from Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.8
= 0.886 T = . = . = . = =
×
= 0.656 P = = P = . × = =
. .
At Exit, from Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 1.5
T P
= . = 0.591 = 0.158
T P

(ii) Exit pressure and temperature

= 0.964 T = 0.591 × T = 0.591 × 325.05 = .
= 0.881 P = 0.158 × P = 0.158 × 1.524 × 10 = . ×
9. In a convergent diffuser has entry and exit Mach number 1.5 and 0.78. Are at the entry of the diffuser
is 0.24 m2. Air enters the diffuser at 340 K. Determine, (i) Exit temperature and velocity, (ii) Exit
area.
Given Data: M = 1.5 , M = 0.78, A = 0.24 m , T = 340 K , γ = 1.4,

Find: i) T , C ii)A
Solution:
(i) Exit temperature and velocity
At Inlet, from Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 1.5
= 0.689 T = . = . = . = =
∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ = 1.176 A = = = . = = =
. .
At Exit, from Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.3 & M = 0.78

= 0.892 T = 0.892 × 493.47 = 0.892 × 493.47 = .
M = C = M × a = 0.78 × √1.4 × 287 × 440.18 = 328.03 m/s
(ii) Exit area
∗
∗ = 1.047 A = 1.047 × A = 1.687 × 0.204 = .
10. Air is flowing at 1 bar, 295 K, 320 m/s. Determine, (i) a, (ii) a0, (iii) P0, (iv) T0, (v) ρ0.
Given Data: C = 220 , T = 295 K, P = 1 × 10 ,

Find: i)a ii)T , iii)a , iv)P , v)ρ
Solution:
( ) ( ) = γRT = √1.4 × 287 × 295 =344.28m/s
( )
M = = . × × M = .
√
.
=1+ M = 1+ × 0.929 = . = =
( ) (a ) = γRT = √1.4 × 287 × 345.9 a =372.8 m/s
( )
. .
= 1+ M = 1+ 0.929 = . ×
×
Where, = =
. ×
( ) ( )= = = . /
× .
THOERY / DERIVATIONS
1. Derive an expression for the acoustic velocity of a compressible fluid flow in terms of its temperature.
Acoustic velocity is the velocity of sound in a fluid medium or the speed with which a small
disturbance is transmitted through the fluid.
Consider a stationary fluid in an insulated cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. The piston and
gas in the tube are at rest originally at a pressure P. Let the parameters across the wave front be as shown in
fig.
If a small impulse is given to the piston the gas immediately adjacent to the piston will experience a
slight rise in pressure dp. The change in density (dρ) takes place because the gas is compressible and
therefore, there is a lapse of time between the motion of the piston and the time this motion of piton is
observed at the far end of the tube. Thus it will take certain time to reach far end of the tube or in other
words there is a finite velocity of propagation which is acoustic velocity.
In this case the stagnant gas at pressure p on the right side moving with a velocity ‘s’ towards left
and thus its pressure is raised to p+dp and its velocity lowered to a-dc. This is because of the velocity of the
piston dc acts opposite to the movement of gas (a).
Applying momentum equation between the two sides,

pA – (p+dp)A = m [(a-dc) – a]
A(p-p+dp) = ρAa(a-dc-a)
dp = ρadc A
From continuity equation for the two sides,
m = ρAa = (ρ+dρ) A(a-dc)
ρa = ρa + adρ-ρdc-dρdc
The product of dρdc is very small, hence it is ignored.
The equation becomes, adρ = ρdc and substituting in equation A
dp = a2dρ
 dp 
a  B
 d  
 sc
For an isentropic flow, dp

  RT
d
Hence, a RT
2. Derive the relation for characteristic / critical Mach number.

2 2 *2
c c  M  c   c  a   a2  2
 a 2  M
M *

a *
 *
c
*

2
  *    2   2
  M 2
 2

M 2 A
c   a   c*   a*  a*
2
From, a2 c2 a*   1  2 a2 c2   1
        
 1 2 2    1   1 a * 2
a *2
  1
B

Substituting A in B,
2 2
2 M* c2   1  2 M* *2   1
 2
 2
     M   
 1 M a *
  1  1 M 2   1
Multiplying by (γ – 1) and rearranging we get,

*2 M 2 (   1)
M 
2  M 2   1 
   1 2
 M
Dividing by 2 at rightside in both NR & DR, M *2
  2 
  1 2
1  M
 2 
Significance of M*:
(1) At high fluid velocities M approaches infinity, but M* is finite.
 1 It is more convenient using M* for doing calculations.
M 
 1
*
(2) M is proportional to the fluid velocity alone, whereas M depends on both fluid velocity and critical
fluid/sound velocity.
c c c
M   M
c a  a
3. Derive and explain the effect of Mach number on compressibility.

P0  P M2 M 4
Prove for   1.4 , 1   ....
c2 4 40
( )
2
If the flow is assumed incompressible, the value of the pressure coefficient obtained by Bernoulli equation
is unity.
P 0  P
 1
2
 c
( )
2
For compressible flow the value of the pressure coefficient deviated from unity; the magnitude of the
deviation increases with the Mach number of the flow. For isentropic compressible flow the ratio of the
stagnation and static pressure is given by
 
P 0  T 0   1   1   1
     1 M 2 
P  T   2 
   
By applying Taylor series for the above equation,
P 0    ( 2   )
1 M 2  M 4  M 6
 .....
P 2 8 48
P 0  P  ( 2   )
2 4
1 M  M  .....
 2
4 24 1
P ( M )
2
 2
c 2
c 2
But P = ρRT and M  
2
2 2a 2 RT
2
 2
c 2 c
Therefore P ( M )  RT ( )
2 2 RT 2

P  P  ( 2   )
Hence Equation 1 becomes, 0
 1 M 2
 M 4
 .....
2
c 4 24
( )
2
For γ = 1.4, P 0  P M 2
M 4
 1   .....
2
c 4 40
( )
2
4. Derive dA  dP2 (1  M 2 ) .
A c
dp
dp = – ρcdc  dc  
c
Continuity equation is given by,

.
m  Ac  Const
Taking logarithm and differentiating, ln ρ + ln A + ln c = Constant

d dA dc  d  dA   d  dA 
  0  dc   c     dp   c 2   
 A c   A    A 
   
dA dP d 2 dA dP c 2
 ( 1 c )   ( 1 )
2 2
A c 2
dP A c a
dP
Because  a2
d
dA dP 2
  ( 1 M )
A c 2
5. Derive area ratio as a function of Mach number and plot the graph.

* * * A  *   c*  A
m Ac A c    
A *     c 
1
2
   1 2    1 2 
 M   M 
From Characteristic Mach number, M *2
  2   M *
   2  
  1 2 1   1 2 
1  M    M 
 2   2 
1 1
2 2
   1 2     1 2 
  M  1   M 
c
 *    2   c*  2 
    B
c 1   1 2  c    1 2 
   M    M 
 2   2 
Multiplying by 2 and rearranging

1 1
c*  2    1  M 2
 2
c* 1  2   1 2 
2
        M 
c    1  M
2
 c M    1    1  
1 1
 1 2
c  A  2   1 2  1  2   1 2 
Substituting and * in A, *
    M      M 
c*  A  1   1  M  1   1 
 1
2 (  1 )
A 1  2   1 2 
    M 
A *
M    1    1  
Area Ratio
A / A*
Sonic M = 1
Subsonic Supersonic
M<1 M>1
M=1 Mach Number
6. Derive maximum mass flow rate of a perfect gas through a chocked nozzle.
   (   1)

 m T0 
   max R  2  (   1) 
     1 
P0 A *   
 
 
Mass flow rate in terms of area ratio
From continuity equation,
.
m  Ac  *A *c*
. *
m  *
A *
c *
* * * *
p
 But c c  RT and  
*
A A RT

.
 p*  * *
 
 A* We know that, T  2 and P   2
 1

Hence m  
A  RT *





  RT *
 To  1 Po   1


  A   

 2  and  2   1
Hence, T *
T   P *
Po   Therfore,
o
  1    1 
   

 2   1
. Po  
  1  
m      A* 
    
  
A 1
 R   A 
  2   2
 T   
 o   1  
   

 1 γ 1
.
*
m  2  2   1  Po    A*  . Po A  γ  2   γ 1 
     m   
  
A    1 
 To  R   A  To
 R   γ 1
 


   (  1 ) 
m T0 
   max R  2  (  1 ) 
  
 P0 A *     1 
 
 
7. Explain flow through nozzles with neat sketch.
Convergent-divergent nozzles are used for supersonic flows. They are used in compressors and turbine
blade rows etc.
Convergent nozzles:
The flow from an infinite reservoir to an exhaust chamber through a convergent nozzle is shown in fig.
the stagnation conditions (Po, To, etc.) in the reservoir is kept constant, but the exhaust chamber pressure
can be varied by using a valve.
The pressure variations along the length of a nozzle and exhaust chamber are shown in fig. When there
is no flow, the stagnation pressure (Po) is equal to the chamber pressure Pb (curve a) . When the chamber
pressure is reduced by opening a valve, flow will takes place and pressure decreases along the nozzle upto
the nozzle exit. But the nozzle exit pressure and the chamber pressure both are equal (curves ‘b’ & ‘c’).
The pressure ratio Pb/Po in curves ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ are above the critical pressure ratio (P*/Po) and the curve
‘d’ corresponds to the critical pressure ratio. For these curves (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ and ‘d’) the pressure at the exit
of the nozzle (Pe) is same as the pressure in the exhaust chamber (Pb) is shown in figure (Regime – I).
When the exhaust chamber pressure (Pb) is reduced further (below the critical value), the nozzle exit
pressure is equal to the critical pressure but the chamber pressure is reduced which is shown in curve e in

the Regime – II. Figure (a) and (b) show the variations of the nozzle pressure ratio (Pe/Po) and mass flow
parameter against the chamber pressure ratio (Pb/Po).
When there is no flow, mass flow rate is zero and chamber pressure ratio (Pb/Po) is one. When the
chamber pressure is reduced, the nozzle exit pressure is also reduced and the mass flow parameter increases
is shown in curves ‘b’ & ‘c’. This increase in mass flow rate goes upto the critical state (curve ‘d’) and the
chamber pressure is equal to the nozzle exit pressure is shown in Regime – I. when the chamber pressure is
reduced further, nozzle exit pressure is not reduced and there is no increase in mass flow rate which is
shown in Regime – II. The maximum mass flow occurs at point d and after that the mass flow rate
parameter is constant.
Convergent divergent nozzle:

Figure shows the flow from an infinite reservoir through a convergent-divergent nozzle to an exhaust
chamber. the experiment is similar to the one above, except that a converging-diverging nozzle is to be
used. In curves ‘a’, ‘b’ & ‘c’ acceleration takes place in the convergent part and upto the throat. The
diverging part acts as a diffuser through which the pressure rises to the chamber pressure Pb. Hence these
curves acts as “venture”. The pressure ratio at the throat is critical for the curve ‘c’.
Continous acceleration takes place in curve ‘g’, hence it is a design curve but other curves are off-
design curves. When back pressure is further lowered, the velocity is supersonic after the throat to a point
where discontinuity in the flow occurs. In curves ‘d’ & ‘e’, flow discontinues and eddies are formed after
the throat which results sudden increase in pressure (shock wave) so that back pressure is reached.
When the back pressure is lowered further, the shock wave moves downstream till it reaches the exit as
in curve ‘f’. The back pressure increases suddenly through a shock wave and is above the nozzle exit
pressure (Pe). When the back pressure is lowered further, the chamber pressure is reduced but the nozzle
exit pressure as the design pressure is shown in figure in curve ‘h’.

Figure (a) and (b) shows the variation of the nozzle exit pressure (Pe/Po) and mass flow parameter with
chamber pressure (Pb/Po). The chamber pressure and nozzle exit pressure is same in curves ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’ &
‘e’. Therefore, the points ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’ & ‘e’ on the line is inclined at 450. At point ‘f’ the nozzle exit
pressure is reduced and then it is constant even though the chamber pressure is reduced further (point ‘h’).
When the back pressure is reduced, the mass flow rate increases and it goes upto the critical state (c) and
then there is no further increase in mass flow with decrease in back pressure. This condition of flow is called
chocked flow. The necceary conditions for this flow is (1) the pressure must be equal to the critical pressure
ratio and corresponding Mach number M = 1.
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
1. Air is discharged from a reservoir at P0 = 6.91 bar and t0 = 325 oC through a nozzle to an exit pressure
of 0.98 bar. If the flow rate is 3600 kg/h, determine throat area, pressure and velocity at the throat,
exit area, exit Mach number and maximum velocity. Consider the flow is isentropic.
(April/May 2012)
P0
 7 T 0  273  325  598 K
P
Po 6 . 91 x 10 5
o    4 . 04 kg / m 3
RT o 287 x 598
1P
From Isentropic gas table  0 . 142 , at γ =1.4,

P0 7
M=1.93 M* =1.6 T/T0 = 0.528 A/A*= 1.593
At Exit, M=1
P* / P0 = 0.528  P* = 3.65 bar
T* / T0 = 0.834  T* = 500 K
ρ* / ρ 0 = 0.632  ρ * = 2.56 kg/m3
a *  RT *  1.4 x 287 x598  448.2m / s  c* = a* = 448.2 m/s
2 2 x1.4
C max  RT0  x 287 x598  1096m / s
 1 1. 4  1
.
.
* * * m
* 2
m Ac  Throat area A   * c *  8.68cm
At exit M=1.93, A/A* =1.593  Exit area = 1.593 × A* = 13.85 cm2

2. A supersonic diffuser diffuses air in an isentropic flow from a Mach number of 3 to a Mach number
of 1.5. The static conditions of air at inlet are 70 kPa and -7 oC. If the mass flow rate of air is 125 kg/s,
determine the stagnation conditions, areas at throat and exit, static conditions (pressure, temperature,
velocity) of air at exit. (April/May 2012)
M1 = 3, M2 =1.5 P1= 70 kPa
.
T1= -7 +273 = 266K, m  125 kg / s
From isentropic table at M1 = 3, γ =1.4
P1  Po1 = 2592.59 kPa
 0 . 027
P0
T1  T01 = 745.1 K
 0 . 357
T0
A1
 4 . 234
A
.
.
. P1 m RT1
m  1A1c1  A1 M1 RT1  A1   1.39 x10 4 m 2
RT1 P1 M 1  1
A*= A1/4.234 = 3.28 x 10-5 m2 (Throat area)
From isentropic table at M2 = 1.5, γ = 1.4,
P2  P2 = 705.19 kPa
 0 . 272
P0
T2  T2 = 513.37 K
 0 . 689
T0
A2  A2= 3.857 x 10-5 m2
 1 . 176
A
.
C2
Exit Mach number = M 2  C2  M 2 RT2  681.26 m / s
RT2 ,
3. (i) Air at 2 bar pressure flows with a velocity of 180 km/h. Find the Mach number if the density of air
is 3.0 kg/m3. (April/May 2013)
P= 2bar=2 x 105 N/m2 , C= 180 km/h = 50m/s, ρ = 3.0 kg/m3
P 2 x10 5
a  RT    1. 4 x  305.5m / s
 3. 0
.
C 50
M    0.164
a 305.5
(ii) Prove that, for air P0  P M 2 M 4 (April/May 2013)
 1    ....
c 2 4 40
( )
2
If the flow is assumed incompressible, the value of the pressure coefficient obtained by Bernoulli equation
is unity.
P 0  P
 1
2
 c
( )
2
For compressible flow the value of the pressure coefficient deviated from unity; the magnitude of the
deviation increases with the Mach number of the flow.
For isentropic compressible flow the ratio of the stagnation and static pressure is given by
 
P 0  T 0   1   1   1
     1 M 2 
P  T   2 
   

By applying Taylor series for the above equation,

P 0    ( 2   )
1 M 2  M 4  M 6
 .....
P 2 8 48
P 0  P  ( 2   )
2 4
1 M  M  .....
 2
4 24 1
P ( M )
2
 c 2
c 2
But P = ρRT and M 2
 
2
2 2a 2 RT
2
 c 2 c
Therefore P ( M 2
)  RT ( )
2 2 RT 2
P 0  P  ( 2   )
Hence Equation 1 becomes,  1 M 2
 M 4
 .....
2
c 4 24
( )
2
For γ = 1.4, P 0  P M 2
M 4
 1   .....
2
c 4 40
( )
2
4. Air at P1 = 3 bar and T1 = 227 oC is flowing with a velocity of 200 m/s in a 0.3 m diameter duct. If
Cp = 1550 J/kgoC and γ = 1.38, determine the following: (i) Stagnation temperature and pressure, (ii)
Mass flow rate of air, (iii) Mach number and (iv) Stagnation pressure assuming the flow is
incompressible. (April/May 2013)
P1=3 bar, T1 = 227 +273 = 500K, d1=0.3m, c1=200m/s
(i) Stagnation pressure and Temperature: (P0 & T0)

c2 200 2
T 0  T1   500   519 . 1 K
2c p 2 x 1050

 T   1
P0  P1  0   3 . 44 bar
 T1 
(ii) Mass flow rate (m)
. P1 xd 2
m  1 A1c1  x xc1  29.35kg / s
RT1 4
(iii) Mach number:
.
C1
M1   0.45
 RT1
(iv) Stagnation pressure for incompressible flow:
 c1 2
P 0  P1   3 . 415 bar
2
5. (i) Air flows down a variable area duct. Measurements indicate that the temperature is 278 K and the
velocity is 150 m/s at a certain section of the duct. Measurements at a second section indicate that the
temperature has decreased to 253 K. Assuming that the flow is adiabatic and one dimensional, find
the velocity at this second section.
2 2
(i) The energy equation gives c2 c1
 c P T1   c P T2
2 2
Assuming cp=1.005 kJ/kgK, c2 = 269.72m/s
(ii) Typical cruising speeds and altitudes for three commercial aircraft are:
Dash 8 : cruising speeds -500 km/h at an altitude of 4500m
Boeing 747: Cruising speed - 978 km/h at an altitude of 9500 m
Find the Mach number of the aircraft when flying at these cruise conditions. (April/May 2014)
2 2
(i) The energy equation gives c2 c1
 c P T1   c P T2
2 2
Assuming cp=1.005kJ/kgK, c2=269.72m/s
(ii)
Air craft c a M = c/a
m/s m/s ---
Dash 8 138.9 322.53 0.43
Boeing 747 271.7 301.6 0.9
Concorde 650 295.04 2.2
6. Air flows through a nozzle which has inlet areas of 0.001 m2. If the air has a velocity of 80 m/s, a
temperature of 301 K and a pressure of 700 kPa at the inlet section and a pressure of 250 kPa at the
exit, find the mass flow rate through the nozzle and assuming one-dimensional isentropic flow, the
velocity at the exit section of the nozzle. (April/May 2014)
The mass flow rate is given by:
.
. P V
m  1 A 1 c1  1 xA 1 xc 1  0.648kg / s , M 1  1  0.23
RT1 a1

   1 2   1
1 M 1
p2  2
 
p1    1 2  Solving this equation for M2=1.335. But since the assumption isetropic
1 M 2
 2 
 1
T2  p  
  2 
T1  p1  , so T2=224.3K,
c 2  M 2 a 2  M 2 RT2 400 .8m / s
7. An air craft at a velocity of 700 kmph in an atmosphere where the pressure is 75kpa and temperature
is 5C. Calculate the Mach number and stagnation properties. (April/May 2015)
Given Data: C = 700 kmph = = 194.44 , P = 75 kPa = 75 × 10 ,

T = 5 ℃ + 273 = 278 K
Find: i) M ii)T , P , ρ
Solution:
(i) The Mach Number ( )
.
M = = . × × = .
√
(ii) Stagnation properties
= 0.937 T = = = .
. .
×
= 0.796 P = = = . ×
. .
. ×
ρ = = = . /
× .
8. Air expands isentropically through the convergent nozzle from constant inlet conditions Po=4 bar,
To=550K. Exit area of nozzle is 1000 cm2. Determine the exit properties and mass flow rate for
following two cases at exit.(i) M2=1, (ii) M2=0.85. (April/May 2015)

N
Given Data: P = 4 bar = 4 × 105 m2 , T = 550 K, 2 = 1000 2 = 0.1 2
Find: i) T , P , C ii) ̇
Solution:
(i) M2=1
(a) Exit properties
From Isentropic Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 1
= 0.834 T = 0.834 × T = 0.834 × 550 T = .
= 0.528 P = 0.528 × P = 0.528 × 4 × 10 P = . ×
M = C = M × a = 1 × √1.4 × 287 × 458.7 = 429.3 m/s
(b) Mass flow rate
× . ×
ṁ = × × C ṁ = × 0.1 × 429.3 ̇ = . /
× .
(ii) M2=0.85
(a) Exit properties
From Isentropic Table at γ = 1.4 & M = 0.85
= 0.874 T = 0.874 × T = 0.874 × 550 T = .
= 0.624 P = 0.624 × P = 0.624 × 4 × 10 P = . ×
M = C = M × a = 0.85 × √1.4 × 287 × 458.7 = 373.56 m/s

(b) Mass flow rate
× . ×
ṁ = × × C ṁ = × 0.1 × 373.56 ̇ = . /
× .
9. (i) Derive the energy equation + = = = stating the assumptions used.
Assumptions used in deriving energy equation:

(i) Gas is assumed to be perfect (ii) The flow is steady and one dimensional
(iii) There is no work transfer, heat transfer and there is no change in elevation.
1
We know that,ℎ = h + 2 C2
Static enthalpy, h = cpT h=
Velocity of Sound = a = γRT
a = γRT
Substitute γRT value in ‘h’ h=
Substitute ‘h’ value in stagnation enthalpy equation,
h = + C
Case (i)
At T = 0, h = 0, C = Cmax
Substitute these value in stagnation enthalpy equation,
1
h = C
2
Case (ii)
At C = 0, a = a0
Substitute these value in stagnation enthalpy equatoin,
a
h =
γ−1
Now, we can conclude that h = + C = C =

The above equation is known as adiabatic energy equation.
(ii) An air jet, (γ = 1.4, R = 287 J/kgK) at 400 K has sonic velocity. Determine, (i) velocity of
sound at 400 K, (ii) velocity of sound at the stagnation conditions, (iii) maximum velocity of
the jet, (iv) stagnation enthalpy. (April/May 2016)
Given Data: γ = 1.4 R = 287 J/kgK T = 400 K Sonic means M =1 & c = a

Find: (i) a (ii) ao (iii) Cmax (iv) ho (v) Cr
Solution:
(i) Velocity of sound at 400 K
a = γRT = √1.4 × 287 × 400 = . /
(ii) Velocity of sound at stagnation condition
.
=1+ M =1+ (1) =
a = γRT = √1.4 × 287 × 420 = . /
(iii) Maximum fluid velocity of jet
× .
From, h = + C = C = C = =
.
= . /
(iv) Stagnation enthalpy
h = C = × 918.55 = . × /
10. A conical diffuser has entry and exit diameters of 15 cm and 30 cm respectively. The pressure,
temperature and velocity of air at entry are 0.69 bar, 340K and 180 m/s respectively. Determine, (a)
the exit pressure, (b) the exit velocity and (c) the force exerted on the diffuser walls. Assume
isentropic flow, γ = 1.4, cp= 1.00 kJ/ kgK. (April/May 2016)
Given Data: d = 15 cm = 0.15 m, d = 30 cm = 0.30 m, C = 180

N
P = 0.69 bar = 69 × 10 , T = 340K
m
Find: i) m, ii) P , T , C , ρ
Solution:
i) Mass flow rate

P π×d 69 × 10 π × (0.15)
ṁ = × × C ṁ = × × 180 ̇ = . /
RT 4 287 × 340 4
ii) Properties at exit

M = = = M = .
√ . × ×

= 0.954 T = = = . = =
. .
×
= 0.848 P = = = . × = =
. .
×( . )
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗ = 1.36 A = = = . = =
. .
× × .
At Exit,A = = = .
A 0.0707
∗ = = 5.89 ≈ 5.9, γ = 1.4
A 0.012
From Isentropic Table at γ = 1.4 & ∗ = 5.89 ≈ 5.9
= . ,
= 0.308 T = 0.308 × T = 0.308 × 356.39 T = .
= 0.0163 P = 0.0163 × P = 0.0163 × 0.814 × 10 P = . ×

M = C = M × a = 3.35 × √1.4 × 287 × 109.76 =703.5 m/s
. ×
ρ = = ρ = . /
× .


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ME 6604- Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion Mechanical Engineering 2016-2017

ME 6604 – GAS DYNAMICS AND JET PROPULSION

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

14. Define supersonic and hypersonic flow.

For compressible flow :     po  p   C2     p 0 

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

C = 2.5 × √1.3 × 469 × 199.95 = . /

Given Data: P = 3 × 10 T = 40℃ + 273 = 313 K M = 1.4

(iii) Exit pressure

Given Data: T = 300 K P = 3.45 × 10 N/m C = 150 γ = 1.4 R = 287 J/kgK

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

Given Data: P = 3 × 10 , T = 500 K, C = 200 , d = 30cm = 30 × 10 m

(iv) Stagnation temperature From Compressible Flow

From Compressible Flow

Given Data: Z = 12,000 m T = 216.65 K P = 0.193 × 10 N/m2 M = 0.82 A = 0.5 m

Given Data: T = 593 K, M = 1.2, γ = 1.3, R = 469 J/kgK

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Enthalpy for stagnation condition

Given Data: T = −14℃ + 273 = 259 K P = 0.5775 × 10 N/m M = 0.75

Given Data: M = 3.6 M = 2 ṁ = 15 kg/s P = 1.05 bar = 1.05 × 10 N/m

M = C = M × a = 3.6 × √1.3 × 469 × 313 C =1276.67 m/s

Given Data: P = 2 bar = 2 × 10 N/m2 T = 330 K, C = 145m/s P = 1.5 × 10 N/m

Given Data: P = 6.91 bar = 6.91 × 10 N/m2 T = 325 ℃ + 273 = 598K

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Given Data: d = 40 cm = 0.40 m d = 80 cm = 0.80 m C1 = 265 m/s

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Given Data: P = 7 bar = 7 × 10 N/m2 T = 320 ℃ + 273 = 593K

Given Data: P = 12 × 10 N/m T = 520 ℃ + 273 = 793 K P = 7.5 × 10 N/m

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From the exit Mach number

Given Data: d∗ = 0.15 m, a = 620 , ρ = 1.2 , γ = 1.4, R = 287 J/kgK

(iii) Throat pressure and temperature

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(ii) Exit pressure and temperature

Given Data: M = 1.5 , M = 0.78, A = 0.24 m , T = 340 K , γ = 1.4,

At Exit, from Isentropic Gas Table at γ = 1.3 & M = 0.78

Given Data: C = 220 , T = 295 K, P = 1 × 10 ,

Applying momentum equation between the two sides,

For an isentropic flow, dp

2. Derive the relation for characteristic / critical Mach number.

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Multiplying by (γ – 1) and rearranging we get,

3. Derive and explain the effect of Mach number on compressibility.

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Continuity equation is given by,

Taking logarithm and differentiating, ln ρ + ln A + ln c = Constant

Multiplying by 2 and rearranging

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M=1 Mach Number

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Convergent divergent nozzle:

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St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering /

By applying Taylor series for the above equation,

(i) Stagnation pressure and Temperature: (P0 & T0)

Given Data: C = 700 kmph = = 194.44 , P = 75 kPa = 75 × 10 ,

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= 0.874 T = 0.874 × T = 0.874 × 550 T = .

= 0.624 P = 0.624 × P = 0.624 × 4 × 10 P = . ×