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2021-22 Edition
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PREFACE
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Code No : SG 322 Sir,
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Chennai Respected
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CONTENTS
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Volume - I
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1. Applications
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2. ComplexwNumbers��49.
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3. Theory
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4. Inverse Trigonometric w w w
Functions��109
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5. i.aTwo Analytical
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6. Applications ww ww ww - 236
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Volume a- II
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7. Applications of Differential Calculus��239 - 290
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aslailaDifferentials and Partial
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9. Applications w w w - 356
10. .Ordinary
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12. Discrete Mathematics��427 - 444
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Volume - I
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MATHEMATICS
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CONTENTS
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1. Applications of Matrices and Determinants�� 3 - 48
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3. tTheory
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Trigonometric
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w 6. Applicationsw of Vector Algebra��

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a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene 3 a l ail.ani.ene
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adsa Chapter ➠ Applications
Chapter s
adsa of Matrices and Determinants adsa s adsa s adsas
w .wp.apda CHAPTER w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
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APPLICATIONS OF
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MATRICES AND
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DETERMINANTS
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t t .entet KNOW DEFINITIONS t t t t t t

il.aniMUST
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a la il.ani.ene a l a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww  If |A |≠ 0,w then
w A is a non-singular matrix ww and if |A| = 0, then Awiswa singular matrix. ww
 The adjoint matrix of A is defined as the transpose of the matrix of co-factors of A.
 If ABt = BA = In, then the matrix t B is called inverse ofnA. etet etet etet
o
a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente ail.ai.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
s
adaa
sl If a square matrix has san
asl inverse, then it is unique.s asl s asl s asl
.wp.apda  A–1 exists if and apdaadaif A is non-singular..wp.apdaada
.wp.only .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
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ab
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 Singular matrix has no inverse.
 If A is non – singular and AB = AC, then B = C (left cancellation law).
 lail.a ni.eA
If nteist non – singular andaiBA l
t
.ani.en=teCA then B = C (Right a il i.ente
t
.ancancellation law). a il.ani.ente
t
a il.ani.ente
t
sas sas l a l sas l sas l
. p.apdaada If A and B are any . p. aadanon-singular square
apdtwo . p. daadsas of order n, then.padj (AB)
amatrices
p .apdaada = (adj B) (adj A) . p.apdaada
w w w w w
ur
w ww A is called orthogonal w w w
ww  A square w matrix wwif AAT = ATA = I ww ww
 Two matrices A and B of same order are said to the equivalent if one can be obtained from the other
tet applications of elementary t t t t t t t t
a l a il.aby
ni.enthe
a l a il.ani.ene transformationsa(A∼B). l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s A non – zero matrix
apdaadisain a row - echelon.wp apdaadifaall zero rows occur.wpas apdabottom
adsas rows of the matrix
adsa ss form ss ss
apdaada
.s
.wp.apda and if thewfirst . p. . . . p.

ww
w w non – zero element inwany
w w w lower row occurs to the
w
wwright of the first non – zero
w
ww entry
w w
in the higher row.
 The rank of a matrix A is defined as the order of a highesttorder non – vanishing minor of the matrix
w
a il.aAni . ntet
e[r(A)].
a il.ani entet
. ai l.ani enet
. a il.ani entet
. a
t t
il.ani.ene
asl asl asl asl asl
adsa adsa asa asa adsa
w .wp.apda  The rank of awnon .wp.apd–a zero matrix is equalwto pdadnumber of non – zero
the
.wp.a w .apdadin a row – echelonwform
.wprows .wp.apda
ww of the matrix. ww ww ww ww
w
 An elementary matrix is a matrix which is obtained from an identity matrix by applying only one
elementary transformation.nEvery
.entet .ai.ente non-singular matrix can
etetbe transformed to ani.anidentity etet matrix by
t etet
s asl ail.aanisequence of elementary s asl ailrow operations. s asl ail.ani.n s asl al i.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada aada aa aa ada
.wp.apda  A system of linear .wp.apdequations pdadsolution is said to be .apdad .wp.apda
w
w w having w .wp.a
atleast one w .wpconsistent. w
ww ww ww ww ww
 A system of linear equations having no solutions is said to be inconsistent.
t t t t t
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
sas sas sas sas sas
.
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adsa s a
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adsa s Sura’s ➠ XII as
adsaStd - Mathematics ➠ Volume as
adsa I
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IMPORTANT FORMULA TO REMEMBER
asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n i + j aslail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n
ada  Co – factor ofaadaijadisaAij = (–1) Mij, where
s s adM
a is the minor of aij adaada
s s s
ada
w.wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda ij w.wp.p w .wp.apda
ww  For everyww square matrix A of order wwn, A (adj A) = (adj A)A= ww|A| In ww
m
AA–1 = A–1 A = In
 eIf A
t is non – Singular then t t t t
l ail.ani.nte 1 l a i
l .ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente la i
l.ani.ente
sas (i) |A–1| = adaadsaas sas sas sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
co
w .wp. .wp . p
A .wp . .wp . .
w p.
ww ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
(ii) w (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
1 –1
(iii)
t (lA–1) = A where λ is a non – zero scalar.t t
i. n i ene
. t λ i . ni entet
. il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l aReversal
l a law for inversesa l a l: a a l a a l a a l a
adsas sas
aadwhere asas asas adsas
.wp.apda apd–1 .apdad matrices of same .apdad .wp.apda
s.
w  (AB)–1 = w B –1
.wp.A A, B are nonw –.wpsingular w .wporder. w
ww ww ww ww ww
Law of double inverse :
 tIf tA is non - singular, A–1 ist also t non – singular andn.e(A t
–1 –1
t ) = A. t t t t
ok
i . ni e
. n e i . ni e
. ne i . i n e il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a sl al a If A is a non - singular
a sl a l a
square matrix of order n,
asl athen
l a a sl a a sl a
adsa asa asa adsa adsa
w .wp.apda w pdad
.wp.a–1 –1
1 w.w p.apdad w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww (i) w (adj A)
w = adj (A ) = ww ·A ww ww
n–1
A
(ii) |adj A | = |A|
tet adj (adj A) = |A|.nni.–en2teAt t t t t etet
i.ni.en(iii)
o
lal a lala i ala i.ni.ene lala i.ni.ene ail.ani.n
d adsaas (iv) adj (lA) d= aasl – zero scalar
adslaans– 1 adj (A) where laisdaaadsnon d adsaas s
ada asl
a
w.wp.p
a a
.wp.p a
2 w.wp.p
a
w.wp.p
a .wp.apda
ww(adj A)| w
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ww (v) w|adj = |A|(n – 1) ww ww ww

(vi) (adj A)T = adj (AT)
t t tet ρ(a) ≥ 1. t t
l ail.an i.entIfe a matrix contains at l ai l.ani.enteone non – zero element,
least
l a i
l then
.ani.en l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
. p.apdaada  The rank of.wpidentity .apdaada matrix In is n. .wp.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
w If A iswan m × n matrix then r(A)w≤wmin w { m, n}. w w
ur
w ww w w
ww ww ww
 A square matrix A of order n is invertible if and only if r(A) = n.
 Transforming a non-singular matrix A to the form In, by applying row operations is called
tet t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.enGauss – Jordan method.
a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas Matrix – Inversion adsas adsas adsas adsas
.s
ww.p.apda .p.apdamethod :
ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww
ww  ww w for AX = B is X =wAw–1wB where A and B arewsquare
The solution
ww ww wand
matrices of same order
non – singular
w
t t t t t t t t t
la .ani.ente
ilCramer’s Rule : l a il.ani.ene l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s asaas a
adsa s
w .wp.apda  If D = 0, .wp.apda rule cannot be applied x
Cramer’s
w w .wp.apda = ∆1 , x = ∆ 2 , xw.=wp.a∆ pda3 d w .wp.apda
ww ww ww 1 ∆ 2 ∆ww 3 ∆ ww
w
Gaussian Elimination method :

Transform
.ani.ente
t the augmented matrix .ani.ente of the system of linear
t eequations
tet into row – echelon eteform
t and then etet
sasl ailsolve by back substitution
s aslailmethod. s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada aa aa aa aa
.wp.apda p.apdad p.apdad p.apdad p.apdad
w
Rouches capelli
.
w .
w .
w .w
ww Theorem :
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww
A system of equations AX = B is consistent if and if r(A) = r([A|B])
(i) t entetnumber of unknowns, .entet the system is consistent t t
l ail.ani.enteIf r(A) = r([A|B]) =lailn,
.ani.the l a i
l .anithen l a i
l .ani.enteand has a unique lail.ani.ente
sas solution. sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada
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adsa 1 ➠ Applications of
Chapter dsa s
aMatrices and Determinants adsa s adsa s adsas
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(ii) If r(A) = r([A|B]) = n – k , k ≠ 0 then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
(iii) eteIft r(A) ≠ r([A|B]), then ethe
tetsystem is inconsistent and
e tethas no solution. etet etet
ada Homogeneous system adaof linear equations :adaada ada ada
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww (i) If r(A) ww= r([A|B]) = n, then thewsystem w has a unique solution ww which is the trivial solution ww for
m
trivial solution, |A| ≠ 0
(ii) t t t t t
l ail.ani.enteIf r(A) = r([A|O]) <lan, i
l .anithe
.entesystem has a non – trivial
l a i
l .ani.entesolution. l a i
l .ani.ente la i
l.ani.ente
sas saas sas sas sas
apdaada For non – trivial
apdaadsolution, |A| = 0. apdaada apdaada apdaada
co
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p.
ww ww 1 ww 1 ww ww
 A–1 = ± ·adj A  A=± ·adj (adj A)
adj A adj A
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas adsas adsas sas
 .p2.apdaad2 1 asas
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda p.apdad
s.
w .
w
ww
w EXERCISE
ww
w 1.1 ww
w
ww
(iii) Let A
w
=  − 2 1 2 and l = ww
1 w
  3
 1 − 2 2
1. Find the adjoint of the following :
t t entet ni.entetadj (lA) = ln – 1(adj A) t t t t
il.aSince
ok
a la il.ani.ene é 2 3 1aùslail.ani. é 2 2 1 ù

a l a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
daadsa é -3 4 ù (ii) ê.3p.apd4aadsa1 ú (iii) 1 ê s s s
  ap2daadsa 2 1 s s
.wp.ap (i) - 2 1 2pú.apdaada p. 
2
1  w.w
p apdaada
.
ê 6 2ú êw ú .
w .
w
 
ww  − 2 1 2  =  ww
w w 3 ê ww w ú we get adj w
1
ww ë û ww ê
ë 3 7 2 úû ê 1 -2 2 ú 
ë û  3 
3
 1 − 2 2
 − 
é ( 2.+ni.e4nt)et- ( - 4 - 2 ) + ( 4 - 1.n )
3 4 T
t t teæt 2 ù.enteéco
t
o
Sol. (i)
l a i
l.ani.ente Let A =  6 lail2.ani.ente l . n
aila çi e
. n 2 1 ö
ê l aila l i
aila ú ê
as as as ÷ as as
1 p.ap2da÷adêa- ( 4 + 2 ) + ( 4 - 1) p-.apda
.w (
s
ada s
ada s
ada - 2 s a-da4 - 2 ) ú
s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 2 −4 w .wp.apda adj ç w .w w ê 0
ç 1 ww- 2 2 ÷ ê ú ê- s
ab
ww adj
wwA =   ww è w w
ø + ( 4 - 1) - ( 4 + 2 ) + ( 2 + 4 ) ë
−6 −3 ë û
[Interchange the elements in the leading \ Required adjoint matrix
diagonal t tet elements in t tet tet
l a i
l .ani.ente and change the sign
l ail.aof
ni.enthe l a i
l .ani.enteé 1 2 - l2ail.an2i.en -2 1 ù
T
l ail.ani.n
e
a a a - adsaas a
daadsasoff diagonal] daadsas daadsas ê+ d + s
úa a
2adad
s
ê - 2ww2.w 1 .-w
a a a a
p.ap
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w p.pú
1 2
ur
w w w w
 2 3 1 w w ê w2 1 w
w2 2 ú
2 1
(ii) Let A =  3 4 1 = ê
1 ê - + - ú
  9 -2 2 1 2 1 -2 ú
t t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene  3 7 2 alail.ani.ene la il.ani.eneê 2 1 l a
2 il.ani.e1ne 2 2
ú
l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas asas a
asas ê + -asasa + úasas
a
.s
.wp.apda p1.apdad3 1 3 4 ö w.wp.apdad p.apdad - 2 2 p1.apdúûad

T
æ w 4 .w ê 2 .w -w 2 .w
w + + ë 1 w
ww wç w _ ÷ w
3 7 ÷w ww ww T
ç 7 2 3 2 é ( 2 + 4 ) - ( - 4 - 2 ) + ( 4 - 1) ù écos a 0 sin a ù
ç ÷ 1 ê ú
t ç _ 3 1 + 2 1 n_.en2tet 3 ÷ t - ( 4 + 2 ) + ( 4 - 1) n +en(te -t4 - 2 ) ú êê 0 0entet úú
w
n .ente = n .ente ê . 1
n
. i.
laadj
il.ai A = ç 7 2 3ala2il.ai 3 7 ÷ lail.ai9 ê lail.ai ú ê - sinaasaasla0ila cos a ú
ë ( ) a(dad ) ( ) û ë.p.apdad
a saas a s
a s asaas + - - a+saas + + û
adad ç p1.apdad2 1 2 3 ÷ w.wp.apdad
4 1 4 2 2 4
w w.wp.p ç w 3 .w
w ÷ w w w.wp.pT w w w
w wç + _ + ÷
w  6 w 6 3 6 −6 w 3
w
è 4 1 3 1 3 4 ø 1   1 6 3 −6
= −6 =
9  entet 
3 6
t ni.en1tet − 3 9
T
9entet 
etet
7i).en-te( 6 - 3) + ( 21 - 12 ) ù i.a
é + (8 -i.an 6
T
 −  ail.ani.n
aslaila
. ni . 3.ni. 6
 asaaslaila  
3 6 6
ê saaslal saaúslal 1 − s
a s
ada asl
a=
da - ( 6 - 7 ) + ( 4 - 3) - .(p14.apd-a9 )ú = 
a
d ad 1 5
p.apda d  2 −2 .w 1adaad
.wp.apda
w
w.wp.p êê ww ú  − 1 −w1.w
  w p.p w
ww w w
+ ( 3 - 4 ) - ( 2 - 3) + ( 8 - 9 ) 1w w  =
3
2 w w
1 −2 ww
ë û
9  
1 − 1 t t  1 2 2
e ntet  1 ee lail[Taking
t
.ani.ente 3 common fromla tet
.ani.enentry]
each .ani.ente
t

s asl aadj. ni .
la A = − 3
i  1 s asl1ail.ani.n sas sas
i
l sasl ail
ada  aa  apdaada  2 −2 .1p.apdaada apdaada
.p.apda p−.apd5ad − 1
 w9w.w . p. .p.
w ww w w  ww
w w
=
1  w w
2 w1w −2 ww
w w
3  
 1 2 2
t t t t t t t t t t
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ww ww w ww
nentet
6lail.ai. l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsa s adsaas a
adsa I
ww 2. Find the w w
inverse w
(if it exists) of thewfollowing : Takingw4wcommon from every entry wwwe get,
é 5 1 1ù é 2 3 1ù é6 -1 -1ù
é-t 2 4ù ê etúet ê tet A = 4 ê -1 6 -1ú .ni.entet etet
(i)
l a i
l .ani.enteê ú (ii) ê 1asla5il.ani.1nú (iii) ê 3 4 1ú asla
ú il.ani.enadj ê l aúila l ail.ani.n
s
ada as ë 1 -3 û adaadêa s s
ada saas s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.p ë 1 1 5 úû p.apd
êë 3 w7.w 2aúû êë -.p -ad
1.apda 1 6 úû .wp.apda
w w w w w
-1 -1ù
é 6ww
ww ww ww ww 1
 −2 4
m
–1
1 ê ú
Let A =
Sol. (i) \A = adj A = ·4 -1 6 -1
 1 −3 A 112 ê ú
t   etet t t ê - - úû t
ail.ani.ente a i
l .ani.n a i
l .ani.ente ent
ail.ani. ë
e 1 1 6
a i
l.ani.ente
sasl sasl sasl é 6 -1 a-s1aa ùsla sasl
apdaad a apd−aa2da 4 = 6 – 4 = 2 ¹ 0.wp.apdaada ê -1 .w d d apdaada
w p6. -1 úú
|A| = 1 a a
co
w .
w p. w .
w p. w = p w .
w p.
ww ww 1 −3 ww 28 wê w ww
Since A is non – singular, A–1 exists ëê -1 -1 6 úû
t t .ani.ente
t t t é 2 3 .n1i.eùntet t t
la il.ani.ene A–1 = 1 adj l a ilA l a il.ani.ene ê l a ila ú l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas Aadsas
a a
adsas (iii) Let A = dad3sas4 1 a a
adsas
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apaê ú .wp.apda
s.
w w w w êë3 7 2 úû w
ww ww é -3 -4 ù ww ww ww
Now, adj A = ê ú Expanding along R1 we get,
ë -1 -2 û
tet t
i.ente diagonal and lail.ani.ente
t 1 il.ani.ent3et 1 t t
ok
a ani.en change the entries
lail.[Inter
a l inil.an
a leading
a |A| = 2
4 a
a l - 3 + 1
3 4
a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsa change the sign ofaelements adsa s in the off diagonal] adsa s adsa s s s
.wp.apda .wp.p1daé- 3 - 4ù .wp.apda .wp.apda 7 2 3 2 3 .p7.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww \ A w–1w = ww ww = 2 (8 – 7) – 3 (6 – 3) ww+ 1 (21 – 12)
ê
2 ë -1 - 2û ú
= 2 (1) – 3(3) + 1 (9)
tet tet t t tet etet
o
a l aila. ni e
. n é 5 1 1
a
ù
l aila. n i e
. n
a l il.ani.ene
=
a 2 - a9la+il.a9ni.en= 2 ≠ 0 a l ail.ani.n
ad a (ii) Let A = ê1ada5ada1ú
s s s s s
ada s aas s
matrix, A–1 exists
s
ada s
w .wp.apda w êp.p
.w ú w .wp.apda w wp.apdad
Since A is a.non-singular
w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww êë1 1 5úû ww ww  4 1 3 1 w3 4 
w T
Expanding along R1, + − + 

 7 2 3 2 3 7
t t t t t
l a il.ani.ente 5 1 l 1
a il.an1i.ente 1 5 l a il.ani.ente  3 l a1il.ani.ent2e 1 2 3  l a il.ani.ente
saas |A| = 5 daads-aas sas dsaas + apdaadsaas
. p.apdaad . p1.ap 5 1 1 5 + 1 1 1 .wp.apdaada adj A = adaa−
. p. p −
. p .
w w w  7 2 3 2 3ww 7 w
ur
w ww ww ww
ww w
= 5 (25 – 1) –1 (5 – 1) + 1 (1 – 5)
w w  w 
+ 3 1 − 2 1 + 2 3 
= 5 (24) – 1 (4) + 1 (– 4 )  4 1 3tet1 3 4 
. ni entet
. . n i entet
. . ni entet
.  il.ani.enT  t t
il.ani.ene

a l a il a = 120 – 4 –
a 4
l a =
il a 120 – 8 = 112 ¹ 0 a l a il a a l a a l a
adsas asas adsas é + (8 - 7 ) - ( 6 - 3)a+da(ad21 sas- 12 )ù T sas
.s
.wp.apda p.apdad A–1 exists. .wp.apda p. p  1 −3 .w p 9.apdaad

w Since A is non
w .singular,
w w ê w .w ú w
ww ww ww ) + ( 4 - 3) - (14 - 9)ú =  1w 1 −5
w w
é 5 1 1 1 1 5ù
T = ê - ( 6 - 7w
ê+ - + ê ú
ú
ë + (t3 - 4 ) - ( 2 - 3) + (8 - 9 ) û t  −1 1 −1
w
tet ê 1 5 1 5 te1t 1 ú te t t t
l a il.ani.en ê l a il.ani.en ú l a il.ani.en l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsaas 1 ad as
1sa 5 1 5 1 asa as adsa é 1 1 - 1ù adaadsa
as as
.wp.apda adj A = wê.wp -.apda + - ú w.w p.apdad .wp.apda ê 1úúw.w
p.p
ww adj A = ê -3 1 ww
w w
ww ww ê 1 5 1 5 1 1wúw
w
ê ú êë 9 -5 -1úû
ê+ 1 1 - 5 1 + 5 1 ú
etet ê 5 1 1 i.n1i.ente1t 5 ú t t
il.ani.ene 1 etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n ë
s asl ala û
s asl
a Now, A –1 =
s asl ail.ani.nadj A s asl ail.ani.n
ada daad-a1) - ( 5 - 1) + (1 - 5 ) ù.Tp.apdaada ada A aa
.wp.apda é.wp+.a(p25 .wp.apda p.apdad
w
w w w w w w
1 w−1
. w
ww ww ê ww ú ww  1 w
= ê - ( 5 - 1) + ( 25 - 1) - ( 5 - 1) ú ⇒ A–1 =  −3 1 1
1
ê ú 2  
te t ë + (1 - 5 ) - ( 5 - 1t)e+t ( 25 - 1) û te t nte9t −5 −1 t t
lala i.ni. e n
lalaT  24 −4 −4 saaslalai.ni. en i.ni. en
lala i.ni. e
lala i.ni.ene
adsaas −d4saas−4
 24 daa a adsaas adsaas
apda
w.wp. = p.
w.w
ap p−.a4pdad
 =  −4 24w.w a
w.wp. pda a
w.wp. pd
a
w w w
w  −4 24 −4   w w  ww ww
 −4 −4 24  −4 −4 24
t t t t t t t t t t
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a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene 7
a l ail.ani.ene
s
Chapter dsa s
ww ww
é cosa 0 sina ù
ww ww écos a 0 - sin a ù
ww
ê ú ê ú ... (2)
3. If F (a)t = ê 0 1 0 ú Show that = ê 0 1 0 ú
e te e t e t e te t e te t etet
a il.ani.n ê - sin a 0 i
cos
a l.ania.nú a il.ani.n ê a a il.a0ni.ncos a ú ail.ani.n
adas asl ë adas asl û s
ada asl ë sin
s asl û s asl
.wp.apda [F(a)]–1 = F(– a)w.wp.apda .wp.apda [ cosa is an even daada
.wp.apfunction, p.apdaada
w [Hy - 2019]
w w cos (–a) = cos w .wa and
ww ww ww sin a ww is an odd function, sin (–a) ww= –sina]
m
 cos α 0 sin α  From (1) and (2)
t t  t t  t t t
Sol. Given
l a il.ani.en that
e F (a) =  0
l a il
1
.ani. en e 0  . l a il.ani.ente [F(a)]–1 = F (–a)lail.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas  −dsin sas  sas sas sas
apdaada apaadaα 0 cos α  apdaad a Hence proved. .wp.apdaada apdaada
co
.
w wp. w .wp . w .wp. w w .wp.
ww Expanding along ww R1 we get, ww ww ww
é 5 3ù 2
4. If A= ê ú , show that A – 3A – 7I2 = 02.
1 0 0 1 ë -1 - 2 û
|F(a)| t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.en=ecos a 0 cos α –a0la+il.an sin
i.entea − sin α 0
a l a .ani.ente find A–1.
ilHence a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas asas adsas adsas adsas
.wp.ap da = cos a (cos – 0)w+.wpsin .apdaad( 0 + sin a) .wp.apda Sol. Given A = é w5.wp.ap3daù .wp.apda
s.
w w ê -1 -2 ú w
ww = cos2 + sin2 w
w
a = 1≠ 0 ww ww ë û ww
Since F (a) is a non-singular matrix, [F(a)]–1 2=
 5 3 é 5 3 ù é 25 - 3 15 - 6 ù
A = t t
il.ani.en  −1 −2 êë -1 -a2laúû il.ani.eêën-e5 + 2 -3 + 4 úû alail.ani.ene

exists. t t t t t t t t
ok
il.ani.en e il.ani.en e e
a l a a l a a l a
adsaNow, adj (F(a)) = daadsa
s s asa s s s s s
.wp.apda .wp.ap Tw.w p.apdad =  22 9 . p .apdaada 2 . p.apdaada
ww
w é 1 0 ww0 w 0 0 1 ww ù  −3 1w w w w \ Aw–w3A – 7I2
w w
ê+ - + ú  
ê 0 cos a sin a cosa - sin a 0 ú t22t 9  5 3 é1t 0ù
ê 0 ensin tet a cos a sin a .nci.eos teat 0 ú etet
o
n = e 
n e  –3   –7 e ête ú
n
s aêla
s -ila. ni . + s asl a-ila ú s asl . ni .
aila  −3 1 
.
−1 s−a2slaila ë0 1û ni .
s asl ail.ani.n
ada 0 cos a - sin aadaacos da a - sin a 0 ú p.apdaada aada ada
w .wp.apda êê w .wp.p ú w .w é 22 - 15 - w
7 .wp9.apd - 9 + 0 ù é 0 0 ù w .wp.apda
ab
ww w
ê + 0 sin a -wcos a sin a + cos a 0 w ú
w
=
w
ê -3 + 3w+ 0 1 + 6 - 7 ú = ê ww
0 0 ú = 02
ê 1 0 ú ë û ë û
ë 0 0 0 1 û
Hence
.ani.ente proved.
t t t t t
é +as(lcos
a i.en-te0 )
il.ana - (0) l a il.ani+.ent(e0 + sin a ) ù T l a il l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
a as 2 sas sas
s
apdaadê a daad2sas ú p.apdaads a \ A – 3A – 7I2 = apda0ada apdaada
+ ( coswwa + sin a )
2 .p.a
w = ê- (0)
.wp. w p - ( 0 ) wwú .w .wp . .wp.
ur
Post – multiplying w by A–1 we get, w

ww ê w w ú ww ww
êë + ( 0 - sin a ) - (0) + ( cos - 0 ) úû A2. A–1 – 3AA–1 – 7I2 A–1 = 0.A–1
–1) – 3 (AA–1) –7(At–1t) = 0
t
.ani.enate 0 + sin a ù T écos ni.ente0t - sin a ù ⇒ A(AA t t t t
a l éilcos
a a l a il.a
a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsas ê 0 1 ú asêas ú adaads as [daa I saAs–1 = A–1 and (0)A–1 a =da asas
0]
.s
w .wp.ap = ê 0 .w
w pú.apda=dê 0 1 0
wú.wp.p w .wp.a–1 p d2 w .wp. p d
ww êë - sin a 0 w cos a úû
w êësin a 0 coswa úû
w ⇒ AI – w 3Iw– 7A = 0 [
ww AA–1 = I]
⇒ AI – 3I = 7A–1
w
i .ani e\
. t –1
nteF(a) =
1
adj i .ani .entet
(F(a)) ⇒ A
i .ani entet –1 = 1 [A – 3I] [\
. t t
il.ani.enAIe = A]
t t
il.ani.ene
asl a l F( a ) asl a l asl a l 7 asl a asl a
adsa adsa adsa asa asa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apdacos a 0 -sin a w.wp.apda 1 .w
w p .apda5d 3 1 0  w.wp.apdad
ww 1 é wùw
–1
ww ⇒ A w =w    − 3 0 1 ww
ê ú 7   −1 −2  
w
[ F (a )] =
-1
0 1 0
1 ê ú –1 1  5 − 3 3 − 0 1  2 3
t t ê t t ú ⇒ A t t = tet=   tet
l ail.ani.n
e e ë sin laail.an0i.n cos aû
e e
l ail.ani.n
e e
7  −1 − 0 ala −i2l.an−i.en3 7  −1 −5 alail.ani.en
adas as s as
aa a 0 - sin a ù s
ada as aas s s
ada s
écos.apdad p.apda2d 3
w
w w .wp
ê ú w –1
1 .w
w w
ww = ww ê 0 1 0 ú ww ...(1) \A w =w
7  −1 −5 ww
êë + sin a 0 cos a úû
t t t t t
l ail.ani.ente é cos ( -laa i
l
) .ani.e0nte sin (-a) ù l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.ap daada Now, F(– a) = .wp ê .apdaada 0 1 0.úp.apdaada
w .
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada
ww ê ww ú
w w w w w
ww ww ww
êë - sin (-a) 0 cos (-a) úû
t t t t t t t t t t
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nentet
8lail.ai. l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa I
ww ww
é -8 1 4ù ww ww
é3 2ù
ww é -1 -3 ù
1ê ú –1 T
7. If A = ê ú and B = ê ú ,verify that
5. If A = t ê 4 4 7 ú , prove that t A = A . ë 7 5 û ë 5 2 û
i .ani.ente 9 ê 1 -8 4 ú lail.ani.ente i ntet –1
.ani.e(AB) –1 A–1. i .ani.ente
t
ail.ani.n
etet
s as l a l ë ûs a s s asl a l = B s asl a l s asl
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda –1 T w .wp.apda wé.w3p.apda 2 ù é -1 - 3wù .wp.apda
ww Sol. wwTo prove A = A ww w w
Sol. Given w A= ê ú and B = ê 5 w 2 ú
m
–1
AA = AA T ë 7 5 û ë û
aIt i et
.aniis.entenough to prove AAT ail= I .ani.ente
t
i ntet é 3 2 ù é -1 -3aù il.ani.enét-e3t + 10 -9 + 4 ù ail.ani.entet
.ani.eAB
l l l l a l = ê l =ê ú l
daadsaas é - 8 1 d
4a adsaas
ù d
a adsaas ë 7 5 úû êëap5daadsaa2s úû ë -7 + 25 -21ap adsaûas
+da10
a a é - ù w.w a
co
w.wp. p p. p 8 1 4 p. p .p. .p.
ww 1 êwww.w ú 1 ê w ww w ww w
AA = 9 ê T 4 4 7 w ú w é - ù w
ú ê 1 4 -8ú
7 5
êë 1 -8 4 úû 9 ê 4 7 = ê18 -11ú
t ë t 4 úû t ë û
ene t enet enet t t t t
a l a il.ani .
é 64 + 1 + 16 - 32
a l +
a il.
4ani
+
.
28 - 8 - 8 + 16 ù a l a i
l .ani .
|AB| = –77 + 90 a=l a il.ani≠.en0e ⇒ (AB)–1 exists alail.ani.ene
13
adsas adsas asas aada
ss adsas
.wp.apda = 1 ê -32 + 4w+.w p.apda16 .apdaú d .wp–.apd14 .wp.apda
s.
.wp28 |A| = 15 = 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ A –1 exists
w 28 + 16 + 49 4 - w
32 - w w
ww 81 ê ww ww ú ww ww
êë -8 - 8 + 16 4 - 32 + 28 1 + 64 + 16 úû |B| = –2 + 15 = 13 ≠ 0 ⇒ B–1 exists
-11 5 ö
enteé81 t 0 0ù é1 0nent0eùt é1 0 0 ù tet –1 = 1 adj (AB) en=tet1 æç tet
ok
i .ani . ê i . i . ú ê ú i . ni en(AB)
. i . n i. ÷ ...(1) lail.ani.en
a sl a l 1 ê ú 81 a sl a l a asl a l a AB asl a l a
è - 18 7 ø adsa as
ads =a 0 81 0 ú=daadsaê0 1 0 ú= ê0 1 0 ú d=aaIdsa adsa 13
w .wp.apda 81 ê w .wp.ap 81 ê0 0 1 ú ê0 0w.wp1.aúp w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww êë 0 w0w 81úû ë û ë ww û ww 1 adjB ) 1 æ 2 ww 3ö
B–1 = ((adj B) = ç ÷
Therefore A–1 = AT B 13 è -5 -1ø
t t t t etet etet etet
o
l il.ani.ene é 8 -4 ù alail.ani.ene
aIf l ail.ani.n –1 = 1 adjA l ail1.anæçi.n5 -2 ö÷ = æç 5 -s2aö÷slail.ani.n
s
ada6.
a s A = ê -5 3ap ,
ú aa verify
s s that A(adj A) = s
ada as A (adj sA)=
as
ada 1 è -7 3 ø è -7adaad3aø
.wp.apda ë w.w p. ûdad .wp.apda .wp.apda
A .p.p
w w w ww w
ab
ww (adj A) A w =w |A| I2. w - 2020]

w[Sep. ww 1 æ 2 3 ö æ 5 -2w ö
é8 -4 ù \ B–1 A–1 = ç ÷ç ÷
Sol. Given A = ê ú 13 è -5 -1ø è -7 3 ø
i .ani.ente
t ë -5i.ani.e3ntûe t
i
t
.ani.ente1 æ 10 - 21 -4 + 9laö il.ani1.entæe-11 5 ö
t
i .ani.ente
t
saas l a l sas l a l sas l a l a l a l
apdaad apda= adaé3 4 ù apdaada = 13 çè -25 + 7.wp.ap10 daad-sa3s÷ = 13 ç -18 7 ÷ .p.apda...(2) adsaas
.wp. adj .wA
p. ê5 8 ú .wp. ø è ø w
ur
w w w w w
ww ww ë û ww ww ww
From (1) and (2) it is prove that
[Interchange the elements in the leading diagonal and –1 = B–1 A–1.
(AB)
changen.ethe te tsign of the elements in the
te t off diagonal] te t tet t t
l a il.ai n
l a n
il.ai. en
la n
il.ai. en
é 2 - 4 l a il.an2i.enù l a il.ani.ene
ads
a
as |A| = adsa24
a s – 20 = 4 a
adsas a
sas adsasa
.s
.wp.apda .wp.apda é8 -4 ù é3 4 ù w.wp.apda 8. If adj (A) = êp-.ap3daad12 -7 ú .wp.apda

w w w .w , find A. w
ww \ Aw(adj A) w = ê ú ê5 8wú
w ww ê ú ww
ë - 5 3 ûë û ê
ë - 2 0 2 ú
û
24t - 20 32 - 32 ù é 4tet0 ù é 2 -4 et2etù
enéête
w
...(1) ail.ani.ente
t t t

la il.a=
ni . úl a=il.aniê.en ú
l ê -3 asla il.ani.n ú l a il.ani.ene
adsaas ë - 15 + 15 - 20 + 24a
adsa û ë
s 0 4 û adsa Sol. Given adj A =adêaadsa
as 12 - 7 adsaas
ú
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda é3 4 ù é 8 -4 ùw.wp.apda w .wp.pê -2 0 2 ú w .wp.apda
ww ww (A) = ww ww ë û ww
(adj A) ê5 8 ú ê -5 3 ú
w
ë ûë û 1
We know that A = ± .adj (adj A) ...(1)
ée 24te -
t 20 -12 + 12 ù é 4 e t0
e ù
t e te t adjA e te t etet
ala= il.aniê.n ú a=laêil.ani.n ú ...(2) alail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s ë 40 - 40 -20 +apd24 s s
adûa ë 0 4 û s
ada s s s
12 -ad7a -3 -7 -3 12 aas s
.wp.apda .wp.apda |adj A| = 2w.wp.apda + 4 p.apdad
w
w w .wp. a w + 2 w.w
w
ww w ww w ww w 0 2 -2 2 ww w-2 0 ww
é1 0 ù é 4 0 ù
|A| I2 = 4 ê = ...(3) [Expanded along R1]
t t ë 0 1 úû êëe0tet 4 úû t t tet t
l ail
e
.ani. n e
l a i
l .ani. n
l a i
l
en e en
.ani. = 2 (24 – 0) + 4 (–la6il.an–i. 14) + 2 (0 + 24) l ail.ani.ente
sas a
daadsitasis proved that sas adsaas saas
.
w p.apdaad a From (1), (2) and .
w p.a(3),
p .
w p.apdaada = 2 (24).w +
p a4pda(–
. 20 ) + 2 (24) = 48 – .
wp apd+aad48
80
.
w A (adj A) =ww w
(adj A) A = |A| I2 is verified. w w w
ww ww ww– 80 = 16
= 96 ww
t t t t t t t t t t
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ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene a9l ail.ani.ene
s
Chapter dsa s
ww Now, adj (adjww A) ww ww ww
é 1 0 1ù
é 12 -7 -3 -7 -3 12 ù
T
ê ú
10. Find tadj (adj (A)) if adj A = ê t0 2 0 ú .
e êt+e t - + e te t ú e te e te etet
s asl ail.ani.nê 0 2 -2 s2aslail.a-ni2.n 0 ú s asl ail.ani.n s as l ail.ani.nêë -1 0 1úû s asl ail.ani.n
ada aa aa é 1 ad0a 1 ù ada
w .wp.apda ê -4 2 .w
w p2.apda2d 2 -4 ú w.wp.apdad w .wpê .apda ú w .wp.apda
ww = ê- ww+ - úww Sol. Given adjwA w= 0 2 0 ww
ê ú
m
ê 0 2 -2 2 -2 0 ú
ê ú êë -1 0 1 úû
t - 4 2 2 2 2 t- 4 t t t
.ani.enêt+e +il.ani.ene ú
t .ani.ente 0ni.ente .ani.ente
T
ai l - a a il é 2 0 ail.a 0 0 2ù a il
sas l ê 12 -7 -3 as- a7s -3 12 úû
l sas l ê + dadsaas- l + ú sas l
apdaada ë apdada apdaada ap0a 1 -1 1 -1 0 ú.wp.apdaada
co
w . wp. w .wp . w .wp. w .wpê . w
ww é + ( 24 w -w 0 ) - ( -6 - 14 ) + ( 0 + 24 ) wùw ww ê 0 1 1 1 1 ww
T
0 ú
ê ú Now adj(adj A) = ê - + - ú
= ê - ( -8 - 0 ) + ( 4 + 4 ) - ( 0 - 8 ) ú ê 0 1 -1 1 -1 0 ú
t t t t t t ê t t t t
l a il.ani.enê +e ( 28 - 24 ) - ( -14 +a6la)il+.ani(.e2n4e- 12 ) ú l a il.ani.ene ê 0 1 l a il1.ani.en1e 1 0 úú l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas ë adsas û adsasa + adsas- a + a
adsas
.wp.apda .wpù.aTpda é 24 8 4 ù .wp.apda .wpëê .apd2a 0 0 0 0 2 wúû.wp.apda
s.
w é 24 20 w24 w w
ww ê8 w
w
ú = ê 20 8 8 ú w
w ww ww T
= 8 8 ê ú é+ ( 2 - 0) - ( 0) + ( 0 + 2)ù
T
é 2 0 2ù
ê ú
ê
enëtet
4 8 12 ú
û ê
ë 24 8
entet û
12 ú = ê -e(n0te) t + (1 + 1) - ( 0 ) ú =enêête0t 2 0 úú
ê ú
t t
ok
l a il.ani . l a il.ani . l a il.ani. l a il.ani. l a il.ani.ene
daadsa
as é 6 2 1 ù s a s s + ( 0 - 2) - ( 0 ) +d(a2ds-a0 )û êë -2 0 2 úû dadsa
as ê as ú as
.wp.ap ê5 2 2wú.w p apdaada
. . p.apdaada ë .wp.apa .wp.apa
w ww = 4 ê w ú w ...(3) w w w w
w w w é 2 0 - 2 ù w w w
êë6 2 3 úû ê0 2 0 ú
adj (adj A) = ê ú
Substituting t (2) and (3) in (1) weeget, t tet ê útet etet
o
e t e te e ë e
n n n aila û n ail.ani.n
. ni . . ni . . ni . 2 0 . n2 i .
s asl aila é 6 2 1 ù
s a sl aila s asl aila s as l s asl
daada aa ada é 1 tan ùa
xad ada
w .wp.ap A = ±
1
. 4 ê5 .w
w p2.apda2dú w .wp.apda 11. A = ê w .wp.apdaú , show that w .wp.apda
ab
ww 16 w ê ú
w ww ë - tan wwx 1û ww
êë6 2 3 úû
écos 2 x -sin 2 x ù
. ni e
. ntet é6 2 1 ù é6 n2.ente1tù
. i AnT.enA
. i te–1t = ê .anúûi.e.nte
t
.ani.ente
t
asl a il a 4 ê ú ê l a il a ú l a il a ë sin 2 x cos l 2
a ix
l l a il
±saaês5 2 2 ú sas sas sas
. p.ap
daadsaA = ± ê5 2 2ú d
4 . p ap=aad
. . p.apdaada . p apdaada
. . p.apdaada
tan x 
êë6 ww 2 w 3 úû ww
w w w w w
ur
ww
w êë6 2 3 úû www w1
ww
w
Sol. A =  − tan x 
é 0 -2 0 ù  1 
t t ê ú tet–1. [PTA-6] t t tan x i.ani.entet t t
l il.ani.ene = ê 6 2 -6aú l,afind
9. Ifaadj(A) il.ani.enA l a il.ani.ene  1
l a l 2 2 l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas êë -3 p0.apdaads6aúûs ads a
as |A| =  − tan xdadsa1s  = 1+ tan x = sec dxadsas
a a
.s
w .wp.apda w .w w .wp.apda  .p.apa

ww

w.wp.p
aa
ww ww é 0 -2 0 ù w w w w
 1 − tan x  w w
adj A = 
Sol. Given adj (A) = ê 6 2 -6 ú
ê ú  tan x 1 
w
t t t t tet t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene êë -3 lail0.ani.ene6 úû
a a l a il.ani.enknow,
We A –1 =
1
Adja lAa il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s asa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 1 w .wp.apda w .wp.aA pdad w .wp.apda
ww We know that ww A–1 = ± ww ...(1)
(adj A) ww - tan x ù ww- tan x ù
1 é 1 2 é 1
w
adjA
= sec 2 x ê tan x = cos x ê
ë 1 úû ëttan x 1 úû
t e t te t te t te etet
ail.6ani.n -6 + 0
e e e e
s asl ail.ani.n |adj A| = 0 +
s a 2
sl s asl ail.ani.n é sinsxasùl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada -3 6 ada aada ú ada
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda p-.apdcos .wp.apda
w
w w w ê 1 w.w x w
ww ww [Expanded along ww R1] = cos x ê ww 2
ú ww
ê sin x ú
= 2 (36 – 18 ) = 2(18) = 36 êë cos x
1
úû
n e
. nte t n .en te t n e
. nte t ni.entet ni.entet
a il.a i é - a il.a i a il.a i a il .a ai l.a
l sùas l é 0 -2 0 ù asaas l é cos x -acos sasx sin x ù
l l
0 2 0 2
sas sas
. p.apdaada–1 1 ê . p apd-aa6dúa
. 1ê . pú
.apdad A–1 = ê . p apdada
. ú . p.apdaada
w \ A = ±
w 6 w 2 w ú= ± 6ê 6 w 2 ww-6 úw w w w w
36 ê ww ëêcoswxwsin x cos x ûú 2
ww ww
êë -3 0 6 úû êë -3 0 6 úû
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a10l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s Sura’s ➠ XII s
adsaStd - Mathematics ➠ Volume s
adsa I
ww é ww
1 tan x ù ww ww
 1 −1  3 −2
ww
A= ê 13. Given A =  , B = and
ë -t tan x 1úû 
 2 0 tet  1 1

e te etet etet e e tet
a l ail.ani.n é sin x ù aslail.ani.n a lail.ani.nC =  1 1
, find a l ail.ani.n
matrix
a X such that AXB = C. a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s 1 - daadú a s s
ada s  2 2 adaada s s s
ada s
.wp.apda AT = êê p.ap x
.cos .wp.apda   .w p.p .wp.apda
ww
w
w ww w ú ww
w w
ww  1 −1 3 −2 w
w w é1 1 ù
ê sin x 1ú
m
Sol. Given A =   , B =  1 1 and C = ê ú
êë cos x úû  2 0   ë2 2û
t t t t t
l ail.ani.enteé 1 - sin x ù lail.ani.ente l
a i
l .ani.ente Also, A X B = Clail.ani.ente la i
l.ani.ente
sas ê úaédsaascos 2 x - cos x sin x ù dadsaas saas sas
apdaadAaT A–1 = ê cos apxda apa Pre-multiply.wpby ad–1
apdaA apdaada
co
w .
w p. w .
w p. ú ê .
w pú . . we get, .
w p.
ww ê sin xww ww ww ww
w
1ú êëcos x sin x x úû
2
wcos w
(A A) X B = A–1 C
–1
êë cos x úû
écos 2 x t-esin Þ X B = A–1. C. [ A–1 A = I]
t x -2 sin x cos x ù n.eéncos
2
t t 2x - sin 2 x ù t t t t t t
êlail.ani.en
=as úi.=i ê e
2sla la ú l a
e
il.ani.enPost Multiply by B–1lawe .ene
il.aniget l ail.ani.ene
s ê 2 sin x cos x cos x d
2 a
s xú
- sin sin 2 x cos 2dx a a
ûdsas a
sas –1 a
adsas
adaadaë a aada û ë .wp.apa (X B).pB.apda ad= (A
–1 C) B–1 .wp.apda
s.
w.wp.p 12. Find the matrix p
w.wp.A for which w w w w
ww ww ww Þ ww X = (A–1 C) B–1 ww
é 5 3 ù é14 7 ù 1 −1
A êt t = . |A| = =0+2=2≠0
-e1 -2 úû êë 7 7 úû i.ani.entet t t 2 0etet t t
ok
a i
l .
a ni en
. ë al a il.ani.ene a il.ani.n a il.ani.ene
adsaasl é ù adsaasél14 7ù
a
adsa sl
–1
a
adsa sl
1 1  0 1dadsa asl
d d .wp.apda \.pA.apda =
A adj A = 2 w
a 5 3 a
a
w.wp.p Sol. Given A ê ww.wp.pú = ê
a
ú w w w p.a1pa
−2.w
w ww w w 
w ëw-1 -2 û ë 7 7û w
3 −2
w
é5 3ù é14 7 ù |B| = 1 1 = 3 + 2 = 5 ≠ 0
Let Bt = ê ú and C = ê t ú t tet n.entet
o
e te e te e te
a l ail.ani.n ë -1 -2 û saslail.aëni.7n 7 û a l ail.ani.n a1lail.ani.en 1  1 2 saslail.ai
s
ada s aa s
ada s –1 adas s
p.apdad= C \ pB.ap = adj B = 5  −1 p.a daada
w .wp.apda \
w AB
.w w .wp.apda w .w da B  w.w 3p
ab
ww Post multiply ww by B–1 we get ww ww ww

–1 1  0 1  1 1 1  0 + 2 0 + 2
A C=  =

t
A (BB–1) = CB–1
t t 2  −2 1  2 2 t 2  −2 + 2 −2 + 2 t
aslailÞ.ani.en te A = CB ail.ani.e
–1
nte [ BB–1 = I] ail.ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente
1 é 2 2 ù asaa1s
d ( 2 ) éê
s sasl sas l l 1 1ù é1 1ù asaas l
apdaada apdaada 5 3 apdaada = ê .w apúda = ú ê .w úadad
.wp. .wp. . wp. p. 0 0û = w 0w 0pû.p
ur
w w w w ww 2wëw0 0û 2 ë ë
w w |B| = -1 -2 w w w
\ X = (A–1 C). B–1
= –10 + 3t =t –7 ¹ 0
t t t 1t 1 1  1 2 1  .1ni−.en1tet 2 + 3 t t
l a il.ani.ene–1 l a il.ani.ene la il.ani.ene  
=  = l 
a ila  l a il.ani.ene
ads as \ B exists
a a
adsas a
adsas 0 0 5  −1 3daadsa5a s  0 + 0 0 + 0 a
adsas
.s
w.wp.apda 1 w .wp.apda -1 é -2 -3ù w.wp.apda w .wp.ap w .wp.apda

ww B–1 =
wwadj B = ê úw
w w1wé0 5 ù 1
( 5)
é0 1 ùwwé0 1 ù
B 7 ë1 5û = 5 ê0 0 ú = 5 ê0 0 ú = ê0 0 ú
ë û ë û ë û
n.entet A = CB–1n.entet
w
te t é0 i.1niù.ente t t t
i.ai i.ai il.ani.en a il.ani.ene
saaslal é ù - saöaslaé l-2 -3ù s
asl a \ X ad=
s aê
sl a l ú s asl a
a d
aad 14 7 æ d
a a
d
1
.p.açp ÷ ê apdaada apda aë0 0 û apdaada
w.wp.p = ê 7 ww ú.w ú w.wp. w.wp. w.wp.
ww ë w 7 û è 7 ø ë 1 5 û ww é0w 1 1ù
w ww
w
ê 1 0 1ú 1 2
é 2 1ù æ -1 ö é -2 -3ù 14. If A = , show that A –1
= (A – 3I).
nent= et 7 ê1 1ú ç 7 ÷ ê 1nente5t ú t ê ú t 2
û è øalëail.ai. e te êë 1 1 0 úû e te etet
sasl ail.ai. ë
s s
û
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada é 2 1ù.p.aép-da2ada-3ù aa aa aa
.wp.apda p.apdad p.apdaé0d 1 1 ù p.apdad
w
w - w w
êw1w 1ú ê 1 5 ú w .
w w .
w w .
w
ww = ww ww ê ú ww
ë û ë û Sol. Given A = ê1 0 1 ú
é -4 + 1 -6 + 5ù é -3 -1ù êë1 1 0 úû t
.ni.ent= t -ê ú = -teê -t 1 2 ú tet t
l ail a
e
ë -2 + 1 - 3 + 5lûa i
l .
ani.en ë û l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l a i
sas sas sas saas1 1 1 0 sas
.wp.apdaada é3 1 ù.w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada |A| .
w =
p.apd0a0ad–-11 +1 .
wp .apdaada
w A = ê1ww-w w w 1 w1ww
2 úû
ww ww ww 1 0
ë
= –1 (0 – 1) + 1 (1 – 0) = 1 + 1 = 2
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene 11a l ail.ani.ene
s
Chapter dsa s
ww = w2 ≠ 0, hence A–1 exists ww
|A| w 1w
w ww
1  1 1  1 1
\ A–1 = A adj A =  = 
1t
T
  1  −2 − 
tet +
0 1
−
1 1
te t +
1 0
tet te  −2 −1 etet
.
ailan i e
. n  . n i e
. n  . ni e
. n . ni e
. n ail.ani.n
s asl  1 0 sasla1ila 0 1 1 s asl aila s asl aila s asl
ada aa a a Hence the decryption ada  1 1 adaada
w.wp.apda w.wp1.apda1d 0 1 0 1w.w p.apdad w .wp.apda matrix is  −2 −1w  .wp.p
ww = w −
adj A w + − ww  ww  ww 
m
 1 0 1 0 1 1
Coded
 
n e
. nte t  1 1 0 n e
.1nte t 0 1  row n e
. ntet Decoding Decoded .ani.ente row matrix
t
.ani.ente
t
l ail.a i + −
l a i
l .
a i + l a i
l .
a i matrix l a i
l la il
sas  0 1adsaas 1 1 1 0  daadsaasmatrix sas sas
apdaada apda ap apdaada apdaada
co
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .wp. . wp. .wp.
ww ww (0 − 1) − (0 − 1) + (1 −w0w) T éww1 w 1ù ww
w
[2 – 3] ê ú = [2 + 6 2 + 3] = [8 5]
=  − (0 − 1) + (0 − 1) − (0 − 1) ë -2 -1û
 
t t  + (1 − 0) − (0 −n1.e)nte+
t (0 − 1) t t tet tet
a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ai 
a l a il.ani.ene é 1 1ù a
en
lail.ani. a
en
lail.ani.
adsas s
 −1 apd1aadsa1  −1 1 1 apdaadsa [20 4]
T s s s
ê -2 -p1aúpdaad= [20 – 8 20 – 4] = [12 16]
a adsa s
.wp.apda .p.apda
s.
w w .wp.
w= w 1 −1 1 = 1 −1 ww1   
w .wp. ë ww.w.û ww w
ww   ww ww
 1 1 −1  1
1 −1 So, the sequence of decoded row matrices is
[8 5],
entet  −1 1 a1il.ani.ente
t entet[12 16] ntet t t
ok
a la i
l .
a ni .
a l a l a i
Now
l .
a ni . the 8th English alphabet
a l a il.ani.eis H. a l a il.ani.ene
s \ A–1 = p1.apdaa−d1sa 1 ...(1)adaads
s s s s
1
adsa
a th adsa adsa
w.wp.apda 2w.w 
w .wp.p 5 English alphabet w .wp.apdais E. w .wp.apda
ww ww  1 1 −1 ww 12th English wwalphabet is L. ww
th
and the 16 English alphabet is P.
é0 1 1 ù é0 1 1 ù
Thus etethe
t receiver reads the message etet as “HELP”.
i.ente A2 = êê1 0 1 úú lêêa1il.ani.e0nte 1 úú
t t etet
o

s slail.anNow
a s as s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada êë1.p.a1pdaad0aúû êë1 1 0 úû ada ada ada
.p.apda
ww ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww
wwEXERCISE 1.2
ab
ww ww ww ww
é 0 +1+1 0 + 0 +1 0 +1+ 0 ù é 2 1 1 ù
ê
= ê0 +et0e+1 t 1+ 0 +1 1+ 0 + 0 úú = êêt 1 2 1 úú 1. Find tthe rank of the following matrices by
n ete e te e tet .ani.ente
t
i . ni .
laêla0 +1+ 0 1+ 0 + 0 l ail0.anúûi.n êë1 1 2 úû l a ilminor
.ani . n method: l a il.an i . n
l a il
adsaas ë
1+1+
s as sas sas sas
apda ada
ap0da 0 2 − 3 1 − 0 1 −.w apdaada apdaada é -1 3 ù .p.apdaada
. wp.  2 1 1   .
1wp .  w  p . é 2ww-w 4ù. wp. w
ur
w w 0 ê 4 -7wúww
ww ww ww
A2 – 3I= 1 2 1  − 3 0 1 0 = 1 − 0 2 − 3 1 − 0  (i) ê -1 2 ú (ii) ê ú
ë û êë 3 -4 úû
1 1 2 0 0 1 1 − 0 1 − 0 2 − 3
t t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene é - 1 1 l a il.ani1.eùne (iii)
l a il.ani.ene é 1 -2 -1 0 ùal[aPTA il.ani.e-n5]e l a il.ani.ene
a
daadsas 1 2 1 pêapdaadsas
a asasa ê 3 -6 -3dad1saú s asasa
.s
w .wp.ap = ( - ) =w.w . 1 -1 1ú ...

w . p.apdad
(2)
w ë
w . wp.apa û w .wp.apdad
ww 2 ê ú
A 3 I
ww 2 ww ww
é 1 -2 3 ù
ww
é 0 1 2 1ù
êë 1 1 -1úû
ê 2 4 -6 ú ê ú
1 22
é ù (iv) ê ú (v) ê0 t 2 4 3 ú
w
–1
From (1)teand
t (2), it is proved that A te =t [A A – - 3I]
3I te t te t t
a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.en 2 ë û
a l a il.ani.en êë 5 1 -1úû alail.aniêë.en8 1 0 2 úû a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsaDecrypt the received
15.
s
adsa encoded messageadaadsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.p 
w .2wp.ap−da4 w .wp.apda
ww [2 –3] [20 w 4]w with the encryptionwmatrix w Sol. (i) Let A w=
w ww
−1 2
w
 −1 −1 
 2 t 1t and the decryptiont t matrix as t A is a matrix of order 2 ×t 2t
 i.ni.ene 
a i .ani.ene i .ani.enet ee
a=il.an2i.n ail.ani.n
etet
a l a l a l a l \
a l a l r(A) ≤ min (2, 2)
a l a l
adaits inverse, where athe
s s adasystem of codes areadaada
s s s s aas s aas s
.wp.apda described by thewnumbers .wp.pda pdad of minor of A is w p.apdad
w
w 1 − 26 to the .wp.p
letters
w The highest
w .wp.aorder 2 .w
ww ww ww ww ww
A – Z respectively, and the number 0 to a It is 2 −4 = 4 – 4 = 0
blank space. −1 2
t t t t t
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente−1 −1 So,
l a il.ani.ente r(A) < 2 l a il.ani.ente l ai l.ani.ente
saLet
Sol. s the encryption matrix sabe
s A=   sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp apdaada
.  2 1 .wp apdaad a
. Next consider. wp. aadaminor of order 1 |2| =.p2.ap≠daa0da
apdthe w
w w w w w
ww ww ww \ wwr(A) = 1 ww
|A| = – 1 + 2 = 1 ≠ 0
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsa I
ww ww é -1 3ù ww ww0 2 1
ww
(ii) Let A = ê 4 -7 ú 2 1
ê ú Also, 0 4 3 = 0 + 0 – 8
t t
.ani.ene êë 3 -4 úû i.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t t
.ani.ente 4 3 etet
s asl a i
l s asl a l s asl a i
l 8 0 2 s asl a i
l s asl ail.ani.n
ad
a A is a matrixapd ofadorder
a 3×2 ada ada [Expanded along adCa ]
w.wp.apda w .wp. a w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 1
ww \wr(A) w ≤ = 2 ww =
ww – 8 (6 – 4) = – 8 (2) = –w16 w≠ 0
m
We find that there is a second order minor, \ r(A) = 3
2. n.enFind
.ai te the rank of the .anfollowing matrices by n.entet
t t t t
i
l .ani.ente -1 3
= 7 – i
l .ani.en=te– 5 ≠ 0
12 i
l i
l i.ente i.ai
d adsaasl a
4 - 7 d adsaasl a
d adsaasl a row reduction method
d ad
l
saas :a
d adsaaslal
aa aa aa a
1p.ap 1 3 ù .p.apa
co
w.wp.p \wr(A) w.wp.p = 2. w.wp.p é 1ww.w ww w
ww w ww wê ú w
é1 -2 -1 0 ù (i) ê 2 -1 3 4 ú [PTA-1]
(iii) Let A = ê3 -6 -3 1 ú
n etet ë .n eûtet n etet êë 5 -1 7 11úû etet
n n etet

saasla il.ani. A is a matrix ofsaorder
aslail.ani(2 × 4) saaslail.ani. é 1 2 -1sù
aaslail.ani. saa slail.ani.
adaad a
.apdad adaad a
p.apdadú
a
p5.apdad2 ù
é 3 -8w.w
s.
w w.wp.p \ r(A)
w w≤.wpmin (2, 4) = 2 w w.wp.p ê 3 w-.w
w 1 2 w
w w w (ii) ê
w ú (iii) ê 2 w-5 1 4 ú
The highest order of minor of A is 2 ê 1 -2 3ú ê ú
ê ú êë -1 2 3 -2 úû
1 -2
ente ist t
= – 6 i+.ni6.ent=e 0 t t ë 1 -1 1û t t t t
ok
aa
It
lail.ani. 3 -6 asaaslala a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
a daadsas dad .wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apdêa
s
é1adsa 1 1 3 ù
.wp.apda
adsa s
.
ww p. p 0p.ap
-1w.w w w ú w
ww Also,ww ww
= – 1 + 0 = – 1 ≠ 0. Sol. (i) ww A = ê 2 -1 3 4 ú ww
Let
-3 1
êë 5 -1 7 11úû
\ r(A) = 2.
etet n.entet etet 1 1 1 3 ù etet 1 1 1 3 ù i.ni.entet
o
l ail.ani.n é1 -2sasl3aùil.ai l ail.ani.n éê a®il.aRni2.n-2R1 êé ala
s
ada as ada s as
ada A = ê 2 -1 3 a4dúaa¾ ú
ds a
Rsl
a¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 -3 a1daad-sa2asúúl
2
w .wp.apda (iv) Let A =w êê.wp2 .apda4 -6 úú a

w.wp.p
da
êë 5 w
.p.p
-1ww7w11úû
.p.p
êë5ww-1w 7 11 úû
ab
ww ww ê 5 1 -1ú ww w
ë û
é1 1 1 3ù
A is a matrix of order 3 × t3 ¾
R 3 ®R 3 -5R1 ê
2 úút
. ni e
.ntet . ni e
.nte . ni e
. nte¾¾¾¾¾
t ® ê0 -3 1 e-te
.ni . n .ani.ente
t
i
lala \ r(A) ≤ min (3, l3)
ala= 3
i i
lala êë0 sa-
i
lala l a i
l
a daadsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas a d aad as6 2 -4úû sas
apdaada
w.wp.
p The highest
w.wp. order of minor of Awisw3..wp.
p p

p
w.wp. é 1 1 1 3ù .wp.
ur
w
ww ww w ww R3®R3- 2R2 ê ww
1 -2 3 ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -3 1 -2 úú
It is 2 4 -6 = 1 4 -6 + 2 2 -6 + 3 2 4 êë0 0 0 0 úû
entet 1 -1tet 5 -1
5 1 -1 lail.ani.en
5 1 t t
ne last equivalent matrix
il.ani.eThe
t t
il.ani.eisnein row echelon form
t t
il.ani.ene
lail.ani. la l a l a
adsaas a
adsas [Expanded alongaRda1ad a
]sas a
adsas a
adsas
.s
p a
. pda .wp.apda .wp.p it has two non-zero
.wp.apda rows .wp.apda
w.w
w
= 1w(–w4 + 6) + 2 (– 2 + 30) + 3w(2
w
w – 20) w w
ww ww
\ r(A) = 2. ww
= 1 (2) + 2 (28) + 3 (– 18) é1 2 -1ù
ê3 -1 2 úentet
w
t t
i.ani.en = 2 + 56 – 54 = 58 –i.an 54 t t t t t t
la l
e
l a l i.en= 4 ≠ 0
e
l a il.ani.en e
ê l a il.anúi. l a il.ani.ene
ads
aas \ r(A) = 3. daadsaas s as (ii) Let A = as
ds2a 3 ú s as
.wp.apda .wp.ap .
w papdaada
. .
w
ê1.apdaa-
p .
w p.apdaada
ww éê ù ww êë1 -1 1 úû
w w 0 1 2 1 w w w
ww ú
ww ww
w
(v) Let A = ê0 2 4 3 ú
é 1 2 -1ù R 2 ®R 2 -3R1 é1 2 -1ù
êë8 1 0 2 úûentet
n.entet n. n.entet ê ú R ®nR.ent-eRt ê ú n.entet
ê3 -1 2 ú ¾ 0 -7 5 ú lail.ai
.i .i il.ai 3 . i
a s
aaslaila
A is a matrix of
a s
a aslaila 3 × 4
order a s
a asla
A= asaaslaila 3¾ ¾
¾¾¾
1
® ê saas
d
.wp.apda \ r(A)w≤.wpmin
d
.apda (3, 4) = 3 .wp.apda
d d
ê 1 -2 .p3.apúda R ®R - R ê0 .p 4pdaad4 ú
-.a
w
ww
w
ww ww
w ê www w ú 4 4 1
ê ww
ww ú
The highest order of minor of A is 3 ë 1 -1 1û ë0 -3 2 û
0 1 2 é 1 2 -1ù é 1 2 -1ù
t t t t t t ê ú t ê ú t
l ail
e
.ani. n e
l a i
l
e
.ani. n e
l a
¾ i
l .aRn e
¾¾¾¾
e
i.3 ®R3 ÷4® ê0 -7 5ú l¾
n a
R
i
l¾¾¾¾¾
®
ent
.an4i. 4 3 ® ê0 -7 5ú lail.ani.ente
e
R - 3R
s as It is 0 2 4 = s 0as+ 0 – 8 (4 – 4) = 0 sas a
ê0 -a1daads1aús
aús
ê0 -1dadsa
.
w p.apdaada 8 1 .
w0p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada ê .
w p. p ú ê .w
p apa 1ú
.
w w w w w
ww ww [Expanded wwalong C1] wwë0 -3 2û ww ë0 0 -1û
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
s
Chapter dsa s
ww w
é 1 w 2 -1ù é 1ww
2 -1ù ww ww
ê0 -7 é 1 1 ù
R 3 ®7R 3 - R 2 êê0 -7 5úú ¾R 4 ®2R 4 + R 3 5úú 1 -
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾® ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê R 2 ®R 2 -5R1 ê 2 2 t ú
0ú
t t ê0 0 2ú ¾e¾¾¾¾¾ tet ®ê
e te ê 0 0 2 ú e te ente etet
asl ail.ani.n êë0 0 -1úû saslail.ani.n ê
ë0 0 0û
ú
asl aila. ni . n ê0 sasla1il.an-i. 5 1 ú asl ail.ani.n
s
ada ada ad a
s ada 2 2 ú s
ada
w.wp.ap da The last equivalent w .wp.apda is in row echelon w
matrix .wp.apda
form w .wp.apdêëa û w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww é 1 1 ù ww
m
it has two non-zero rows R 2 ®R 2×2 ê 1 - 0ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® 2 2
\ r(A)te=t 3 ê teúút
n .en n e
. nte t n e
. nte t
ê - n e
. n .ani.ente
t
l ai l.a i l a il.a i l a il.a i ë 0 1
l a il5
.a i 2 û l a il
sas é 3 -8daad5saas 2 ù sas sas sas
apdaada ap apdaada apdaada apdaada
co
.wp.
w (iii) Let A = w2w -5 1 4 ê .wp . ú w .wp. R1®R1 +wR
1 .w
w p . w .wp.
ww wê ú ww w 2 2 é1 0 -2 1 ù ww
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê ú
êë -1 2 3 -2 úû
ë0 1 -5 2 û
t t t t t t é -2 1ù ail.ani.ente
t t t
l a il.ani.ene é -1 la 2 il.ani3.ene-2 ù l a il.ani.ene –1 l l a il.ani.ene
a
daadsas A ¾R 3 « R1 ê adsas a ú ads as \ We get A = êëa-5daads2aúûs
a a a
adsas
¾¾¾ ®.wp.aêpda2 -5 1 4 ú .wp.apda .wp.apda
s.
w .wp.ap w w w .wp.p w
ww ww êë 3 -8 5 2 úû w
w ww é 1 -1 0 ù ww
(ii) Let A = êê 1 0 -1úú
é -1 2 3 -2 ù
et2 ®R 2 +2R1 ê
.entR ni.entet t t êë6 -2 -3úû .ni.entet t t
ok
l a il.ani¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾® l a il.a
- ú l a il.ani.ene l a ila l a il.ani.ene
adsa
as adêsaa
0s 1 7 0 ú adsa as as
daadsa method, we get .p.apdaadsa
a s
.wp.apda R 3 ®R 3 +3R .wp1.apda ê 0 -2 14 -4 úw.wp.apda Applying Gauss .wp–.apJordan
w
ww
w
www w ë ww wû w w
w ww w
w
é 1w -1 0 1 0 0 ù w
é -1 2 3 -2 ù ê ú
R 3 ®R 3 ÷2 ê [A|I3] t= ê 1 0 -1 0 1 0 ú t
i.ni¾ t¾¾¾¾
et ® ê 0 -1 e7ntet 0 úú etet
o
e n ete ete
s aslala
.
ê s
.ni.
asl-a1ila 7 -2 úû s asl ail.ani.n êë6 -2 -3 0sas0lail.a1núûi.n s asl ail.ani.n
a
d a ë a0
d a ada ada aa
a
w.wp.p
da da a
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.aépd1a -1 0 1 0 0w p.apdad
ù .w
ab
ww ww 2 é -1 3 -2wù w R 2 ®R 2w-wR1 ê ww ú
R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -1 -1 1 0 ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê 0 -1 7ê 0 úú êë6 -2 -3 0 0 1úû
n.entet tet tet t t
lail.ai ëê 0 lail.a0ni.en0 -2 úû l a il.ani e
. n
l a i l.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas a a a sas é 1 sa- s1 0 1 0 0 ù dadsaas
. p.ap daada The last equivalent . p. daadsas is in row-echelon
apmatrix . p.apdaada R ® R - 6R . p .apdêaada ú p.apa
w w w ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ w
ww ® ê0 1 -1 -1 w 0 ú.w
ur
w w w 3 3 w 1
1 ww
ww form. It has three ww non-zero rows. ww
êë0 4 -3 -6 0 1úû
\ r(A) = 3
3. aFind a ntet inverse of each of
il.ani.ethe a il.athe
t
ni.entefollowing by a il.ani.ene
t t é 1 -1i.ani.en0tet 1 0 0 ù
a l a
t t
il.ani.ene
l a l a l 3 ®R 3 - 4R 2 êasasa l ú asas a l
adsas adsas adsas ¾R
.s
¾¾¾¾¾ ¾p®.apdêa0d 1 -1 -1 1 w0.wpú.apdad

w .wp.apda Gauss – Jordanwmethod .wp.apda : w .wp.apda w .w
ww é 2 -1wùw ww ww êë0 0 1 -2 w -4w 1úû
(i) ê ú [Govt. MQP-2019]
ë 5 -2 û é 1 0 -1 0 1 0ù
w
t t t t t t R +R
® ê t t t t
l a .en e
il.aié 1 -1 0 ù
n l a .en e
éil1.ai 2 3 ù
n l ail¾ n .e
Rn
.ai ¾¾¾¾¾e
1 1 2
® l a i-l.a1i -1 1 0 ú
n .en e
l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s ê
a s
ú apdaadsa ê 2 5 3 ú
adsaas ê 0 1
a
adsa s ú adsaas
w .wp.ap da (ii) ê 1 0 -1wú . (iii) wp. ê ú w .wp.apda w .wp.apêëd0a 0 1 -2 -4 1wúû .wp.apda
ww êë6 -2 w-3 úû
w
êë 1 0 8 úû w
w ww ww
é 1 0 0 -2 -3 1ù
w
R1®R1 +R 3 ê ú
t é 2 -1ù etet ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ t ® ê0 1 -1 -t1et 1 0 ú
Sol. (i) e
te Let A = ê lail.úani.n e te e etet
sa sl ail.ani.n ë 5s as- 2 û s asl ail.ani.n n.n
êë0 s0aslail.a1i -2 -4 1úû s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
.wp.ap da Applying Gauss –wJordan .wp.apda method, we get w.wp.apda .wp.apéd1a 0 0 -2 -3 1ùw.wp.apda
w
w w
ww ww ww w
R 2 ®R 2w+R 3 ê wwú
é 2 -1 1 0 ù ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® 0 1 0 - -
[A|I2] = ê ú ê 3 3 1ú
etet ë 5 -2 0 et1eût etet êë0 0 1 -e2tet-4 1úû etet
asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n
s s
adaada R ®R ÷ 2 é 1.wp.a-pd1aad1a 0 ù
s
adaada é -2ada-3 1ù
s s
adaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p .wpê.apda w.wp.p
w w ¾ ¾¾¾¾ 1 1 ®wêw
w 2 2 ú
w w
w
So, we getwA–1 = ê -3 -3 1ú
w ú
w w
ê ú
êë5 -2 0 1úû êë -2 -4 1úû
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsa I
ww ww ww Sol. (i) 2x ww+ 5y = – 2, x + 2y = – 3 ww
é 1 2 3ù
ê ú The matrix form of the system is
(iii) Let
e te t A = ê 2 5 3ú e tet e tet entet etet
n n n n n n ail.ani.n
s asl .
aila i . êë1 0 s8a úûslaila. i.
s asl aila. i. æ 2 5 ö æsxasölail.ani. æ -2 ö s a sl
ada aa aa ç p.apda÷adç a ÷ = ç ÷ ada
w.wp.apda Applying Gauss w .apdad method, we get w.wp.apdad = w
.wpJordan è 1.w 2 ø è y ø è -3 ø w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww ww
m
é1 2 3 1 0 0 ù Þ AX = B where
ê ú
[A|I ] t= ê 2 5 3 0 1 0i.úni.entet
te t æ 2t 5 ö æ -2 ö t
l ail.ani e
. n
3 l a la l
a i
l .ani.ente A =
l a i
l .ani.entçe ÷ , B = ç ÷ , la il.ani.ente
adsaas êë1 0 8 0 ads0aas 1 úû adsaas adsaas è1 2ø 3døsaas
è -a
ada ada ada ada ada
co
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p
w R 2 ®R 2w- 2R1 w w w
é 1 2 3 1 0 0ù æ xö
R 3 ®R 3 - R1 ê ú X = ç ÷
¾e¾¾¾¾¾ tet ® ê0 1 -en3te-t 2 1 0 ú entet entèeyt ø t t
la i
l.ani . n
l a i
l .
a ni . l a i
l .
a ni . l a i
l .
ani . l ail.ani.ene
a
adsas êëa
0dsas-2 5 -1 0 1úû dadsas
a a a
adsas –1 a
adsas
.wp.apda .wp.apda Þ .wp.apda X = A B w.wp.apda
s.
w w w .wp.apa w
ww ww é 1 0 8 0 0ww1ù ww 2 5 ww
R1®R1 +R 3 ê ú |A| = 1 2 = 4 – 5 = – 1 ≠ 0.
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -3 -2 1 0 ú
t t êë0 -2 i.ni5.en-1 0 1úût t t t t t t t
ok
i.ni.en e e i.ni.en e i.ni.ene i.ni.ene
a a la 1 lala 1 é 2 -5ù a
d a
dsaaslal dadsaaslal d adsaasla \ A–1 =
dadj
adsaasA = d adsaaslal
a a a
.p.apé 1 0 8 0 0 1wù .wp.ap a .pA.ap a ê ú.p.ap a
w.wp.p ww2w ê
R 3 ®R 3w+2R ww w -1 ë -1 w
w 2 ûw
ww ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -3 -2 1 0 ú w wú w w
é -2 5ù
êë0 0 -1 -5 2 1 úû = ê 1 -2 ú
t t t ë t û
etet
o
l a i
l.ani.ente la i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.entée-2 5ù é -2ù l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s a
éa1da 0 8 0 0
s 1ù ada s as s as
ad–1a B = ê aas as
\X =A púû.apdad
w .wp.apda R 2 ®R 2 -3R
w .wp.apdêa w .wpú.apda w .wp.apda ë 1 -2 úû êëw
-.3w
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ww ® ê0 1 0 13 -w5w -3ú
ab
ww ww ww
3

êë0 0 -1 -5 2 é 4 - 15ù é -11ù
1úû = ê ú = ê 4ú
t t t t t t tëe-t 2 + 6 û ë û t
l a il
e
.ani.n e e e
é 1 0lail.ani0. -40 16 9 ù
n
l a il
e
.ani. n e
l a i
l .ani.en
l a il.ani.ente
sas R1®R1 +8R 3 dêaadsaas sas sas sas
.wp.apdaad a ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ®
.
w p.apê0 1 0 13 -5 -.wp3.aúúpdaada \ x = –11,
.
w p apdyaad=a4.
. .wp.apdaada
ur
w w w w w
ww ww êë0 0 -1 -5 w2w 1úû ww– y = 8, 3x + 2y = – 2 ww
(ii) 2x
é1 0 0 -40 16 9 ù The matrix form of the system is
te t
® - ê tet ú te t t t t t
a n e
R n
.ai.¾¾¾¾¾¾
il¾ 3 R 3× ( 1)
® a n en
il.a0i. 13 -5 -3 a n
il.ai.en é 2 -1ù léaxil.a ùni.ene é 8ù a il.ani.ene
s s
a l 0
êss a 1
l l
ú adsas ê adsaúsê ú =
a a a
asas
l
adaada adaada
.s
ê -2 ú
w.wp.p w.wp.p êë0 0 1 5 -2 w-.w
d
1púû.apa 3ada 2 y
w.wpë .p û ë û ë û w.w p.apdad
ww ww ww ww é 2w w
w
-1ù
é -40 16 9 ù Þ AX = B where A = ê 3 2 ú ,
ê ú ë û
t get A–1 = ê 13 -5 n.e-nt3eút
w
So, we
te t t t t é 8ù t t
n
.i
alaila
e
. n i. i
êë a5saasl-a2la -1úû l a
il.ani.ene l a n
.ai
ilB e
.

n e
= l a il.ani.ene
a a ê ú a
a daadsas dad
a .wp.apda
adsa s
.p.apda
adsa s
ë -2 û
.p.apda
adsa s
w.wp.p w.wp.p w Þ www
w
X = A–1 B.w
w
ww ww ww ww
w
EXERCISE 1.3 é 2 -1ù

tet .entet e tet Now, |A| = ê 3 2.ún i.ent=
et 4 + 3 = 7 etet
1.
asl ani.en the following system
ail.Solve aslail.aniof linear equations asl ail.ani.n ë alaila
s û asl ail.ani.n
s
ada s
ada s
ada s
ada 1 s
ada
.wp.apda .wp.apda method: .wp.apda .wp.apda \ A–1 = .wpA.apda
w
w by matrix inversion
w w w adj
w
ww ww
(i) 2x + 5y = – 2, x + 2y = – 3 ww ww Aww
(ii) 2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = – 2 [PTA -3] 1 é 2 1ù

=
e
ani. nte
aslail.(iii) 2x
t
+ 3y – z = 9, x a+slay il+
ente t e
.aniz. = 9, 3x – y – z = –1 lail.ani. nte t
a i
l
e
.ani. nte t 7 êë -3 2 úû ail.ani.ente
t
sa s sas saasl saasl
.
w p.apdaad (iv) x + y + z –
.
w p.a2pd=aad0,a 6x – 4y + 5z – 31 =.wp0, apdaada
. .
w p.apdaad–1 1 é 2 1ù é.p.a
w
8pùdaad
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w ww\ X = A B = 7 êë -3ww2 úû êë -2 úû
w w
5x + 2y + 2z = 13.
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
s
Chapter dsa s
ww ww é 16 - 2 ù
ww ww é 0 4 4ù é 9ù ww
é xù 1
ê y ú = 7 ê -24 - 4 ú 1 ê úê ú
e te t ë û ë tet û
e
\ Xt =t A–1 B =
e e 16 ê 4 1 e-t3eút ê 9 ú etet
a l ail.ani.n a l i.n
ail.an14 a l ail.ani.n êë -4asla 11il.ani.n -1úû êë -1úû a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s aa é
s s ù
é 2 ù .p.apdaad
sa s aas s
ada s
w.wp.apda é xù 1 w é .wp14.apùdad ê ú w w é x ù é 0
w .apda-d4 ù
.wp36
+ é 32 ù éw2 .wp.apda
ù
ww ê ú w = w ê -28ú = ê ú = êë -w4wúû
7 w
ê yú 1 wê 36 + 9 + 3ú 1 ê ú wwê ú
ë yû 7 ë û
m
ê - 28 ú =
ê ú 16 ê ú 16 ê 48ú = ê 3 ú
=
ê
ë 7 û t ú ê ú
ë z ûtet êë -36 + 99 + 1úû t ú ê4ú
ê64
.ani.entëe û ë û
t t
l ai l.ani.ente \ x = 2, y = l–ail4.ani.ente l a il.ani.en
\ x = 2, y = 3, z = 4 l a il l a i
l.ani.ente
sas sas sas saas sas
ap daadaHence, the solution.wpset apdaaisda{2, – 4} apdaad a (iv) x + y + z.wp a2pda=ad0, a0,pdaada
co
w .wp. w . w .wp. w – . 6x – 4y + 5z – 31
w .=
wp.
ww ww ww ww ww
(iii) 2x + 3y – z = 9, x + y + z = 9, 3x – y – z = – 1. 5x + 2y + 2z = 13
The matrix form of the system is The matrix form of the system is
te t te t t t t t t t
a l a n en
il.ai. é 2 3 -1ù é x ù alail.aéi. 9ù n en
a l a il.ani.eneé1 1 1 ù é x ù alailé.an2i.enùe a l ail.ani.ene
daadsas ê 1 1 1úap ê aúdsa
s ê ú adsas ê6 -4 5 ú ê daúadsas ê31ú adsas
.wpú. êdyaú = ê 9ú .wp.apda p.êapy ú = ê ú .wp.apda
s.
w .wp.ap ê w w ê w ú
.w w
ww êë 3 w
w
-1 -1úû êë z úû êë -1úû ww êë5 w w
2 2 úû êë z úû êë13úû ww
é2 3 -1ù é ù 1 1 1
t t ê t t ú t t t t t t
ok
n e
.n e n e
. n e n e
. n e ê
il.a6i -4 5ú ,
n e
. n e il.ani.ene
saÞ lail.ai AX = B where As as= l ail.aêi 1 1 1ú , l a il.ai AX = B where A = l a l a
ada s ada asaas adsa ê
as ú a
asa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda êë 3 -1 -1w p.apdad
úû .w w .wp.apda êë 5 2 2 úû w.w p.apdad
ww wéw
xù ww ww x
ww2
9 é ù é ù é ù
ê yú ê 9ú ê yú ê ú
teX t = ê ú and B = ê teú t t X = ê eú te, tB = ê31ú etet
o
e e e te
s asl ail.ani.n êë z úû
s aslail.anêëi.-n1úû s asl ail.ani.n s asl ailêë.anzi.úûn êë13úû s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
.wp.ap da Þ 2 3 -1 w.wp.apdaX = A B .wp.apda .wp.apdaX = A–1 B .wp.apda
–1
w w Þ w w
ab
ww ww ww ww ww
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|A| = 1 1 1 = 2 -3 -1 -4 5 6 5 6 -4
t -
t -
- 1 - 1 3 t -
t 1 3 -1 |A| t =t 6 -4 5 = 1 -t1et +1 t
i .ani.3
en e 1 1
i e
.ani. n e i .ani.en e e
2ail.a2ni. 5 2 n 5 2 i .ani.ente
sas l a l [Expanded along R1] asaas
l a l l a l 5 2 2 l l a l
ap daada= 2 (– 1 + 1) – 3 (–.wp1.ap–daa3) dsaas apdad apd dsaas
aa(12
sas
apdaada
.wp. – 1 (– 1 – 3) .wp . = 1 (– 8 – 10).wp–. 1 – 25) + 1 (12 + 20).wp.
ur
w w w w w
ww
ww
= 0 – 3 (– 4) –1 (– 4) = 12 + 4 = 16.
ww = 1 (– 18) w–w1 (– 13) + 1 (32) = – 18 +w13w+ 32= 27
T
é 1 1 1 1 1 1ù
T
é -4 5 6 5 6 -4 ù
t t + - +t
il.ani.ene êê 2 2 ú
t t t t t t
il.ani.ene ê + -1 -1 - 3 al-a1il.ani.en+e3 -1 ú
te
l a l a 5lail.a 2ni.en 5 2 ú l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas ê adsas ú asasa asasa a
asas
.s
w .wp.apda ê 3 w -.1wp.apda 2 -1 2 3 ú w.w p.apdad ê 1 .w

w p1.apdad 1 1 1 1 úw.w p.apdad
ww adj A = ê - ww + - wwú adj A = êw-w + - wwú
ê -1 - 1 3 -1 3 -1 ú ê 2 2 5 2 5 2 ú
ê ú ê ú
w
te tê 3 -1 2 -1n.entet2 3 ú te t ê 1 1 1 1 etet1 1 ú t t
l a n
il.ai .en + - alail.ai + l ail.ain .en
ê
+ - l a il.ain . n +
ú l a il.ani.ene
adsaas ê 1 1 dad1sa 1 s 1 1 úû adsaas ë -4 5 adsaas
6 5 6 - 4 û adaadsa a s
ë
w .wp.apda w .wp.apa w .wp.apda .wp.apda T.wp.p
ww é + ( -1 + 1)ww- ( -1 - 3) + ( -1 - 3) ù ww
T
é + ( -8 -w10 w
w ) - (12 - 25) + (12 +w20w)w ù
w
ê ú ê ú
= ê - ( -3 - 1) + ( -2 + 3) - ( -2 - 9 ) ú = ê - ( 2 - 2 ) + ( 2 - 5) - ( 2 - 5) ú
ê.n+i.e(nt3e+t 1) (.2ni.e-nt3e)t úû .ni.eênte + ( 5 + 4 ) - ( 5 - a6il).ani.ent+e(t -4 - 6 ) úû
t t
- ( 2 + 1) l+ .ni.ente
alaëila a aila alaila ë al alaila
daadsas pé.apda0 4 4 ù
adsas ada adsas
.apd
adsas
p.apda
adsas
w
a é -18 13 w.w ùa é -18 0

T
.
wwp.p é0 4 -4 ù w.w
T
w.wp.p p32 9 ùw.w
ww ww ê ú w ê w w
ê 1 11úú = ê 4 1 -3ú 3úú = êê 13 -3 1úú
w w w
= ê 4 = ê 0 -3
êë 4 t-3t -1úû êë -4 11 -1t úû t êë t9
te 1 -10 úû êë 32 t 3t -10 úû t
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n e
l a i
l .
an i.en e
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l a i
é
l .ene 0
.a-ni18 9 ù l ail.ani.ente
sas sas é 0 4 4 ù adsaas sas sas
. p.apdaada 1 .p.apdaada 1 ê . pú
.apda –1
1
. p .apdaada1 ê 13 -3 .úp.apdaada
w
w \ A–1 = ww adj A = w 4 w1ww-3ú \ A = Aww
w adj
w A =
w w1w
ww wA 16 ê 27 ê ww ú
êë -4 11 -1úû ê
ë 32 3 - 10 úû
t t t t t t t t t t
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ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsa I
ww ww é -18
w
0w 9 2 ùé ù w given set of equationswinwmatrix form
Writingwthe
ê 13 -3 we get,
1úú êê31úú
1
\ X = A –1 B =
t t ê entet entet entet etet
a l ala i.ni.ene 27
a l aêëil.an32
i. 3 -10 úû êë13úû saslail.ani. é1 1 2 ù é x ù saslailé.an1i.ù a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s ada ê 3 2 1 ú ê dúaada ê7 ú s
ada s
.wp.apda .wp0.ap+da117 ù .wp.a3pdùa ê ú.wpê.apy ú = ê ú .wp.apda
ww
w é -36
w w + é 81ù w wé w w
ww
w
é xù 1 êw ú 1 ê wú ê ú êë 2 w 1 3 úû êë z úû êë 2 úû
m
ê y ú = ê 26 - 93 + 13 ú = 27 ê -54 ú = ê ú - 2
ê ú 27
t ê + - ú êt úû êë 1úû tet é xù é1 ù t t t
êëi.zniúû.ente ë 64 93 130 û i.ni.enteë 27
i . ni e
. n ê ú i úne
ê.an7i.e i.ani.ente
s asl a l a
\ x = 3, y da=
l a l
s–as2, z = 1
a l a l
sas Þ
a B ê day ú sa=
l a
s ê ú l sas l a l
apdaada ap ada apdaada apz úada ê 2 ú apdaada
co
. p. \ Solution w . p . . p . . pê. . p.
w set is {3, – 2, 1}
w w w w w
ww ë û ë û
w w w w w
ww ww ww
é -5 1 3 ù é 1 1 2ù é xù é1 ù é1 ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú -1 ê ú é1 ù ê ú
2. i.Ifni.eA
a l a nte=t ê 7 1 -5 ú and a
t t
il.aBni.e=neê 3 2 1ú , find ala i.ni.eÞ
l a ntetê y ú = B ê7 ú = a
At t 7
ilêë.an4i.eneúû ê ú a
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l êë z úû êë 2a
úûdsas
a l êë 2 úû a l
adsas êë 1 -1 ad1aa údsas êë 2 1 3 úû adaadsas adsas
.p.apda .p.p û .p.apda .p.apda
s.
ww .p.p
ww ww w
w w AB and BA and hence ww w
w wsolve the é -5 1 w w ww w
3ù é 1 ù é x ù é -5 + 7 + 6 ww w
ùw w é 8 ù é 2 ù
the products 1ê 1ê ú 1 ê ú ê ú
ú ê ú ê ú + -
system of equations x + y + 2z = 1, 3x + 2y + z = 7, = 4 ê 7 1 -5ú ê7 ú = ê y ú = 4 ê 7 7 10 ú = ê 4 ú= ê 1ú
4
2x +
t yt + 3z = 2. t t êëent1et -1 1úû êë 2 úû ê z ú ê
ë entet úû
1 - 7 + 2 êë-4 úû êë -1úû t t
ok
n
il.ai .en e n
il.ai e
. n e n
il.ai . ë û lail.ai n . il.ani.ene
a sla asl a asl a as asl a
adsa é -5 apd1aadsa 3ù é1 1 2 ù apdaadsa asa adsa
w .wp.apda ê w .wp. ú ê w .wpú. \ x = 2, y = .1,
w wp.apzda=d– 1 w .wp.apda
ww Sol. Given A =w ê 7
w 1 -5ú , B = ê 3 w2w 1 ú w solution set is {2, 1, – w
Hence,wthe w
1}.
ëê 1 -1 1ûú êë 2 1 3 úû 3. A man is appointed in a job with a monthly
t t etet etet etet
o
t t
ail.ani.nsalary of certain samount ail.ani.nand a fixed amount
e e é -5 1 3ù éla1il.ani1.n 2 ù e e
a l ail.ani.n a a l a l a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s ê adaú ê
s s ú s
ada s of annual increment. aada
s If his salary was
adsa s
w .wp.apda AB = ê 7 w.wp1.apda-5ú ê 3 2 1 ú w .wp.apda ` 19,800 w .wp.apd
per month at the end of
w .apdafirst
.wpthe
ab
ww êëww 1 -1 1úû êë 2 1 3 úû w
w ww ww
month after 3 years of service and ` 23,400
é -5 + 3 + 6 -5 + 2 + 3 -10 + 1 + 9 ù per month at the end of the first month after
t t tet t t t t
= l a i
l .
a ni e
.n e ê 7 + 3 - 10 7 l +
a il.
2an-
i e
.n5 14 + 1 - 15 ú
l a il.an i e
. 9eyears of service, find
n
l a il i.entestarting salary andlail.ani.ente
.anhis
sas ê sas ú sas his annual increment. sas (Use matrix inversion sas
.wp.apdaada ê
ë 1 - 3.w+
p.ap2daada 1 - 2 + 1 2 - 1 +.wp3aûúpdaada
. .wp apdaada
. .wp .apdaada
ur
w w w method w w
ww ww ww wwto solve the problem.) ww
é4 0 0ù Sol. Let the man’s starting salary be ` x and his
ê0 4 0ú
=
i . ni entet ê
. ú = 4. I3 n.entet
i . i i . n i enannual
. tet increment be ` y. tet
il.ani.en
t t
il.ani.ene
ssa l a l a ê
ë 0 0 4 ú
û ss a l a l a a la l a a l a
s s By the given data x +s3ys= 19800 and x + 9y = 23,400. a
ss l a
ada adaada adaada adaada adaada
.s
.wp.apda é1 ww 1 .wp2.pù é -5 1 3ù .p.p .wp.p .wp.p

ww
w
w w ww w w wwform
The matrix of the given system w wwof
ê úê 1 -5úú
BA = ê 3 2 1 ú ê 7 equations is
ê ú ê
t t 2 1 3 û ë 1 -.n1i.entet1û ú é1 3ù é x ù é19800
t t ù
w
il.ani.ene ë
t t t t
la l a ila l a il.ani.ene
ê ú ê ú =
l a il.anêi.ene ú l a il.ani.ene
adsaas é -5 + 7 +daa a
2dsa 1 + 1 - 2 3 - 5 + 2 ù dadsa
s as ë1 9 ûaëda yad
ûsaas ë 23400 û asa as
w .wp.apda ê w .wp.ap w .wpú.apa w .wp.p w .wp.apdad
ww = êw -15
w + 14 + 1 3 + 2 - 1 9 -w10 w + 1ú ww é1 3ù ww é19800 ù
Þ AX = B where A = ê ú and B = ê
w
êë -10 + 7 + 3 2 + 1 - 3 6 - 5 + 3úû ú
ë1 9 û ë 23400 û
–1 t
t
.ani.ente é 4 0 0 ù .ani.ente
t .ni.eÞ ntet 1 3 X = .nA i.enteB etet
s asl a i
l ê ú s a sl a il s asl a il a
s asl a il a
s asl ail.ani.n
ada 0 4 0 ada ada 9pd–aad3 a = 6 ≠ 0 ada
.wp.apda = ê w.wp.apúda= 4. I3. .wp.apda |A| = 1 9w.w =p.a
.wp.apda
w
w w w
ww êëw
0 w 0 4 úû ww ww 1 ww1 é 9 -3ù
\ A–1 = A adj A = 6 ê -1 1ú
So, we get AB = BA = 4. I3 ë û
t t t t t t t t t
.ani.ente
–1
i .ani.en e
æ 1 ö æi en
.a1ni. öe
i .ani.en e \ X = i A
.ani. en eB i
sas l a l l a l l a l l a l l a l
apdaad a Þ ç 4 A ÷ Bap daa dsaaBs ç 4 A ÷ = I
= sas
apdaada apdaada
sas 1 é 9 -3ù é19800 sas
apdaadùa
. p. è ø . p . è ø . p . . p. . p.
ww
w w
ww
w w
ww
w w ww
w w = 6 ê -1 w1wúwê 23400 ú w
–1
1 ë ûë û
Þ B = A
4
t t t t t t t t t t
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ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene
s
Chapter dsa s
ww ww ww 1w
w
1 ww
xé ù 1 é178200 - 70200 ù 1 é108000 ù \ s =
1
Þ = Þ x = 18
ê y ú = 6 ê -19800 + 23400 ú = 6 êë 3600 úû 18 x 18
ë û n.enteët û etet etet etet etet
l ail.ai é18000 ù l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n 1 1 1ail.ani.n
l l ail.ani.n
a s
adaé x ù
s ada s a s a
ad
sa s t= Þ y a daa = a
s as Þ y = 36. s
ada as
w.wp.ap da ê ú = ê 600 ú w.wp.apda w .wp.apda 36 w.w p.p d 36 w .wp.apda
ww ë yû ë wûw ww Hence, thewtime w taken by 1 man aloneww is 18 days
m
\ x = 18000, y = 600. and the time taken by 1 woman alone is 36 days.
Hence the man’s starting salary iste`t 18000 and 5. Theteprices of three commodities
ni.entet increment is ` 600. .ani.ente A, B and C lail.ani.ente
t t t
his
l ai l.aannual l a il .ani.en l a il.ani.en l a il
as
daadsaFour sas sas are ` x, y and z perdunits sas respectively. A person sas
ap4. men and 4 apdaada can finish a piece
women apdaada P purchases 4.wpunits apaadaof B and sells two.wpunits apdaada
co
w .wp. w .wp . w .wp . . .
ww of work jointly ww in 3 days while 2 men wwand 5 ww ww
w
of A and w 5 units of C. Person Q purchases 2
women can finish the same work jointly in 4 units of C and sells 3 units of A and one unit of
days.eFind the time taken by eone t t man alone
and
l a .ntet of one woman lalone
il.anithat a il.ani.neto finish the l a ilB.
tet
.ani.enPerson R purchases one
l a ntet of A and sells ail.ani.entet
il.ani.eunit l
a s
adsasame a
adsas inversion method.adaadsas 3 unit of B and one a a
adsunit
as of C. In the process, adsaas
d work by using matrix
d d d
s.
p.ap a p . ap a p . p p a
. p a p.ap a
w.w w.w .w P,Q and R w w.w w.w
ww Sol. Let the time by wwone man alone be x dayswand wwone w earn ` 15,000, ` 1,000 and ww ` 4,000
woman alone be y days respectively. Find the prices per unit of A, B
\ By the and C. (Use matrix inversion method to solve
t tgiven data, t t et t t t t
.ani.entproblem.)
ok
n
il.ai .en e n e
.
il.a2i 5 1 n e ilthe il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a sl a 4 4 1 a sl a asl a asl a asl a
adsa + adsaand + = asa daadsafor the commodities.pA, asa
w .wp.apda x yw = .wp.apda3 x y 4 w.w p.apdadSol. Let the priceswper .wp.apunit w w .apdaBd
ww ww ww and C be w `w x, ` y and ` z. ww
1 1
put = s and y = t By the given data,
x
etet t etet etet etet
o
l ail.ani.n \ 4s + 4t = saand
1
l ail.a2sni.en+te5t =
1
l ail.ani.n 2x – 4y + 5z = 15000 l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s
ada a s a3da s s
ada as aas as s
ada as
p.apdad
4
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 3x + y w– .2z = 1000
w w .wp.apda
The matrix form ww of the system of equation ww is
ab
ww ww ww
é1ù –x + 3y + z = 4000
é 4 4eùteéts ù ê 3 ú t The matrix
t form of the system oft equations is t
ê l a il.ani.nú ê ú = ê ú Þ AX =laBil.anwhere i.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas2 5 û ë t û ê 1 ú dadsaas sas é 2 -4 5ù é x ùdadsaaés15000 ù sas
. p.apdaadaë ê ú. p . apa . p .apdaada ê ú . ê
p apúa ê
. ú . p.apdaada
w ë 4wû w w w w
ur
ww
w
ww é1ù ww
w ê 3 1 w- w2wú ê y ú = ê 1000 ú ww
w
é4 4ù ê3ú êë -1 3 1úû êë z úû êë 4000 úû
A = nê 2.ente5t ú and B = 1 ê ú
il.aëi û ê ú lail.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t é 2 i.-ni4.entet 5ù é xù t t
il.ani.ene
l a l a l a l a ê ú l a
a
adsas a
aêëds4aúûs adsas AX = B where A a =daadêsa3s 1 -2 ú , X = ê yaúda,adsas
a a a
.s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda –1 w .wp.apda w.wp.p êê -1 3 1úú ww.êwpz.úp

ww wwX = A B ww ww ë ûw ë û
4 4 é15000 ù
Nown.e |A|t = = 20 – 8 =n.e 12t ≠t 0 ê út t
w
t t t t t
a l a il.ai ne 2 5 a l a il.ai ne
a l a il.ani.ene and B = ê 1000 a l a il.aniú.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s s s s s s s s s
.wp.ap da \ A–1 =
1
. p . apdaad1a é 5 -4 ù . p .apdaada . p apdaadêëa4000 úû
. . p.apdaada
w adjw A = 12 -2 4
w w ê ú w w w w w w
ww A w ë û ww Þ ww X = A–1 B ww
w
2 -4 5
é1ù t é 5 ù
te t te - 1 te t tet etet
l aX
e
il.ani.n –1 1 é 5 -a4la ù ilê.an3i.ún 1 ê 3 ú
e
l ail.ani.n
e |A| = a3lail.an1i.en -2 l ail.ani.n
s
ada a\s = A B = ê aa ú s s ê ú = ê ú aas as s
ada s s
ada as
.wp.apda pë.-ap2dad 4 û ê 1 ú 12 ê -2w+.w pú.apdad .wp.apda -1 3 1 .wp.apda
w
12.w
w w 1 w w
ww ww ëê 4 ûú
w ú
ëêw 3 û 1 -w 2
w
3 -2 3 1 w
w
= 2 +4 +5
t é2ù é 2 1 ù ét 1 ù 3
t 1 -1 1 -1 3
i . n i e
. nte ê ú ê × nú .enteê ú
i . i i . n i e
. nte
i . ni .entet i .ani.ente
t
sas l a l a
=
1 3
ê ú = daêdsaas ú = ê ú
3 l a
12 l a 18
sas l a l=a 2 (1 + 6) + 4 (3 – 2) +
sas l5a l(9
a + 1) sas l a l
. p.apdaada 12 ê 1 ú .w p . apaê 1 1 ú ê 1 ú . p .apdaada . p apdaada
. . p.apdaada
w w w × w w = 2 (7) + 4 w (1)w+ 5(10) = 14 + 4 + 50 =w68.
w w w
ww wêë 3wúû êë 3 12 úû êë 36 úûww w w
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsa I
ww ww ww T ww
3 4 2 1 2 1ww
é 1 -2 3 -2 3 1 ù (iv) - - – 1 = 0, + + - 2 = 0 ,
ê+ - + ú x y z x y z
tet ê 3 1 -1 t 1t -1 3 ú tet tet t t
n e
. n n .en e n .en n e
. n il.ani.ene
l .
aila i ê -4 5 saslail2a 5 . i ú sasla .
ila i 2 5 4 alaila . i l a
s as
ada adj A = ê - aa 2 -4 a a - - da+d1a = 0 s s aa s as
w.wp.apda w .
w p.ap1dad + -1 1 - -1 w.wp3.apúdad x wy.w p.apza w .wp.apdad
ww êww 3 ww ú ww ww
ê ú 5 -2
m
ê + -4 5 - 2 5 +
2 -4 ú Sol. (i) Given D =
1 3
= 15 + 2 = 17
t ê t ú t t t
ail.ani.ente ë 1 -2 3i.ni.e
a la
-nt2e 3 1 û
a il.ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente a i l.ani.ente
sas l sas l sasl sa-s16 -2
l sas l
apdaada ( ) apd-aad( 3a- 2 ) + ( 9 + 1) ù T .wp.apdaada aada
Dp1 .apd= = – 48 + .14 ap=daa–da34
co
w .
w p. é + 1 + 6w .
w p. w w .
w 7 3 w p
w .
ww ê ww wwú ww ww
= ê - ( -4 - 15 ) + ( 2 + 5 ) - ( 6 - 4 ) ú 5 - 16
êë t t+ (8 - 5) - ( -4 - 15) +t ( t2 + 12 ) úû D2 = = 35 + 16 = 51
ene t t 1 7t t t t
ni.ene
lail.ani.é 7 -1 10 ù T ésaa7slail.a19
ene
lail.ani.
ene
lail.ani.- 34
ene
lail.ani.
s
a as 3 ù saas s
a a
Ds saas
adaad dad ad
.wp.apda adaad 1 a
p.apdad
s.
w.wp.p = ê19 7 w-w2.w úp.apa ê -1 7 19 ú w w\.wpx.p = D = 17 = – w 2 w.w
w w ê w ú = ê ú w w w w w
êë 3 19 14 úû êë10 -2 14 úû D 51
t t t y = 2 = t= 3
t e é
t ù t D t t t
ok
il.ani.en e e 7 19 3
il.ani.en e il.ani.en17e il.ani.ene
asla 1 aslail.ani.n1 ê ú asl a asl a asl a
adsa daadsadj ê -1 7.w 19 asa x = – 2, y = 3.apdaadsa adsa
p.apdaúd
\ A–1 = a A=
w .wp.apda w .wp.apA 68 w w .wp. w .wp.apda
ww ww êë10ww-2 14 úû ww 1 ww
(ii) Let = z
é 7 19 3ù é15000 ù x
t 1 ê t ú ê ú t t etet
o
e te e t e e te .ani.e+nte3y = 13
ani.n ês-as1lail.ani7. 19 ú ê 1000 ú
alail.\ X = A–1 B = n il.ani.n \ 3z + 2y = 12, ail2z ail.ani.n
s s 68 s asl
a s asl s asl
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda êë10 -2 14 úû êë 4000 w .wpúû.apda w .wp.apda 3 2 w .wp.apda
ab
ww ww é105000 + 19000 ww+ 12000 ù ww \ D = = 9 – 4w=w5

1 ê 2 3
= ê -15000 + 7000 + 76000 úú 12 2 t
t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente 68
ê
ë l a
150000il.ani.ent-e 2000 + 56000 úû la
il.ani.ente D1 = lail.ani.en=te36 – 26 = 10 l a il.ani.ente
s as s as s as s a13
s 3 s as
.p apdaada
. . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
w w é136000 ù é 2000
ww ù
w w w
ur
w ww w w ww
ww éwx ù 1 ê ê1000 ú
ú ww D = 3 12 = 39 –w24 = 15
ê y ú = 2
68000 ú =
68 ê ê ú 2 13
ê ú êë 204000eúûtet êë 3000 úû tet 1
il.ani.ene \ z = D1 = a10lail=.ani2.enÞ
t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene êë z úû
a lail.ani.
n
a l
a = 2 Þ x =
1
a l a il.ani.ene
ads as \ x = 2000, y = 1000, adsasz = 3000. adsas D adaadsas5 x a2sas
.s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.p D w .

w p.apdad
ww Hence theww prices per unit of the commodities ww ww y = 2 = 15 = 3 ww

A, B and C are ` 2000, ` 1000 and ` 3000 D 5
respectively.
w
t t t t 1
tet x = , y = 3 t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l il.ani.en\
a 2 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s asa s asa s asa s asa s
adad EXERCISE
adad 1.4 adad adad adad
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p ww.wp.p3 3-1 w w.wp.p
w w w w w
w
1. Solve the following systems of linear equation (iii) D = 2 -1 2

byeCramer’s
tet rule: t etet 4 3 i.2ni.entet etet
l ani.n
ail.(i) 5x l i.ente
a+il.an3y l ail.ani.n l ala l ail.ani.n
s
ada as – 2y + 16 =0,s
ada ax
s – 7 = 0 s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.apda2 .wp.apda w= .wp3.apda-1 2 –3 2 2 – 1w2.wp.ap-da1
w
ww
w 3 w w w w
ww
(ii) +w2y = 12, + 3y = 13 w 3 2 4 2 ww 4 3
x x
= 3(– 2– 6) – 3(4 – 8) – 1(6 + 4)
(iii) 3x
e nte t + 3y – z = 11, 2x – y + en2z
te =
t 9, en te t t
.ani.en4)te– 1(10) .ani.ente
t
l ail.ani. l a i
l .ani. l il.ani.
a = 3(– 8) –la3(–
i
l l ail
ads
aas 4x + 3y +2z =d25 adsaas [Hy - 2019]adsaas sas
aad+a 12 – 10 = – 22 .p.apdaada
sas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apa .wp.apda = .wp–.apd24
w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
s
Chapter dsa s
ww w
w11 3 -1 ww 1 -4 -2ww ww
D = 9 -1 2 Dx = 2 2 1
tx entet tet etet etet
i
l .ani.ente 25 3 s2aslail.ani. . ni.en
ia -1 -5 -4 ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
s
ada asl a
ada ada saslal s
ada asl s
ada asl
w.wp.apda -1
w .wp.ap2da 9 2 9 -
w .1wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww = w11 w –3 –1 ww 2 1ww 2 1 2 2ww
m
3 2 25 2 25 3 =1 +4 –2
-5 -4 -1 -4 -1 -5

etet = 11(– 2– 6) –3(18 – e50)
tet– 1(27 + 25) t et + 2) t
l ail.ani.n l a i
l .ani.n a=
l i
l i.ente8 + 5) + 4(– 8 + 1) l–ail2(–
.an1(– .ani.ent10 la i
l.ani.ente
a a sas sas sas
ap
daadsas = 11(– 8)a–3(–
daadsas32) –1(52) apdaad a = 1(– 3) + 4(– 7).wp–.apd2(–
aada8) apdaada
co
. p.
w = –w88
w . p. p
w + 96 – 52 = – 44
w w.wp. w = – 15 w .
w p.
ww w ww = – 3 – 28w+w16 ww
3 11 -1
3 1 -2
tDt = 2 9 2 t t t t t t t t
a la il.ani.eney a l a il.ani.ene laD
a il.anyi.e=ne1 2 1 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas 4 25 a2dsas adsas 2 -1 -4p.apdaadsa
s adsas
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
s.
w w w w .w w
ww ww9 2 2 2 2ww9 2 1ww 1 1 1 2 w
w
= 3 –11 –1 =3 –1 –2
25 2 4 2 4 25 -1 -4 2 -4 2 -1
t t = 3(18 – 50) – 11(4n–.en8) t t– 1(50 – 36) =n3(– t t + 1) – 1(– 4 – 2) – 2(– t t t t
ok
n
il.ai e
.n e il.ai e il.ai .e n e8 il.ai.en1e– 4)
n il.ani.ene
a sl a asl a asl a asl a asl a

daadsa = 3(– 32)a–daa11(–
sa 4) – 1(14) s
apdaad a = 3(– 7) – 1(– 6).wp–.ap2(– daadsa5) s
apdaada
.wp.ap . p . p d . p. . p.
ww
w = w–w96 + 44 – 14 = – 66
w w
ww
w w
= – 21 + 6w+w10 = – 5
w
ww
w w
3 3 11 3 -4 1
2 2 1 2 1 2
Dt = 2 -1 9 Dz=et1et 2 2 =3 + 4etet +1
n.entet etet
o
l a i
l.ani.ente z 4 3 25saslail.ai l ail.ai n.n -5 -1ail.ani.n2 -1
l 2
l ail.ani.n -5
d s
aa as aa s
aa as 2 -5 -1 adsaas s
aa as
w .wp.apda w .
wp.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apda w .
w p.apdad
ww-1 9 w2w -1
ab
ww 2 9 = 3(– 2 + 10)
ww+ 4(– 1 – 4) + 1(– 5 – 4)
ww
= 3 –3 + 11
3 25 4 25 4 3 = 3(8) + 4(– 5) + 1(– 9)
= 24te–t 20 – 9 = – 5
.ani.ente = 3(– 25 – 27) – l3(50 .ani.e–nt36)
et + 11(6 + 4)
t t t
l a il a i l l a il.ani.en l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
a Dx -15 adsaas 1
p. daadsas
ap p. p dsaas + 11(10)
= 3(– 52)a–daa3(14)
p.
sas
apdaad a \ X = = .p.apd a 1 Þ = 1 Þ x = 1.p.apdaada
=
sas
. w . w .w D ww-15 w x w
ur
w = –156 w w w
ww ww – 42 + 110 = – 88 ww w ww
D - 44 D y -5 1 1 1
\ x = 1 = =2 Y= = = Þ y = Þ y = 3
D - 22 D - 15 3
i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .ani entet 3
. t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a l a l a l a l Dz - a l a l 1 a l a
daadsas D - 66
asas asas 5 asas 1 1 ss
3pdaada
.s
.wp.ap y = 2 .w =p.apdad = 3 .wp.apdad Z = D = w - .wp.ap da= d 3 Þ z = 3 Þ w z .=p.a

w
ww
w
wwD w - 22 ww
w
ww
15
ww
D \x = 1, y = 3, z = 3.
- 88
z = 3 = =4 2. In a competitive examination, one mark is
w
te t D - 22 te t t t t t 1 lail.ani.ente
t
l a n
il.ai e
. n
l a n
il.ai .e n
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a s
adsa\ x = 2, y = 3, z = 4.adaadsa a s adsa as awarded for every correct
adsa as answer while a
adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda4
ww 1 ww 1 1 ww mark is deducted
ww for every wrongwanswer. w A
(iv) Put = X, = Y, = Z
w
x y z student answered 100 questions and got 80

Wei.get marks. t How many questions tetdid he answer
l a l ani.ent3X
et – 4Y – 2Z = 1, X +i.2Y
l a l ani.ent+etZ = 2,
l a il.ani.ente
correctly ? (Use Cramer’s l a il.ani.enrule to solve thesaslail.ani.
entet
s
adaa s 2X – 5Y – 4Z =a da–ad1a s as s
ada as aa s as aa
.wp.apda .wp.apda p.apdad .apdad
w
w w .wp.p w problem). w.w [Qy.-p2019]

w w
ww 3 -4 -2ww ww ww ww with
2 1 1 1 1 2 Sol. Let x represent the number of question
\D=1 2 1 =3 +4 –2 correct answer and y represent the number of
-5 -4 2 -4 2 -5
2 en- t t - t t questions t with wrong answers. t t
.ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente
e5 4 e n e
l a il.ani. l a il.ani. l a il l a il l ai l
sa =s 3(– 8 + 5) + 4(– 4 – 2) –sa2(–
s 5 – 4) s as By the given data, sxas+ y = 100 and ... (1) sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp apdaada1
. .wp.apdaada
w = 3(– 3) + 4(– 6)
ww – 2(– 9)
w w w w
ww ww ww 1.x – y = 80 ww
= – 9 – 24 + 18 = – 15 4
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
20
adsa I
ww wwby 4 we get,
Multiplying ww 4. A fishwwtank can be filled inww10 minutes
4x – y = 320 ... (2) using both pumps A and B simultaneously.
Fromt(1) and (2) t However,
tet pump B can pump t water in or out t
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.enat the same rate. If l i
pump
a l .ani.enteB is inadvertentlylail.ani.ente
s
ada as 1 s
1
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
w.wp.apda D =
w .wp.4apda-1 = – 1 – 4 = – 5 w.wp.apda .wp.apda then the tank will
run in reverse,
w w p.apdafilled
.wbe
ww ww ww in 30 w w
minutes. How long would wwit take each
m
100 1 pump to fill the tank by itself ? (Use Cramer’s
t D1 = = –100 t – 320 = – 420 rule
t to solve the problem). t t
i .ani.ente 320 -1 i.ni.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
a l a l a a l a l a l
sas l
dsaas
l sasSol. Let the pump Adcan
l fill the tank in x minutes,aand
dsaas
l sas l
apdaada 1.apdaa100 apdaada apaafill apdada
co
w .wp. D2 w=w .wp = 320 – 400 w p
=w– 80
.w . the pump B
w .wcan
p. the tank in y minutes
w .wp.
ww w 4 320 w ww 1 ww
In 1 minute A can fill units and in 1 minute B
D1 -420 x
etet \ x = = =te+t 84 t t 1 t t t t
a l a n
il.ai. n D
a
-l a n
5il.ai. e n
a l a n e n e
il.ai.can fill y units alail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas D 2aadsas-80 adsas ss
aada adsas
.wp.apda .wp.apd .wp.apda .wp.apd .wp.apda
s.
w and y = w = = 16 w 1
w 1 w
ww ww D -5 ww w \w + = 10 ww
Hence, the number of questions with correct x y
answer 1 1
entet is 84. entet entet and – = 30i.ani.entet t t
ok
l a il.ani . l a il.ani . l a il.ani .
x y l a l l a il.ani.ene
a A chemist has one
ads3.
as solution
adsaas which is 50% acid asa as adsaas adsaas
w .wp.apda and another .wp.apda which is 25% acid.
solution
w w .apdad
.wpHow w .wp.apd1a 1 w .wp.apda
ww ww
much each should be mixed to make 10 litres
ww ww Put = a and = bww
x y
of a 40% acid solution ? (Use Cramer’s rule 1
ntet the problem). ail.ani.entet ntet a + b = i.ani.entet ... (1) i.ani.entet
o
i .to
ani.esolve i.ani.eÞ
a l a l a l a l a l a l a
10 l lal
a da
s s
a Let the amount ofad50%
adSol. a
s s
ada acid be x litres andathe da
s
ada s
a d a
s
ada s
a da adsaas
w.wp.p amount ofw25%
.p.p
ww wacid be y litres w.wp.p w.wp.p 1 w.wp.p
ab
ww ww ww and a – b = ww ... (2)

By the given data, x + y = 10 ... (1) 30
æt 50 ö æ 25 ö æ 40t ö t 1 1 t t
and a il.ani.entxeç 100 ÷ + y ç 100 ÷ =la 10 il.ani.ençte100 ÷ il.ani.e nte
a D = ail.ani.ente= – 1– 1 = – 2 a il.ani.ente
asaas1 -1
l è ø è asaøas è ø l l l
adad asaas asaas asaas
w.wp.p . p.apdad w.w (2) p.apdad adad
w.wp.p w.w. papdad
Þ 50x
ww+w25y = 400 Þ 2x + yw=w16...
ur
w w 1
w w w 1 ww
10
é 1 1ù -1 1
D = 1 = -
i.ni.ene t t D = ê i.ni.eúne= –1 t t
i . ni ene
. t t 1
i . ni t t
en-e1 10 30
. t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a a ël2a l a1 û a l a l a a l a30l a a l a
.s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda 10 1 w .wp.apda w .wp.apda - 3 - 1 - 4 w .-wp2.apda

ww ww D = w
= 10 –w16 = – 6 = ww = ww=
x 30 30 15
16 1
1
w
t t ni.entet t t 1 t t t t
l a il.ani.ene 1ail.a10
l l a il.ani.ene 10 l a1il.ani.en1e 1 - 3
- l a il.ani.ene
a
ads a Þ
s Dy = a
adsa s = 16 – 20 – 4 dadsa as D = = a s
adsa 30 10 = s as
.wp.apda .wp.apda 2 16 .wp.apa
2
.wp.a1pda 30 .p.apdaada
w w w w
1 w w
ww ww ww ww 30 ww
D x -6 -2 -1
w
x = = =6 = =
tet D y - 1
tet tet
30 15
tet
en e n e n - e n etet
a l aila. ni .
a l .
aila ni .
a l aila. ni . D1 2
a l . n
a1ila 1i . 1 a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s daada D y = -4 = 4
s s ada
s s \a= = 15daad =
s a s Þ = Þ x d=aad15 sa s
.wp.apda .wp.apy = .wp.apda
w
w w w D w.w p.ap 15 x 15 w.w p.ap

ww ww D -1 ww ww -2 ww
D 1
i.e., 6 litres of 50% acid and 4 litres of 25% acid b = 2 = -1 = 1 Þ =
1
Þ y = 30
solution te to be mixed to get.ni10
t telitres of 40% of
t te t D te y
t t
.ani.ente
n e
. n .en n e
. n 15 30 n e
. n 30
l a il.a i l a i
l a l a il.a i l a il.a i l ai l
sas acid solution. sas sas -2 saas sas
.wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada Hence the pump .wp.apdaAadcan fill the tank in 15. wp .apdaada
minutes
w w w ww B can fill the tank inw30 wwminutes.
ww ww ww and thewpump
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
s
Chapter dsa s
ww 5. A family of w 3w
people went out for dinner ww in a 2 w
w
3 150 2 3 3 ww
restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three idlies
and two D3 = 2 2 200 = 50 2 2 4
e ntet vadais is ` 150. The cost
e tet of the two etet etet etet
s adosai,
sl n .
aila two idlies and four
. i
s asvadais
l . ni . n
aila is ` 200. The saslail.ani.n 5 4 250 s asl5ail.an4i.n 5
s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada and two vadais isadaada aa ada
w.wp.apda cost of five dosai, w
four
p.apdaidlies
.w w .wp.p é 2 4w.w p.ap2dad4 2 2ù w .wp.apda
ww ` 250. The family ww has ` 350 in hand and ww they = 50 ê 2 ww - 3 +3 ú ww
m
ate 3 dosai and six idlies and six vadais. Will ë 4 5 5 5 5 4û
they be able to manage to pay the bill within = 50 [2(10 – 16) – 3(10 – 20) + 3(8 – 10)]
e tet e tet .entet 6) – 3(– 10) +3(– ni.entet .ani.ente
t
the
l ai l.a amount
ni . n they had ? l a il.ani . n l a il.ani50[2(–
= l a il.a2)] l a i
l
as saas` x sas as sas
daadsaLet
apSol. the cost of one.pdosa apdaadbe apdaad a = 50 [– 12 + 30.wp–.ap6] daad=sa50 [12] = 600. apdaada
co
w .wp. w w . w .wp. w w .wp.
ww The cost of one wwidli be ` y ww ww D 600 ww
1
and the cost of one vadai be ` z \x= = = 30
D 20
te t t t t t t t t t

a
By
l a ni.engiven
il.athe data,
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene D 2 a l
200a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene
daadsas 2x + 3y + 2z .p=
.wp.ap
adsas
.apda150 .wp.apda
as
ads y= = asas = 10
p.apdad 20 .wp.apda
adsas
s.
w w w w wD.w w
ww 2x + 2y w
w
+ 4z = 200 ww ww D 600 ww
3
z= = = 30.
5x + 4y + 2z = 250 D 20
t t tet etet etet etet
ok
a la il.ani.ene 2 al3ail.an2i.en .ani.n the price of one dosa
alailHence, a
.ani.`n30, one idli be `10 lail.ani.n
lailbe a
daadsa s a sas a s a s a s
a s daadsas
.wp.ap \ Dw .w .apdad2 2 4
p= . pa
. pdad and the price of.p1.apvadai
dad be ` 30. .p.ap
w ww ww w
wwvadai
ww ww 5 4 2 ww Also the cost ww of 3 dosa, six idlies andwsix is
2 4 2 4 2 2 = 3x + 6y + 6z = 3(30) + 6(10) + 6(30)
= 2.ni.entet – 3 +2 etet .ente+t 60 + 180 = ` 330lail.ani.entet entet
o
l aila4 2 5 2 5asla4il.ani.n lail=.ani90 lail.ani.
as aa asa sasa
s
ada
.wp.ap da = 2(4 – 16) – 3(4w–.wp20)
aas
.apda+d 2(8 – 10) . p.apdaads as Since the family
. phad
.apdaad`sa350 in hand, they will
. p.ap aada
dbe
w ww ww ww
ab
ww ww16) + 2(– 2)
= 2(– 12) – 3(– ww ww to pay the bill.
able to manage ww
= – 24 + 48 – 4 = 20
a i
l ntet 3 2
.ani.e150 ail.ani.ente
t
a i
l .ani.ente
t
EXERCISE a i
l .ani.ente
1.5
t
a i
l .ani.ente
t
sasl sasl sasl sasl sasl
.p
w ap daadaD1 = 200 2 4 .wp.apdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
ur
w w w 1. Solve the w ww
following systems of linear ww
ww 250 4ww2 ww wequations
Taking 50 common from C1 and 2 common by Gaussian elimination method :
fromn.e Ct we
t get, t t (i) 2x t t – 2y + 3z = 2, x + 2y.–niz.en=te3,t 3x – y + 2z = 1. t t
a l a il.ai n3e a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a ila a l a il.ani.ene
adsas 3 3 1 adsas ads as (ii) 2x + 4y + 6zad=aad22, sas 3x + 8y + 5z = 27, dadsas
.s
w.wp.apda w .wp.a2pda 2 4 2 4 w.w2p.apda w .wp.p w.wp.p

aa
ww =100 4 2 2 =100 ww 3 –3 + 1ww –x +wyw+ 2z = 2 ww
4 1 5 1 5 4 Sol. (i) Transforming the augmented matrix to
5 4 1
echelon form, we get tet
w
= 100[3(2 entet – 8) – 3(4 – 10) + 1(16 ente–t10)] entet t t

a l a il.ani .
a l a il.ani .
a l ai l.a n i .
a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene
adsa= 100[3(– 6) – 3(– 6)ad
s +ad6]
sa s s
adsa é 2 -2 3 2 ù adaadsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.pa w .wp.apda ê w .wp.pR1 « R 2
ú w .wp.apda
ww = 100[– 18 +w18 w + 6] = 600. ww ê1 2 w -w1 3 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® ww
w
2 150 2 2 3 1 êë 3 -1 2 1 úû
D2 =n.e2ntet200 4 =100 2 4 n.e2ntet etet tet tet
a l ail.ai a l ail.ai aél1ail.ani2.n -1 3 ù R 2 ®R 2 - a2laRil.a1ni.ené1 2 -1 3 ù alail.ani.en
s s s s s
adaê s ú R3a ®R s s
ada-3R1 ê s s
p-.ap4daúú d
ada 5 250 2 ad5a 5 1 aa
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda ê 2 -2 3 2 ú ¾ .wp.pda 3
w
w w w w ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -6 w5.w
ww 4 w 2w 2 2 2 4 ww êë 3 -1 2 1wúû
w
êë0 -w
w
= 100 2 –3 +1 7 5 -8úû
5 1 5 1 5 5
t ni.ente–t 20)] ntet é1 2 -1 3.nùi.entet t

l i
l .ani.ente – 10) – 3(2 – 10)la+il.a1(10
=a100[2(4
l a i
lR.ani.e® R - R ê l a i
l aú R ® 6 R - 2 R l ail.ani.ente
sas saas10)] sas 3 3 2 6adsaa5s -4 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ a
daadsas
ap daada= 100[2(– 6) – 3(–.wp8).apd+aad1(– apdaada ¾¾¾¾¾¾® ê0.wp.ap-da ¾ 2¾
ap®
3 3
.
w p. . p. . p.
ww
w = 100[– 12 +w24 ww– 10] = 100 [2] = 200. www w w
ww êë0 -1 0 -4 úû ww
w w
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsa I
ww é1 2 -1 3 ù ww ww –x + yw+w2z = 2 ww ...(1)
ê ú y + z = 3 ...(2)
ê0ete-t6 5 -4 ú t t z = 2 ...(3)
a il.an0i.n 0 -5 -20 ú
ê a il.ani.ente
a il.ani.en Steubstituting (3) in (2)lawe il ntet y + 2 = 3
.ani.eget, ail.ani.n
etet
s asl ë û s asl s asl s as s asl
ada ada aa ada Þ y = 3 – 2 .p= .apd1aada
w.wp.apda Writing the equivalent w .wp.apda equations from the w .apdad
.wprow- w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww Substituting
ww y = 1 and z = 2 in (1)wwe wwget,
m
echelon matrix, we get, –x + 1 + 2 (2) = 2 Þ –x + 1 + 4 = 2
x + 2y – z = 3 ... (1) Þ –x + 5 = 2 Þ t –x = 2 – 5
tet tet tet te .ani.ente
t
alail.ani.en – 6y + 5z = –a4 l a il.ani e
. n ... (2) l
a il.ani e
. nÞ –x = –3
l a il.anÞ
i e
. n x = 3 l a i
l
ss sas -20 sas sas sas
apdaad a ap da=ad – apdaada \ x = 3, y =.wp1,.apzdaa=da2. apdaada
co
w .wp. –
w .5z
wp . 20 Þ z = = .4.
wp . .wp.
ww ww -w5 ww ww
w
ww
w
Substituting z = 4 in 2 we get, 2. If ax2 + bx + c is divided by x + 3, x − 5, and
– 6y + 5(4) = – 4 x − 1, the remainders are 21, 61 and 9
t t t t tet Find a, bi.aniand .entet c. (Use Gaussianlail.ani.entet
saaslaÞ
n
il.ai. en e
– 6y + 20 = sa –asl4aÞ
n en e
il.ai–. 4 – 20 = – 24 a l a il.ai. respectively.
n en
a l a l as
d ad d ad d adsas elimination method.) d adsas d adsa-3]
[PTA
s.
p.ap a p a
. p a p .ap a p .ap a p.ap a
w.w w.w -24 w.w Sol. w.w 2 w.w
ww Þ ww y = = 4. ww ww Let P(x) = ax + bxw+wc
-6 Given P(–3) = 21
Substituting y = z = 4 in (1) we get [ P(x) ¸ x + 3,
t t t t t t t the
t remainder is 21] n.entet
ok
il.ani.ene x + 2(4) – 4 = 3alail.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene i.ai
d ad asl
s a Þ a
x + 8 – 4 d =ads3a s d adsaasl a
Þ a (–3) 2
+ b(–3)
d ad +
saasl a
c = 21
d adsaaslal
a a a a a a a a a a
w.wp.p Þ w.wp.p w.wp.p Þ w9a.wp–.p3b + c = 21 w.wp.p ...(1)
ww wwx + 4 = 3 ww ww ww
Þ x = 3 – 4 = – 1. Also, P(5) = 61
2
Þ a(5) + b(5) + c = 61t t
\ x te=t –1, y = 4, z = 4.
ni.entet ni.entet etet
o
ni.en ee
s l a i .a
as (ii) 2x + 4y + 6z = 22,
l s asl 3x
a il.a + 8y + 5z = 27, s asl
a il.a
s asl ail.ani.n remainder theorem]
[using s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada aad+ a ada
w .wp.apda –x + y +w2z .wp.ap=da2 w .wp.apda Þ 25a
w .wp+.apd5b c = 61 w .wp.apda...(2)
ab
ww
ww
Reducing the augmented matrix to an
ww ww and P(1) = 9 ww
equivalent row echelon form by using Þ a(1)2 + b(1) + c = 9
t t tet ntet t
l a il.ani.ente elementary row operations, l a il.ani.ente we get l
a il.ani.enÞ a + b + c
l a il.ani.e
= 9 ...(3)l a i
l .ani.ente
ss a a
asas aasas a
asas a asas
.p
w apdaada é 2
. 4 6 22wù .w p.apdad é -1 1 2w.w ùpdad
2p.a Reducing w the.w pdad
p.aaugment .wp.apda
matrix to anwequivalent
d
ur
w
ww ê w ú R1 « R 3 ® ê 3 8w 5 27 ú
w w w w
row-echelon form using elementary w w
row
ê 3 8 5 27 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ê ú
êë -1 1 2 2 úû êë 2 4 6 22 úû operations, we get
te t te t t t t t t t
a l a n e n
il.ai.R ®R +3R a l a n
il.ai. e n
a l a il.ai. é e9 -3 1 21ù
n e n
a l a il.ani.ené e1 1 1 9 ù a l a il.ani.ene
adsas asas asas asR 3 ê
ad1s« asas
p.apéêda-d1 1 2 2 ùú
.s
ê
púú .a¾ púú .apdad
2 2 1
w.wp.apda R ® R +2R w .w w .wp.apdad ê 25 5 1w 61.w pdaR

¾¾¾¾ ® ê25 5 1w 61.w
ww ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ 3 3 w 1
w ® ê 0 11 11 33 ú ww w
êë 1 1w 1 9 úû
w
êë 9 -3w 1 21úû
êë 0 6 10 26 úû
t 3 ®R 3 -9R1
w
i . ni . te t
eRn2 ®R 2 ÷ 11 i . ni entet
. i . ni enteR
. é1ail.ani.e1ntet 1 9 ù t t
il.ani.ene
asl a l a é - 1 a1
sl a l a2 2 ù asl a l a R 2 ®R 2 - 25R ladsaê a sl ú asa asl a
adsa R 3 ®R 3 ÷ 2 .p.apêdaada
s asa
w .wp.apda ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ w® w 0 1 1 3
ú
w .wp.apdad ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾
w .wp.apda® ê0 -20 -24 -w 164
.wp.aúpdad
ww ww ê ú ww ww êë0 -12 -8ww-60 ûú
êë 0 3 5 13úû
w
R 2 ®R 2 ÷4
e te t é - 1 1 2e te
2 ùt e te t ®R ÷4 é1 1 n.en1tet 9 ù etet
i .ani.n ® - ê i .ani.n ú i .ani.n¾R ê lail.ai ú ail.ani.n
a l a l R R 3R a l a l a l a
l ¾¾¾¾¾
3 3
® 0 a - 5 - 6 -41 a l
ad a ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾®
s s 3 3 2 s s
ad0a 1 1 3 ú s
ada s êadas s ú s
ada s
.wp.apda .wp.apdêa .wp.apda .wp.apdaê0 -3 -2 -15ú w.wp.apda
w
w w êë 0 0 2 4 úû ww w w ë ûw
ww ww ww w
é ù
é -1 1 2 2 ù 3 ê 1 1 1 9ú
t R 3 ÷2 ê
Rte3 ® ú tet t 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê
teR t t
aslail.a¾ ni.en¾¾¾¾ ® ê 0 1ala1il.an3i.eún l
a il.ani.en¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ 5 ® l a il.a-ni5.ente-6 -41ú l ai l.ani.ente
s sas sas sêas
0 ú sas
.wp.apdaada .wpêë.ap0daad 0 1 2 úû .wp.apdaada .wp .apdaadaê ú .wp .apdaada
w w w w 8 48ww
ww Writing the wwequivalent equations from ww the row ww ê0 0 wú
ë 5 5û
echelon matrix we get,
t t t t t t t t t t
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d adsaasa asaasa
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene
s
Chapter dsa s
ww wéw1 1 1 9 ù ww é1 1 1 65, 000 ù
ww ww
R 3 ®5R 3 ê ú ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾ t ® ê0 -5 -6 -41ú t ê 6 t8 9 4, 80, 000 ú
e te e te e te etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n êë0 0 8asla48
s
il.anúi.n
û s asl ail.aêën0i.n -8 9 60, 000 úûsaslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
.wp.ap daada ada
.wp.apda equations fromw.the
aa
p.apdad
ada
.wp.apdéa1 1 1 65, 000 ù w.wp.apda
ada
w Writing the equivalent
w w w
ww row-echelon w
w
matrix we get, ww ww
R 2 ®R 2 - 6R1 ê
wú w
m
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 2 3 90, 000 ú
a + b + c = 9 ...(1)
t t t t t êë0 -8 9e60 ,t 000 úû t

l ai l .ani.en e– 5b – 6c = – 41
l a il.ani.e n e ...(2)
l a il.ani.ente l a il.ani.nte l a il.ani.ente
8c sas = 48 sas sas sas sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apéd1aada1 1 65, 000 ù .wp.apdaada
co
w .wp. w .wp . w .wp. R 3 ®R 3w+4R .wp. ê ú w
ww Þ wwc = 48 = 6 ww ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ww2¾ ® ê0 2 3 90, 000wúw
8 êë0 0 21 4, 20, 000 úû
Substituting c = 6 in (2) we get,
te t t t t t tet t t
Þ
a l a il .ani.en–5b – 6(6) = –41 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene the equivalentalfrom
Writing a il.ani.enthe row echelon a l a il.ani.ene
adsas asas adsas matrix we get, adaadsas adsas
.wp.ap da Þ –5b .p= .apda36d – 41 .wp.apda .wp.apda
s.
w w w w w .wp.p w
ww Þ w = – 41 + 36 = –5 ww
w–5b wwx + y + z = 65,000 ww ...(1)
-5
Þ b = =1 2y + 3z = 90,000 ...(2)
t t - 5 t t t t t t t t
ok
il.ain .en e n e
. n
i get,
il.awe e il.ain e
. n e n
il.ai .en e il.ani.ene
Substituting
asl a b = 1, c = 6 inas(1)
l a
asl a 21z = 4,20,000
asl a asl a
daadsa
.wp.ap
asa
.apda9d
.wp= .wp.apda
adsa
.wp.apda
adsa
.wp.apda
adsa
w a + 1 + 6
w w w 4, 20, 000 w
ww w ww Þ ww z = =w 20,000
Þ aw+ 7 = 9 21
w
Þ a = 9 – 7 Substituting z = 20,000 in (2),
t tet tet2y + 3(20,000) = 90,000 etet etet
o
Þ i .ani.n e te a = 2 en e n
a l al a l aila. ni .
a l aila. n i .
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
ada\ a = 2, b = 1 and c =da6ada
s s s s s s
ada Þ s
ada s s
ada s
w .wp.apda w .wp.ap w .wp.apda 2y + 60,000
w .wp.apda = 90,000 w .wp.apda
ab
ww 3. An amount wofw ` 65,000 is invested w inwthree Þ ww 2y = 90,000 – 60,000 ww

bonds at the rates of 6%, 8% and 9% per
= 30,000
annum respectively.
t The total eannual t income t
i ente
.ani4,800.
. i n te
.ani.the third bond i .ani.ente i ntet
.ani,.e000 i .ani.ente
t
sasis
l a` l The income from
saasl a l sas l a l sas l a30l l a l
apdaadais ` 600 more than apdaad apdaad a Þ apdayad a= = 15,000 adaadsaas
.wp. .wp . that from the second
.wp. .wp. 2 w.wp.p
ur
w w w w
ww w w
bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use Substituting y = 15,000 and z = 20,000 in (1) we
w w w w w w
Gaussian elimination method.) get,
Sol. Let.the tprice
e t of bond invested in 6%,
te t 8% and 9% t t t t t t
l a ilai.n en
l a n
il.ai. en la il.axni.e+ne15,000 + 20,000 = l a il.ani.ene
65,000 l a il.ani.ene
adsarates
as be let ` x, ` y and ad`sazsrespectively
a a
adsas Þ a
adsas a
adsas
.s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda x + 35,000

w .wp.apda = 65,000 w .wp.apda
ww ∴By the given wwdata, x + y + z = 65,000ww ...(1) Þ ww x = 65,000–35,000 ww
6 ´ x ´1 8 ´ y ´1 9 ´ z ´1 Þ x = 30,000
+ = 4,800
t 100 + 100
w
te te t te t t t t t
a l a
100
il.ain .en
a l a n
il.ai .en
PNR lailThus
a
n .en
.ai the price of 6% bond
a l a il.anisi.en`e30,000 the price alail.ani.ene
adsa s s
adsa [ Interest = s
] adsa of 8% bond is ` p15,000 adsa s asa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 100
w .wp.apda w .w.apda and the price of 9% w .wpbond
.apdad
ww 6x 8 yww 9 z ww is ` 20,000. ww ww
Þ + + = 4,800
w
100 100 100 4. A boy is walking along the path y = ax2 + bx+c
ete+t 8y + 9z = 4,80,000
Þ i.ni.6x etet ... (2) through t
.ani.ente the points (–6,la8),(–2 t t t t
il.ani.ene– 12) and (3,8). alail.ani.ene
asl ala n aslail.ani.n asl ailHe wants to meet his friend
as at P(7,60). Will he s
s
daada 9 z adaada
s 8y s
ada s
ada s
ada
w
w .wp.ap Also, w.w p .p= 600 + w meet his friend?

w (Use Gaussian elimination
w
ww ww100 100 ww
method.)
ww ww
-8 y 9 z
Þ + = 600 Sol. Given y = ax2 + bx + c...(1)
t
ente100 t t t t t t
.ani.ente .ani.ente
100 e n e en e
l ail.ani. l a i
l .ani. l a i
l .ani. 8) lies on (1)
(–6, l a i
l l ail
sa Þs –8y + 9z d = 60,000
sas ...(3) dadsaas saas saas
p.apdaada p.apaada p.apa Þ p. aad=
apd8 a(–6) 2 + b(–6) + cpapdaad
.
w Reducing the augmented
.
w w .
w matrix to an equivalent w .
w w .
w w .
w
ww ww ww ww ww
row-echelon form by using elementary row Þ 8 = 36a – 6b + c...(2)
operation, we get
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w
a
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
24
adsa I
ww (–2, –12) w w on (1)
lies ww wwfriend is at P(7, 60), ww
Since his
Þ –12 = a(–2)2 + b(–2) + c 60 = (7)2 + 3(7) –10
tet etet Þt 60 = 49 +t21 – 10 etet
lail.Þ
ani.en –12 = l4aail.an–i.n2b + c ...(3) lail.ani.ente i.ent–e 10 = 60
il.an70 ail.ani.n
s as
ada Also (3, 8) lies onad(1) s
ada as s
ada as Þ 60
s
ada asl =
a s
ada asl
w.wp.apda w .wp.pa w .wp.apda Þ w .wp.apda 60 = 60 w .wp.apda
ww Þ ww 8 = a(3)2 + b(3)w+wc
ww ww
Since (7, 60) satisfies his path , he can meet his
m
Þ 8 = 9a + 3b + c ...(4) friend who is at P(7, 60)
ani.netet etet etet etet etet
s
aslail.Reducing the augmentasmatrix
s l ail.ani.n to an equivalentsaslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
adaada row-echelon form adaaby da using elementaryp.arow daada apdaada 1.6 ww.wp.apdad
aa
w.wp.EXERCISE
co
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.w p w
w operations, w we get, w w w
R 2 ® 9R 2 -R1 1. Test for consistency and if possible, solve the
é36 -6 1 8ù é36 -6 1 8ù
ê entet R 3 ® 4R 3 -Rn neê 0 -12 8 -116ú ail.ani.enfollowing
t t tet systems of equations t t by rank method. .ni.entet
il.aêni.4 -2 1 -12úú ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ il.a1i.e® il.ani.ene ia
d ad a la
sas ê 9 3 1 8ú dadsas a l a ê
ê d a
ú
ú
d a
sas l

( i) x – y + 2z d=ad2,a l a
sas2x + y + 4z = 7, d ad saaslal
s.
aa ë aa 0 18 3 aa24 aa aa
w.wp.p wû .wp.p ë
w.wp.p û w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww ww ww ww– y + z = 4
4x ww
R 2 ®R 2 ÷ 4 (ii) 3x + y + z =2, x –3y + 2z = 1,
é36 -6 1 8ù
Rte3t®R 3 ÷ 3 ê t ú etet 7x – y + 4z = 5. t t t t
® ê 0 l-a3il.ani.e2nte-29 ú
ok
lail.a¾ ni.en¾¾¾¾¾ a il.ani.n a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene
adsa as adsa as adsa asl (iii) 2x + 2y + z = 5,
asl x – y + z = 1, asl
.wp.apda .wp.apêëda0 6 1 8úû w.wp.apda daadsa
.wp+.ap2z
adsa
.wp.apd-a2020]
w w 3x +w y = 4 [Sep.
w
ww ww ww ww ww
é36 -6 1 8ù (iv) 2x – y + z = 2, 6x – 3y + 3z = 6,
R 3 ®R 3 + 2R 2 ê ú
¾t¾¾¾¾¾¾ t ® ê 0 -3 t 2t -29 ú t t 4x – 2y + 2z = 4. t [PTA - 5;Hy - 2019] t
o
a i
l.ani.ne e
ê a il
e
.ani.n e
ú a il
Sol.
e
.ani.en(i) x – y + 2z = 2, 2x a+il.anyi.e+nte4z = 7, 4x – y + z = 4lail.ani.ente
s
ada asl
aëda
s a
0sl 0 5 - 50 û aa s asl s
ada asl
aa s as
.wp.apda .wp.apda equation from w pdad The matrixwform
.wp.arow .wp.apdaof the system is AX w = .wp.apdad
B
w Writing the equivalent
w the
ab
ww ww ww ww ww
echelon matrix, we get 36a – 6b + c = 8 ...(1) é 1 -1 2 ù é x ù é 2ù
ê ú ê yú ê ú
tet –3b + 2c = –29etet ...(2) ewhere tet A = ê 2 1 4 ú , .Xni.e=nteêt ú and B = ê7 ú t
l a i
l .
a ni e
.n
l a il.ani .n
l a il.ani . n
l a il a l a il.ani.ente
aas
ads 5c = adsaas–50 adsaas êë 4 -1adsaa1súû êë z úû êë4adúûsaas
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ur
w w w w -50 w w
w
Applying
w
w elementary row operations
w on the
Þ c = = –10
5 augment matrix [A|B] we get,

l a ani.entet
il.Substituting c = –10 in (2)i.we
l a l a
et
ni.entget, la
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
ilé.an1i.ene-1 2 2 ù l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
as
ads –3b + 2(–10)
a
sas –29
ad = a
adsas asas ê
a ú asasa
.s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda

w .wp[A|B]
.apdad = ê 2 1 4 7 úw.wp.apdad
w w Þ w –3b – 20 = –29
w w w ww êë 4 -1 1w4wúû
Þ –3b = –29 + 20 R 2 ®R 2 - 2R1
é 1 -1 2 2 ù
w
t t –3b = –9 t t t tR 3 ®R 3 - 4R1 ê n.entet t t

la
Þ n
il.ai .en e
l a n
il.ai e
. n e
l
a il.ai ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® a0lail.ai3 0 3ú
n e
. n e
l a il.ani.ene
as as as ês ú as
adsa aada -9 = 3
s adsa adsa adsa
w .wp.apda Þ w .wp.apdb = w .wp.apda w .wp.apda êë0 3 -7 -4 úû w.wp.apda
ww Substituting wwb = 3 and c =-3–10 in (1)wwe w
get, ww ww
w
é 1 -1 2 2 ù
36a – 6(3) – 10 = 8 R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê ú
Þ tet 36a – 18 – 10 = 8 .ni.entet n.ent¾ e t ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 3 ente0t 3ú t t
l .
aila ni e
.n
l aila l aila. i l a ila. n i . l a il.ani.ene
s a
ad a Þ
s 36a – 28 ad=
s a
a8s s
ada as ê
adëa0 0 -7 -7 û
s as ú s
ada as
w
w w w w w
ww Þ ww 36a = 8 + 28 = 36 ww Here r(A) ww = 3 and r[A|B] = 3 ww
36
Þ a = =1 \ r(A) = r[A|B] = 3 = number of unknowns
t 36 etet tet
l ail
e nte
.ani. \ a = 1, b = 3, c = l–10 a il.ani. n
l
a il
en
.ani. Hence the system is
l a il ni.entet
.aconsistent with unique l ai l.ani.ente
t
sas daadsa
as sas sas sas
.wp.apdaad a Hence the path.w of
p.apthe boy is .wp.apdaada solution. .p.apdaada
w .wp.apdaada
w w ww w ww the row-
ww ww y = 1(x2) + 3(x) w –10 Writing wwthe equivalent equationswfrom
Þ y = x2 + 3x – 10 echelon matrix, we get
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
s
Chapter dsa s
ww x–w
y+w 2z = 2 ww ...(1) 3 ww 15t -3 -20t + 10 ww
3y = 3 Þ y = 1 ...(2) Þx= [5t – 1] –2t + 1 =
tet -t 7t tet 1
10
tet
10
e n –7z = –7 Þ z = en e =1 ...(3) en e n etet
s asl .
ailani .
s asl . n
aila -7i.

s asl ailÞ. ni.
a x= [–5t + 7] s asl aila. ni .
s asl ail.ani.n
daada
.wp.ap Solutions daadin
y = 1 and.pz.ap=1
a (1) we get, ada
.wp.apda
10 ada
.wp.apdaset is .wp.apda
ada
ww
w w w w
ww
w Hence the solution
ww
w
ww
w
x –1 +w2(1) = 2
m
1 1
Þ x –1 + 2 = 2 x= (7 – 5t), y = (5t – 1) and z = t where
t t t t t10t 10 t t
Þail .ani.e n e x + 1 = 2 a i
l .ani.en e
a i
l .ani.en e
a i
l .ani.ente a il.ani.ente
sas l sas l sas t ∈ R.
l sas l sas l
ap daadaÞ x = apda2ad–a1 = 1 apdaada apdaada apdaada
co
. p. . p. . p. . p. . p.
ww x = 1
w
w Þ w w w w ww w ww w
ww ww (iii) 2x +w2y + z = 5, x – y + z = 1, 3xw+ y + 2z = 4
\ x = 1, y =1, z = 1
(ii) 3x +ty + z =2, x –3y + 2z =1, t t The t t matrix form of thet given t system is t t
a i.ente
il.an7x a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene AX = B where alail.ani.ene a il.ani.ene
a l – y + 4z = 5. a l a l a l
daadsas adsas
.wp.apdaof the system is AX w
asas
p.apdad daadsas .wp.aépdaada
ss
s.
w .wp.ap Then matrix w form = .wB w .wp.apé 2 2 1 ù é x ù w 5 ù
ww ww ww ww ê1 -1 1 ú , X = ê w
w
ú ê ú
é 3 1 1ù é ùx é ù
2 A = y
ê ú, B = ê 1 ú
ê ú
where
t t A = êê 1 -3 2 úú , Xn=.enteêê ty úú , B = êê1 úú entet êë3 1 2úûetet êë z úû êë 4 úû t t
ok
i . ni e
.n e i . i i . ni . i .ni. n il.ani.ene
l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a
a
adsa s ëê7 a-d1aadsa4 ûú
as ëê z ûú ëê5ûúadaads a
as a
adsa
Applying pelementary
s row operations aada
s as
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.p w .w.apda w .wp.apdon
ww Applying elementary row operations
ww wwon the the augmented
ww matrix [A|B] we ww get,
augment matrix [A|B] we get, é 2 2 1 5ù é 1 -1 1 1ù
t t t ê ú R1 «eRt2et ê ú t
o
l a i
l.ani.enteé 3 1 1 2 ù la i
l .ani.enteé 1 -3 2 1ù lail[A|B]
.ani.ente = ê 1 -1 1 1ú ¾l¾¾¾ a i
l .ani.n ® ê 2 2 1 5ú lail.ani.ente
s
ada as ê ú R
s a
a2s« R ê ú s as s as s as
1 -3 2 1aúd¾ ad¾¾¾ ® ê 3 1 1 2 úadaada êë 3 1 a2da 4aúda êë 3 1 2a4daúûada
.wp.ap da [A|B] = ê
1
w w .wp.pa w .wp.p w .wp.p û w.wp.p

ab
ww êë7 w 1 4 5úû
-w êë 7 -w1w 4 5úû w ww
R 2 ®Rw2 - 2R 2
é 1 -1 1 1ù
R 2 ®R 2 -3R1 R 3 ®R 3 -3R1 ê ú
é 1 -3 2 1ùt ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 4 n.e-nt1et 3ú
R
i nteRt 3 -7 R1 ê
.an3i.e® i .ani.enteú i . ni e
. ntet
i . i i .ani.ente
t
l a l
sas¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 d10 l a l
sas -5 -1ú alala alala l a l
apdaada apaada a daadsas daêëa0dsas 4 -1 -1úû
a
sas
apdaada
.p
w . .êp.
ww ë0 20 -10 -2 úû
w w.wp.p w.wp.p .wp.
ur
w ww w ww ww é 1 -1 1 1ù ww
w
é 1 -3 2 1ù R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê ú
ê ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 4 -1 3ú
R3® Rt3 - 2 R
¾i¾¾¾¾¾¾
.ani.ente
2
® ê0 10 -i.5ni.e-nt1eút t t
il.ani.ene êë0 0lail.ani0.ent-e4 úû
t t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a l a l a a l a a a l a
adsas ê0 adsa 0s 0 0 úû adsas dsas asas
.s
.wp.apda .wpë.apda .wp.apda Here r(A) = 2 apdaaThere

.wp.[ are 2 non-Zero p.apdad
.wrows]
w w w w w
ww Here r(A) =ww 2, and r[A|B] = 2 [since wwthere ww ww
only two non-zero rows]. So, r(A) = r[A|B] and r[A|B] =3 [ There are 3 non –zero rows]
= 2 <e3,tethe given system is consistent Here, r(A) ¹ r[A|B]
entet with one
w
i. ni . n t i . ni . i . ni entet
. i.ente
t
il.aninconsistent
t t
il.ani.ene
aparameter
sl a l a family of solutions.
a sl a l a So, put z = t, asl a l a
Hence, the given systema s l ais and has asl a
adsa asa asa asa adsa
w .wp.apda x ∈R. Writing the w wp.apdad
.equivalent equations from w p.apdad
.the
w no solution. w.w p.apdad w .wp.apda
ww row echelon w w we get,
matrix ww
w
(iv) 2x –wy + z = 2, 6x – 3y + 3z = 6,w
w
w
x – 3y + 2z = 1 ...(1) 4x – 2y + 2z = 4.
e te t 10y – 5z = –1 e te t ...(2) e te tThe matrix form of theegiven tet system is etet
sa sl ail.ani.n z = t s asl ail.ani.n ...(3) s asl ail .ani.n AX = B where saslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
.wp.ap da (2) becomes 10yw–.wp5t.ap=da–1 .wp.apda .wp.apda é 2 -1 1ù .wp.apda
w
w w w w
ww ww ww ww ê ú w
w
Þ 10y = 5t –1 A = ê 6 -3 3ú
1 êë 4 -e2tet2 úû
Þail .ani.entet y = [5ta i
l
entet
.a–ni.1] a il.ani.ente
t
a il.ani.n ai l.ani.ente
t
sas l 10 a l sas l sas l sas l
.wp.apdaada .wp .a
3pdaadsas .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaadaéê x úù é 2ù
ê ú .wp.apdaada
w w w w w
ww Also, from (1), wwx – [5t – 1] + 2t = 1 ww ww X = ê y ú B = ê6ú ww
10
êë z úû êë4úû
t t t t t t t t t t
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ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
26
adsa I
ww w
Applyingwelementary row operations ww on the é1 -2 k
ww 1ù
ww
augment matrix[A|B], we get, R 3 ®R 3 + R 2 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 -2k + 2 1- k -3ú
etet R ®R -e3te Rt etet ê0 n.entet 2 ú n.entet
s asl ail.ani.n é 2 -1 1 2 ù sa2slail.an2i.n 1 é 2 -1 1 2ù saslail.ani.n ë saslail.a0i 1 - k + 1 - k - k -s2aûslail.ai
ada ê ú adRa3 ®R 3 - 2R1 ê aúda aa ada
w.wp.apda [A|B] = ê 6 -3 w3 .wp6.apúda¾¾¾¾¾¾® ê 0 w0.wp.a0pd0aú é 1 w p2.apdad
-
.w k w
1ù .wp.apda
ww w
êë 4 -w2 2 4 úû êëw w
0 0 0 0 úû ê ww ww ú
m
® 0 -2k + 2 1- k
-3 ê ú
Here r(A) = 1[ only one non zero row] ê ú
te t te t t
te ë - k 2
- k + te t - k - t
û .ani.ente
n e
.n n e
. n n e
. n 0 0 n e
. n 2 2
andl ai l.a i r[A|B] =1[ only one-zero
l a il.a i row] l a il.a i l a il.a i l a il
sas sas adsaas -p2.apdaadsa
as
1ùp.apdaadsa
as
apdaad a \ r(A) = r[A|B] apd=aad1a< 3, the given system apdais é1 k
co
w .wp. .wp . .wp . .w .w
ww ww ww ® êê0 w-w2k + 2
w w
1 - k ww-3úú ...(1)
consistentw and has two parameterwfamily of
solutions. êë0 0 (k + 2)(1 - k ) - k - 2 úû
t e t te R.t t t t t t t
So,
l a n
il.ai. e n z = t and y = s where
l s,
a t
n
il.ai. ∈
e n
l a n e n e
il.ai.Case (i) when k = 1 lail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
ads as Writing the equivalent a
asasequations from the row- asasa 1asa1
as 1 -2 1asa1
as
é 1 -2ada
.wp.apda p.apdad p.apdad p.p d ùú R 3 ®R 3 -R 2 éê w.wp.apdad ùú
s.
echelon matrix, . . ê .
ww we get
w w w w w w w
ww ww [A|B] ® wwê0 0 0 -3ú ¾¾¾¾¾¾w ®w ê0 0 0 -3ú
2x – y + z = 2 ...(1) êë0 0 0 -3úû êë0 0 0 0 úû
y = s ...(2) Here
t t t t tet r(A) = 1 and r[A|B] =t 2t t t
ok
n
il.ai e
. n e z = t lail.ai n e
. n e ...(3) lail.ani.en il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
l a l a l a
as
adsa Substituting (2) and adsaa s adsa So, r(A) ¹ r[A|B]
as sa The system has no solution.
adÞ as adsaas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda(3) in (1) we get, w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww 2xw– s + t = 2
w ww Case (ii) wwWhen k ≠ 1, k ≠ −2 ww
Þ 2x = s – t + 2 é1 -2 k 1ù
t t t ê t ú etet
o
e
ni.n t e 1 e te
il.ani–.nt + 2] e
.ani.n[A|B]
te → 0 -2k + 2 i.ani.n1 - k e te -3ú
s
alail.Þ
s a x = ala[s
s s s asl a il ê
s asl a l s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada2 ada êë0 apdaada0 not zero not zero úûapdaada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 1 w .wp.apda w.wp. w.wp.
ab
ww \ Solution wwset is x = (s – t + 2),wyw= s, z = t ww ww

Þ ρ(A) = 3 and ρ[A|B] = 3
where s, t ∈ R 2
so, tρ(A) = ρ[A|B] = 3 = the number of unknowns
e ntet en tet e nte e ntet .ani.ente
t
2. lail.Find
ani . the value of k for which
l a il.ani . the equations l
a il.ani .Hence, the system has l aunique
il.ani . solution. l a il
sas adsaas+ z = –2, sas sas sas
.wp.apdaada kx – 2y + z = 1,.wpx.a–pda2ky .wp apdaada Case (iii) when
. .w p .apdkaa=da–2 .wp.apdaada
ur
w x – 2y + kz =w1 have w w w
ww ww ww[Qy - 2019] ww é1 -2 -2 1 ù ww
(i) no solution r[A|B] ® êê1 6 3 -3úú
il.(ii)
ni.ent etunique solution lail.ani.entet il.ani.ene
t t êë0 0 0lail.ani.e t t
0núûe
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a a a a l a a a l a
ads as (iii) infinitely many s
adsasolution adsas asas adsas
.s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda Here r(A) w =.w pdadr[A|B] = 2

2p.aand w .wp.apda
ww Sol. kx – 2y + w zw= 1, x – 2ky + z = –2, x –w 2yw+ kz= 1 ww ww
The matrix form of the system is AX = B where \ r(A) = r[A|B] = 2 < 3, the number of unknowns
so tthe system is consistent with infinitely many
w
entéekt -2 1ù é x ù.ni.entet é 1 ù te entet t t

a l a il.ani .
ê ú a ê l a i
úl a ê ú a l a il.ani ensolutions.
.
a l a il.ani .
a l a il.ani.ene
s
ads a A = ê 1 -2k 1ú a, dXaad=sa ê y ú , B = ê -2ú s asa s adsa s asa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apdad 3. Investigate w .w p.apdavalues
the of λ and m the w .wp.apdad of
system
ww êë 1 w -2w k úû êë z úû êë 1 w
úû w w ww+ 3y – 5z = 8,
linear w equations 2x + 3y + 5z = 9, 7x
w
Applying elementary row operation on the 2x + 3y + λz = μ, have

augment
e t e t matrix [A|B] we get, e te t tet no solution
il.ani.n(i)
e etet etet
asl ail.ani.n a s l ail.ani.n asl a asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n
s
ada ék -2 1 1aùdaada s é 1 -2 k 1aùdaada s (ii) a unique solution
s
ada s
ada
.wp.apda .wp.apdanumber of solutions. .wp.apda
w
w ê w .wp.p ú R « R ê w .wp.pú (iii) an infinite

w w
ww [A/B] = ê 1 -2wkw 1 -2 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾ 1 3 ® ê 1 -w 2kw 1 -2 ú ww ww
êë 1 -2 k 1úû êë k -2 1 1 û ú Sol. 2x + 3y + 5z = 9, 7x + 3y − 5z = 8, 2x + 3y + λz = μ
.ani.eRnte
t
.ani.ente
t .ni.eThe
ntet matrix form of theasystem
.ani.ente is AX = B where lail.ani.ente
t t
ail 2 ®R 2 - R1 é a i
l ù a i
l a i
l
sasl 1 saas -2
l k 1 asaas l l
é 2 3 5aùdaadsaas é x ù a
apdaada R 3 ®R 3 - kR1.p.apêdaad aúpdad p é9 ù apdaadsas
w .
w p. ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ w ® ê0 -2k + 2 1 - kww-3ú
w .
w p. ê .
w p. ú ê ú ê úw .
wp.
ww ww w A = ê7ww3w -5ú , X = ê y ú , B = êw8w ú
ê0 -2 + 2k 1 - k 2 1 - k ú êë z úû
ë û êë 2 3 l úû êëm úû
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
s
Chapter dsa s
ww ww
Applying elementary row operations won w the ww ww
augmented matrix [A|B] we get, EXERCISE 1.7
etet t t
il.ani.eneé7 3 -5 8ù 1.
t t
.ani.ene the following system e homogeneous
il.ani.enof
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
a l ail.ani.n éê 2 3 5 9ù
a l a
ú adRa1 «R 2 ê a la ilSolve a l a a l a
s
ada s s s ú s s s s s s
.wp.ap da [A|B] = ê7 3 -5 .p ¾
a ¾¾¾¾
8ú.apd ® ê 2 3 5 .9pú.apdaada equations. .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w w w w w w w
ww ê2ë 3ww l m úû êë 2 3ww l m úû (i) w +7z = 0, 4x – 3y – 2z = 0,ww
3x +w2y
m
5x + 9y + 23z = 0
R.n2i.e®n teRt 2 - 2 R1 e nte t
.ani-. 5 -8ù (ii) t e t
.ani. 2x + 3y −z = 0, x − yla–il.a2z
e n ni.en=te0,t 3x + y + 3z = 0. lail.ani.entet
l ail a 7 é 7 3 l a i
l l a i
l
sas saas sas sas sas
apdaada R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 .wpê.apdaad15 ú apdaada apdaada apdaada
co
. p. w ê 45 45 ú ww . p. Sol. (i) 3x + 2y w . p . . p.
w +7z = 0, 4x – 3y – 2z = 0, ww
w w ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ w w w w w
ww ww ® ê 0 7 7 7wú 5x + 9y + 23z = 0
ê0 0 l - 5 m - 9ú
ë û Htere the number of equations is equal to the
i.ani entet
. i .ani entet
. i .ani entnumber
. e
of unknowns. i .
an i entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a l a l
é7 d3adsas -5 -8ù a l a l al a l a l a
adsas adsas Transformingadaainto dsas echelon form,p.apthe adsas
.wp.apda .wp.apda .w da
s.
w R 2 ®R 2 ´ 7 wê.w p.apa ú w w .wp.p w
ww ¾¾¾¾¾¾ w®w ê0 15 45 47 ú ww augmented
ww matrix becomes ww
êë0 0 l -5 m -9úû é 3 2 7 0ù é3 2 7 0ù
t t ê 4 -3 te-t2 0 ú ê0 -17 -34 te út R 2 = 3R 2 - 4R1 t t
Case (i)
t When λ =
5 t →
ok
n
i. i e
. n e i. in e
. n e ê i. i n .en ú ê i. i ú
n .en 0
i.ni.ene
a a a a R = 3R 3 - 5R1 alala
d a
dsaaslal dé
ad7saasla3l -5 -8ù d adsaaêës5lal 9 23 0 úû êë0 dad17saaslal34 0úû 3 daadsas
a a a a a a a a a
w.wp.p .
ww ê
[A|B]
p. p ú .
ww p. p .
ww p. p ww .p. p
ww ww = ê0 15 45 47 ú ww ww é 3 2 7 0 ù ww
êë0 0 0 m -9úû ê0 -17 -34 0 ú R = R + R
ê
te0túú
3 3 2
Here ρ(A)tet = 2 and ρ[A|B] = 3 .ni.entet tet etet
o
aila. ni .en aila aila. ni e
. n ê
ë 0 0 aila . ni
0 e
. n û ail.ani.n
s asl s asl
s asl s asl s asl
adaSo, ρ(A) ≠ ρ[A|B] adaada ada apdaada=2 and n = 3. ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda So, ρ(AB)w.=wp.ρ(A) w .wp.apda
ab
ww Hence the system ww is inconsistent andwhas w no ww ww

solution Hence, the system has a one parameter
family of solutions. Writing the equations
Case (ii) t
teWhen λ ≠ 5, μ ≠ 9 i.ni.entet et the echelon form,
tusing t
.enteget t
l a il.ani .en
l a l a l a il.ani e
. n
l a il .aniwe l a il.ani.ente
sas sas -8ù saas saas sas
.wp.apdaada é7 3 .p.apda-ad5a
w .wp.apdaad 3x + 2y + 7z
.wp=
.apd0aadand −17y − 34z = 0 .p.apdaada
w
ê www ú
ur
w w To solve
w w
ww [A|B] = ê 0 15 45 47 ú ww ww the equations let z = t, ww
êë 0 0 not zero not zero úû then −17y − 34t = 0
t t t t t t −17y = ent34t t t t
sa Here
l a .ene = 3 and ρ[A|B] =la
il.aniρ(A) 3 il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani. e l a il.ani.ene
adas a
adsas a
adsas adsas y = 34t
a a
adsas
.s
w .wp.ap da \ ρ(A) = ρ[A|B]w=.wp3.a= pdanumber of unknowns

w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 17 w .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww ww
Hence, the system is consistent with unique y = −2t
solution Substituting z = t and t y = −2t in
w
te t te t te t te t t
saa Case
n .en
lail.ai(iii) When λ = 5 andsaaμsla=il.a9i n .en 3x
a l a n
il.ai .en + 2y +a7z l a il .a=
n .e
i 0n
a l a il.ani.ene
ad s a adsa s asa s adsa s
w .wp.apda é 7 3 w-.wp.a-pd8aùd
5 w .wp.apda We get 3x + .2(−2t)
w wp.apdad+ 7t = 0 w .wp.apda
ww ê w
w ú ww 3x ww − 4t + 7t = 0 ww
w
[A|B] = ê 0 15 45 47 ú 3x + 3t = 0
ê 0 0 0 0 ú 3x = et−3t
.ani.enteë û
t t t t etet
a il a il.ani.ente a il.ani.ente ai l .ani.ne ail.ani.n
s asl s asl s asl s asl 3 t s asl
adaHere ρ(A) =2, ρ[A|B] = a2da ad a ada x = - ada
w
w w w w 3 w
ww \ ρ(A) = [A|B] ww= 2 < number of unknowns ww ww x = –t, w
w
\ The system is consistent and has infinite So the solution is
number .ani. ente of
t solutions. .ani.ente t t t
.ani. xe= −t, y = −2t and zla=il.atniwhere
en .entet t ∈ R .ani.ente
t
a l a il a l a il a l a il a a l ai l
ss ss ss ss ss
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsa I
ww (ii) 2x +w3y w − z = 0, x − y – 2z = 0, 3xw+wy + 3z = 0. Case (i)wwhen w λ≠8 ww
Here the number of equations is equal to é1 1 3 0ù
ê ú
.ani.ente the number of unknowns. .ani.ente Transforming la
t t i.ni.e ntet [A|0] = iê.0ni.ente -t1 -4 0 ú etet
s asl a il into echelon form,
s asl a il
the augmented matrix s as l a
s asl a l a
s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada êë0 0 not zero a0dúûaada
w.wp.apda becomes w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p
ww ww ww Here ρ(A) ww = 3, ρ([A/O]) = 3 ww
m
é 2 3 -1 0 ù é 1 -1 -2 0 ù
ê 1 -1 -2 0 ú → ê 2 3 -1 0 ú R « R \ ρ(A) = ρ([A/0]) = 3 = the number of unknowns
nê .entet ú ê n e
. ntet ú 1 2
n e
. nteThet t
.ani.ente and has uniquelail.ani.ente
t
l a il. a i l a il.a i l
a il.a i \ given system is
l a consistent
il
sas êë 3 1 3 0 úû dadsêëa3as 1 3 0 úû sas sas sas
apdaada apa apdaada solution. apdaada apdaada
co
w .wp. w .wp . w .wp. .wp. .wp.
ww ww é 1 -1 -2 0 ù ww Case w
ww
(ii) when λ = 8 ww
w
ê0 5 3 0 ú R 2 = R 2 - 2 R 1
ê ú R = R - 3R é 1 1 3 0ù
t e t ê teút 3 3 1 t e t êi.ni.entet ú t t
l a n
il.ai. en ë 0 4
l a
9 n e
il.ai. û n0
l
a n
il.ai. e n [A|0] = l a l
0 a -1 - 4 0 l a il.ani.ene
adsasa asas a a
adsas adsas ê
a ú asasa
.wp.apda é 1 -1 w -2.wp.ap0daù d .wp.apda .wp.apda p.apdad
s.
w w w êë0 0 0 0 úûw.w
ww → ê0 w 5
w
3 0 ú R = 5R – 4R ww ww ww
ê ú 3 2 2 Here ρ(A) = 2, ρ([A|0]) = 2
êë0 0 33 0 úû \tetρ(A) = ρ([A|0]) = 2 <tet3, the number of
entet entet t t
ok
a l a il. ani
So,
.
ρ(AB) = ρ(A) = 3 and
a l a il.a
n
ni
=
.
3 a l a il.ani enunknowns,
.
a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s sa s
daadconsistent adsa s
w .wp.apda Hence, the w .wp.apda
system has a unique solution. w .wp.apda \ The system w .wp.apis and has non-trivial
w .wp.apda
ww ww ww solutions.
ww ww
Since x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 , is always a solution of
the homogeneous system, the only solution is 3. By using Gaussian elimination method,
et etet tet
ebalance the chemical ireaction etet equation: etet
o
theettrivial solution
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl al.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ad xa = 0, y = 0, z = 0adaada ada C2H6 + O2→ H O
ada+ CO2 [Govt. MQP-2019] ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apd2a w .wp.apda
the Sol. Given w Cw 2 H6 + O2 → H2O + CO2w
ab
ww 2. Determine wwthe values of λ for wwhich w w

following system of equations We have to find positive integers x1, x2, x3 and x4
such t that

.xani+.entye + 3z = 0, 4x + 3y +laλz .ani.= 0, 2x + y + 2z =0
t ente t t t
il il i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
sas has
l a sas sas l a l x1 C2 H6 + x2 O2 a→ l a l
saxs H2O + x4 CO2 ...(1)
saasl a l
.wp.apdaad a (i) a unique.wpsolution apdaada
. .wp.apdaada The number .wof
p. ada 3 atoms
apdcarbon on the LHS
.wp. aad(1)
apdof
ur
w w w ww ww
ww ww ww shouldwbe equal to the number ofwcarbon atoms
(ii) a non-trivial solution.
Sol. x + y + 3z = 0, 4x + 3y + λz = 0, 2x + y + 2z =0 on the RHS of (1).
t e t t t t t t t t t
n
il.ai.
saslaReducing
en
the augmented a lmatrix
a n e n e
il.ai. to row – echelon alail.ai. e n e n \ 2x1 = 1x
a l a il4.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ada form we get, adsas adsas Þ 2x1 p–.apxda as0
a ds= adsas
...(2)
.s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .w 4 w .wp.apda

ww ww ww Considering
ww hydrogen atoms we w get,
w
é 1 1 3 0ù é1 1 3 0ù
R1 «R 3 ê ú 6x1 = 2x3
[A|0]t =t êê 4 3 l 0 úú ¾ ¾¾¾ ®
t t ê 2 1 2 0 ú
w
t t 6x1 − 2x3 = 0 .ni.entet

Þ t t
l a il.ani.ene ê 2 1 2 0 ú alail.ani.ene ê 4 3 l 0 ú alail.ani.ene l a ila l a il.ani.ene
adsa as ë ûadsa s ë ûadsa
s Þ 3x1 – xd3a ds=
a 0
as ...(3)
adsaas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda Also, .wp.apa oxygen atoms we get,
considering
w w .wp.apda
ww ww é1 1 3 0 ù ww ww ww
w
R ® R - 2 R ê ú 2x = 1x + 2x
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ 2 2 1 ® 0 -1
-4 0 ú 2 3 4
R 3 ®R 3 -4R1 ê Þ 2x – x – 2x = 0 ...(4)
t êë0 -1 .l et 0 úû tet 2 3 tet etet
.ani.ente ni.e-nt12 4
l a il l a il a l
a il.ani.enEquations (2), (3) andl a il .ani.enform
(4) a homogeneous l ail.ani.n
s
ada as adas as s
ada as ada s as s
ada as
.wp.apda .wp.aépd1a 1 .wp.apda system of w .wp.apdaequations in 4 unknowns
linear .wp.apda
w
w w 3 0ù w w
ww R 3 ®R 3w-w R2 ê ú ww
w
\ Thewaugmented matrix [A|0] isw
w
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -1 -4 0 ú
êë0 0 l - 8 0 úû
n .entet n .e ntet n e
. ntéêe2t 0 0 -1 0 ùú .ni.entet .ani.ente
t
l a il. a i l a il.a i l
a il.a i 3 0 - 1 0 0 l a il a l ai l
sas sas sas ê sas sas
. .wp.apdaada ê - .wp.
-
ap2daad0aúú .wp.apdaada
ww
ww wwww ww ww ë 0 2
wwww 1 û ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
s
Chapter dsa s
ww w
By Gaussianwelimination method, we get, ww Since x1, xw w ww
2, x3 and x4 are positive integers, let us
é -1 ù choose t = 4
1 0 0 0
ailR nteRt 1 ¸ 2 ê
.an1i.e® etetú
ail.a2ni.n ú ail.ani.n
etet 4
\ x1 = ala=il.an2i.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
adas asl
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® ê aas asl s
ada asl s
ada2 s s
ada asl
.wp.apda ê 3.w p.ap0dad-1 0 0 ú .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w w
wwêë0 2 -1 -2 0 úû ww
w
ww
w 7 ( 4) ww
w
\ x2 = =7
m
é -1 ù 4
t t t t t t t t t
l ai l.ani. en e ê 1 0
l a
0
il.ani. 2en e 0 ú
l a il.ani.e n e
l 2i.ani.ene
a l l a il.ani.ente
sas 2 ®R 2 -3R1 ê dadsaas ú saas sas sas
apdaada ¾R ¾¾¾¾¾®.w apa apdaad ap da= ada 3( 4) = 6 and x =.wpt .a=pda4ada
co
. p. ê
p . 3 ú . p. \ .xp .
ww ê0 0 -1 2 0 úww
w w w w w w w w
ww ww 3 2 ww4
ê ú So, the balanced equation is
ë0 2 -1 -2 0 û
t t t t 2 nC.en t Ht + 7O2 ® 6H2O + 4CO t .t t t
a l a il.ani.ene é a l a il.ani-.en1e ù a l a il.ai 2 e 6 a l a il.ani.en2e a l a il.ani.ene
adsas 1 0asas0 adsas adsas adsas
p.apdad
0ú
.wp.apda ê.w .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
s.
wwEXERCISE 1.8 ww
w w 2 w w w
ww ww ê ú ww
R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê 3 ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® 0 0 -1 0
ê 2 ú Choose the Correct or the most suitable
t t ê t t ú t t t t t t
ok
il.ain .en e n
il.ai-7 ú
.en e answer e n e
il.ai from the given four
n . e n e
ilalternatives
n
.ai . : il.ani.ene
asl a ê asl a asl a asl a asl a
adsa 0 2s 0
êë.p.apdaada
0
úû adsa adsa9 daadsa
w .wp.apda w w 2
w .wp.apda 1. If |adj (adj A) w .wp| .a=pda|A| , then the orderw.of wp.apthe
ww wé w -1 ù ww square matrix ww A is ww
ê 1 0 0 0 ú
2 (1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 5
t ê útet t t t t
o
te te te
¾l aRil.an2i«
¾¾¾¾
e
.n R 3 ê
®
-a7il.ani.nú
l
e lail.ani.n e
l
e
ail.an2i.n [Ans. (2) 4] lail.ani.ene
s
ada as ê
0 2 0 s
ada as 0
ú s
ada as s as
ada(n −1) s
ada as
w .wp.ap da ê w .wp.apda 2 ú w .wp.apda Hint : |adj (adj)A| p=
w .w.apda|A| w .wp.apda
ab
ww wê w 3 ww \ (n−1) ww 2 = 9 Þ (n−1)2 = 32 ww
0 0 -1 0ú
êë 2 úû Þ n −1 = 3 Þ n = 4
R1® 2 t
R t t tet t
l a il.ani.ente 1 é 2 0 0 la-il1.an0i.eùnte 2. iIf
l a l.ani.eAnteis a 3 × 3 non-singular
l a il.ani.enmatrix such that
l a il.ani.ente
sas R 2 ®2R 2 ê sas ú sas T T sa–1
s T T sas
.wp.ap daada¾R ¾¾¾¾
® 2 R
® ê 0 .p4.apdaad0a -7 0 ú
w .wp.apdaada AA = A A and .wp .aBpda=adAa A , then BB = .wp.apdaada
ur
w w w w B (3) I w
ww 2 3
ww êë 0 0 -2 3 0 úû ww (1) A ww (2) 3 wwBT
(4)
[Ans. (3) I3]
Here ρ(A) = ρ([A|B]) = 3 < 4, the number of T = (A−1AT)(A−1AT)T t t
t t t t Hint : B
tB t t t
a l il.ani.ene
unknowns
a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas with one parameteradaads as = (A−1ATap)da(A adsTa)sT·(A−1)T apdaada
ss
.s
w .wp.ap da \ The system iswconsistent .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp . w .wp.

ww family of solutions, ww so let x4 = t ww = w(A w −1AT) A(A−1)T = A−1(A.A wwT)(A−1)T
−1 T T −1 −1 T T −1
Writing the equations, from the row-echelon = (A A). A (A ) [ (A ) = (A ) ]
T T –1
entet = I·I = I en[tet A ·(A ) = I]
w
form ewe
ntetget (from equation (2)) entet t t
l a il.a ni . l a il.an i . l a il.ani . l a il.ani . l a il.ani.ene
2xadsaas 1 − x4 = 0 asa as asa as asa as asa as
w .wp.ap da Þ 2x w = x.wp.apdad w .wp.apdad é3 5ù w.w p.apdad w .
adjwp.aBpdad
ww Þ
ww2x1 = t 4 Þ x = t ww 3. If A = ê wúw, B = adj A and C = 3A, then
1 2û ww | C | =
w
1 2 ë
From equation (3) [Govt. MQP-2019]
e ntet en tet e nte1t en tet etet
slaila
asaaÞ 3x
. ni .
− x = 0 s asl aila. n i .

s asl . n
ail(1)
a i .
(2)
1
(3)
s asl .
aila n
1i .
(4) 1 s asl ail.ani.n
1 3 ada ada ada 4 ada
.wp.apda Þ x = 3t
d
.wp.ap da Þ .wp.apda .wp9.apda .wp.apd1a
w
3
w x w = 3x w w w
ww ww 3 1 2 2 ww ww [Ans.
ww (2) ]
( n-1 ) 2 9
From equation (4) adjB adj(adj A) A
ntet tet Hintn:.e ntet = = t t
2x l a il.a–ni.e
x – 2x = 0 Þ 2x l a–il.an3it.en–2t = 0 l a il.ai C 3 A l a il.ani.ent3e2 . A l ai l.ani.ente
sas 2 3 4 sas 2 2 sas sas sas
. .wp.apdaada .wp .apd2aada .wp.apdaada
w w w ww A A 1 www
ww 7t ww 7t ww w = = =
Þ 2x2 – = 0 Þ x2 = B × A 9. A 9
2
4 4
t t t t t t t t t t
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w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsa I
ww ww ww 1 x ww
0 ww
é1 -2 ù é6 0 ù
4. If A ê ú = , then A =
1 4 û êë0 6 úû 7. If P
tet =
1 3 0 is the adjoint of 3 × 3 matrix
.ni.n eteët etet n en entet etet
aslaila lail.ani. l .
aila ni. 2 4 -2 saslail.ani. l ail.ani.n
adaa
dsa é1 -2 ù a aasa
daads(2) é 1 2ù s
adaada
as daada x is s
adaada
as
w.wp.p (1)
ê1 4wú w w.
p . p ê -1 4 ú w w w.wp.p A and |A| w 4,.apthen
=.w
p w.wp.p
ww ë wû ë û w ww w ww w
(1) 15 (2) 12 (3) 14 (4) 11
m
é 4 2ù é 4 -1ù
(3) t (4) ê entet ú etet t [Ans. (4) 11] t
l ai l.ani.enteêë -1 1úû l a il.aën2i. 1û l a i
Hint
l.ani.n : |adj A| = |A| n−1 lail.ani.ente l a il.ani.ente
sas sas é 4 2 ù saas daadsas
a a
daadsas
apdaada apdaada [Ans. (3) ê .wp.apdúaad ] a a
co
. p. . p . . p . p . p . p
ww
w w w
ww = B
w
ww ë -w1 1û 1
3 0ww 1 0
w –x
w
+ 0 = 43–1 ww
w w
Hint : AX
4 -2 2 -2
⇒ A = BX−1 where
entet entet nenÞ tet −6 –x (−2) = 42 Þ.ni .ente−6 t + 2x = 16 t t
a l a il.ani . é1 -
a 2l ù
a il.a n i . é 6 0 ù a l a

il.a i .
Þ 2x = 22 a l aÞ
ila x = 11 a l a il.ani.ene
ads as X = aêdaadsas ú , B = ê ú .p.apdaada
ss
apda-ad
sas ss
apdaaadaù
.wp.apda
s.
.wp.pë1 4 û é 3 . 1
p . 1 ù é a a. p .
ë
wwû
w w 0 6 w w w w 11 w w12 13
ww ww êw
w ú ê ww ú
é6 0ù 1 8. If A = ê 2 -2 0 ú and A–1 = êa21 a22 a23 ú
A = ê · · adj (X)
ë 0 6 úû X t t ê 1 2 -1úû êa a a ú
t t entet ë entet ë 31 32 33 û i.ani.entet
ok
i . ni en
. e i . n i ene
. i . ni . i . ni .
asl a l a a l a
éa1saasl0 ù 1 é 4 2 ù a l a then the value ofasaaa sl is
a l a slal
d ads
a = 6 d d · d adsaasl d d 23
[PTAs- a
d ad a 5]
w.wp.p êë0 1úû 6 êë -1 w1wúû.wp.p

a a a a a a a
.wp.ap−2 (3) −3 .p.ap a
w.wp.p (1) 0 w ww(2) ww w−1
ww ww w w(4)
1 0ù é 4 2ù é 4 2ù [Ans. (4) –1]
= éê úê =
ú t ê -1 1ú
t ë0 1û ë -i1.ni.en1te t t -2 0 n.ent2et 0 2 -2 etet
o
l a il.ani.ente l a l a û ë û
l a il.ani.ene: |A| = 3
Hint l ail.a–1i –1 l ail.ani.n
s
ada as aas as s
ada as 2ada-1
s as 1 -1 1 a2da s as
w .wp.apda 5. If A = é7 3 ùw,.wpthen .apdad9I – A = w .wp.apd-a2]
[PTA w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ê 4ww ú
ab
ww 2 ww w w= 3 (2) –1 (–2) –1 (4 + w 2)w

ë 2û
-1 = 6 + 2 – 6 = 2
–1 (2) A
(1)
. ni e
. nteAt
2
(3) 3Ae–1te t (4) 2A–1
. n i . n a . ni e
. ntet =
1
co-factor . ni e
.of
nteat = 1 × – 3 -1 .ni.entet
i i i 23 i 32
saaslal
a
saaslal
a
[Ans. (4) 2A –1]sasla l
a
a A saslala
a
2 2 s0aaslaila
d ad d ad d ad d ad ad
w.wp.p
aa aa
wé9.wp.p0 ù 7 3 w.wp.p
aa .wp.ap1a -2 .wp.apda
ur
w w
w w w w é ù w w w = – 2 (0 + 2) = 2 = w–1
w w
Hint : 9I – A = ê ú –ê ú
ë0 9 û ë 4 2 û 9. If A, B and C are invertible matrices of some
t t t t tet then which one.nof tet following is not .ni.entet
n
il.ai. e n e é 9 - 7 0 - 3 n e n e
il.aù i. é 2 -3ù il.ani.enorder, ilai.enthe ia
aasl
s = a
ê a l a
sas ú = ê ú = adj Aadsas a l a
true? a
sas l a saaslal
.s
aad ad ad
0 -a4a 9 - 2 û ë -4 7 û .p.apa
d d d ad d ad
w.wp.p wë .wp.p w.w p.apa .p.apa
ww ww1 w ww w (1) adj w wA = |A|A–1 w ww w
1
But A–1 = adj A= adj A Þ adj A = 2A–1 (2) adj (AB) = (adj A) (adj B)
A 2
w
enteté 2 0 ù eùntet .ni.en(3) tet det A–1 = (det A)–1 t t t t

l a il.ani . é 1
l a il.a n4i . l a il a l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a If A = ê
a
ads6. s ú andapdB a=saê
as ú then |adj (AB)| =dsa (4) (ABC) =
a as –1 as
–1
aCsa B A –1 –1 asa as
.wp.apda ë 1 5 ûw.w p. ad ë 2 0 û .wp.apda .wp.apdad .wp.apdad
ww[Ans. (2) adj (AB) = (adj wwA) (adj B)]
w w w w
ww ww ww
(1) –40 (2) –80 (3) –60 (4) –20
w
é 12 -17 ù é 1 -1ù
[Ans. (2) –80] 10. If (AB)–1 = ê ú and A–1 = ê ,
-2 3 úû lail.ani.ente
t t t t t t t t t
l a il
e
.ani.n e
l a il.ani.n e e
l a il
e
.ani.n e ë -19 l27 a il
e
.aûni.n e
ë
s
ada as s a
é 2ad+a0 8 + 0 ù é 2 8ù adaada
s s as –1
then B = adaada s as [Mar. d -a s
da a
2020]s
.wp.apda Hint : AB w=.wp.aêpda
w
w ú = ê w .wpú .p w .wp.p w .wp.apa

ww ww ë1 + 10 4 + 0 û ëw 11w 4 û é w2w -5ù é8 5ùww
(1) ê ú (2) ê ú
é 4 -8ù ë -3 8û ë3 2 û
tadj
i . ni e
. n et (AB) = êë -11 i2.núûi.entet i
tet é 3 1ù
.ani.en(3) i
t
.ani.enéte 8 -5ù i .ani.ente
t
sas l a l a
saas l a l a
sas l
a l ê 2 1ú sas l (4)
a l ê -3 2 ú sas l a l
.wp.apdaad a |adj (AB)| = .wp .a8pda−ad88 = −80 .wp apdaada
. ë û .p.apdaada
w
ë û .p.apdaada
w
w w w w w
ww ww ww
ww [Ans. (1) ê
ww é 2 -5 ù ]
ú
ë -3 8 û
t t t t t t t t t t
Ph:9600175757 / 8124201000 adsas
l l l l l
d adsaasa d asaasa adsaasa adad asaasa adsaasa
p
w.w
a
.p a .wp.apda
www.Padasalai.Net
w p
w.w
a
. pda
w.wp.p
www.CBSEtips.in p
w.w.apda
ww ww w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene
s
Chapter dsa s
ww Hint : Since (AB) ww−1 = B−1A−1, we get, ww ww
é3 4ù
ww
é 12 -17 ù é 1 - 1 ù ê5 5ú
= B–1 ê
a i
l
ê e te t
.anëi.-n19 27 û
ú
ë - a
e
2il.ani.n3û te út
13. a ilIf e
.ani.A n = êê
t e t ú
3 ú and ATla=il.an nte, tthen the value ail.ani.entet
Ai.e–1
a l a l a l a l
d adas s d a−1
d sa s d s
ada s ê
ë
x
5 ú
û d s
ada s d adsaas
w.wp.p Let X w.wp= .pB Y
a a a a a a a a a a
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww ww é 12 - 17 ù 1 ww of x is ww ww
m
B–1 =XY–1 = ê · .(adj Y)
ë -19 27 úû Y -4
(1) t (2)
-3
(3) t (4)
3 4
t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente é 12 l a i-
l i.entùe 1 é 3 1ù
.an17 l a il.ani.ente 5 5
l a il.a5ni.ente 5
l a il.ani.ente
= -4 sas
sas dsaas ú · 1 ê 2 1ú p.apdaadsa
as sas
apdaada apdêëaa
- apdaada [Ans: (1).p.apdaa]da
co
w .wp. w .w p . 19 27 û ë wû .w w .wp . w 5 w
ww ww ww ww ww
é 12 - 17 ùé 3 1 ù T
Hint : Since A = A AA = A A = I [\ they are –1, T T
= ê ú ê ú
ë -19 n27 orthogonal]
i .an i entet
. i .a i entûeët 2 1û
. i .ani entet
. il.ani.ene
t t t t
il.ani.ene
l a l
s - 34 12 - 17 ù déadsas ù l a
- l l a l é ù é ù l a l a
aédsa36
a 2 a 5 a
adsas 3 4 3
asasa a
adsas
.wp.ap =daê -57 + 54 -19 + 27 p= .apêa-3 8ú .wp.apda ê 5 5 ú.w pê.a5pdadx ú é1 0 ù .wp.apda
s.
w w ú.w w w w
ww ë ww û ë û ww Þ ê ww 3 ú ê 4 3 ú = ê w
ú w
11. If AT. A–1 is symmetric, then A2 = [Sep. - 2020] ê x ú ê ú ë 0 1 û
êë 5 úû êë 5 5 úû
−1 t (2) (ATi.)an2i.entet t t t t t t
(1)i.a nA i.ente
ok
l a l l a l l a il.ani.ene é 9 16 3x ala12il.anùi.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsa as as as + +s ú é1 0 ù as
T
.wp.ap da (3) A w.wp.ap(4) daadsa (A−1)2 adsa
.wp.apda Þ ê 25 w25
ê adsa
.wp.apda5 25 ú = ê .wp.apda
adsa
w w ú w
ww ww [Ans : (2) ww(AT)2] w
ê 3wx + 12 x 2 + 9 ú ë w û
0 1w
Hint : Þ AT A –1 = (AT A–1)T êë 5 25 25 úû
t t t etet etet etet
o
ail.an i.ente = (A–1a)lTa(A il.aniT.en)Te= (A–1)T A ail.ani.n Þ 3x + 12 = 0 [Equating ail.ani.n a both sides] saslail.ani.n
adas asl saT s
s
ada asl s asl
.wp.ap da Þ AT A–1.w .apd(A
p= aad–1 ) .A .wp.apda 5 25.p.apdaada 12
.wp.apda
ada
w w w w w w
ab
ww Þ
w
AwT A–1 = (AT)–1. A ww 3wx w -12 -12 5ww-4
Þ = Þx= × =
[Premultiplying by AT and post multiplying by A 5 25 25 3 5
qù
.ani.ente éê
t t t t t
on
l a i
l .ani.entesides, we get]
both l a il.ani.ente l a il 1 tan úlail.ani.en
te
l a il.ani.ente
a sas saas s2as saas
. p.ap daadsas AT (AT A–1)A. p= .apdA aadT a[(AT)–1. A]A . p apdaad14.
. If A = ê . p .apdaadaú and AB = I2, then . p.aB
pdaa
=d
w w w wwq w w
ur
w ww w ê -w w
ww Þ (AT)2 (Aw–1 A) = AT (AT)–1. A2 ww
tan 1ú ww
êë 2 ú
û [PTA -3]
Þ (AT )2 (I) = I.A2
æ qö æ te2t q ö A T
Þ . ni.entet entet (1) enteçtcos 2 ÷ A (2) i.çncos i.en 2 ÷ø t t
a l a i
l a (A T)2 = A2
a l a il.an i .
a l a il.ani .
è 2 ø a l a l a
è a l a il.ani.ene
adsaIfs A is a non-singular adsas matrix such thatadaadsas adsas asas
.s
12. p.apdad
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.p 2 w .wp.apda æ 2 q ö A w.w
ww é 5 w3wù ww (3) (cos wθ)I w (4) ç sin ÷ ww
A –1 = T –1 è 2ø
ê -2 -1ú , then (A ) =[PTA -1 ;Hy - 2019] æ 2 q ö AT
ë û [Ans: (2) cos ÷ ]
en çè
w
te t te t t e t te t 2ø t t
a l a i
l .an ié
en
.
- 5 3 ù aél a il
5.an i en
.
3 ù a l a il.ani en
.
a l a il.a n
1i .
a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s daadsa ê s sa s asa s asa s
w .wp.ap da (1) êë 2 1úû w.wp.ap(2) ë - 2 - 1 ú
û ww w .wp apdaadHint
. : wB .wp . pdad–1 = A adj A w.wp.apdad
a= A
ww ww ww ww
q
w
é - - ù é - ù é ù
1 3 5 2 1 - tan ú q
(3) ê ú (4) ê ú =
1 ê 2 = 1 . A T = æç cos 2 ö÷ A T
ëetet2 5 û 3 -
ë .ni.enteû t 1 ê
t ú q etet è etet
l ail.ani.n l aila é 5 -2 ù 1la .ani.e2ntqe ê tan q
+ iltan 1ú sasec l a2il.ani.n
2ø
l ail.ani.n
adas as adas as s as 2 êë úûada s s as
ê -1pú .a]pdaada ada
.wp.apda
2
.wp.apda [Ans : (4) ë 3 w .wp.apda .wp.apda
w
2
w w .wû w w
ww ww é5 -2 ù ww é cos wwq sin q ù wwé k 0 ù
T –1 –1 T
Hint : (A ) = (A ) = ê3 -1ú 15. If A = ê - sin q cos q ú and A (adj A) = ê 0 k ú ,
t ë û t ë û ë û
i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i.ani. entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
s aslalthen k =
l a l l a l l a i
l l ail
sas sas adsaas sas
apdaada apdaada adaada apdaθ (3) apdaada
w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp.p (1) 0 (2)
w .
w sin
p. cos θ (4) 1
w .
wp.
ww ww w w
ww ww (4) 1]
[Ans:
t t t t t t t t t t
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a é -18 13 w.w ùa é -18 0

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w .wp.apda w .wp.apda –1 w .wp.apda w.wp.p êê -1 3 1úú ww.êwpz.úp

ww ww é105000 + 19000 ww+ 12000 ù ww \ D = = 9 – 4w=w5

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ww ww ww and a – b =  ww ... (2)

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