66 12th Computer Science Reduced Syllabus Latest Study Materials

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Reduced syllabus
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il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
STUDY MATERIAL
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etet etet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
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a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
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s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
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SUBJECT ww ww ww ww
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.
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ww J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. ww(C.S) ww ww J. ILAKKIA M.Sc.,
ww M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S) ww
Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science
jbaskaran89@gmail.com jilakkia@gmail.com
t t t t t tet t t
l a i.ente
ail.an9443545321
Contact No:
l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.enContact No: 9443545321
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CS KNOWLEDGE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
il.ani.ene – II YEAR alail.ani.ene
t t .ani.ente
t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a ilCOMPUTER SCIENCE
a l a a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww UNIT NO ww CHAPTER ww ww TITLE ww ww

s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n 1 FUNCTION
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
UNIT – I 2 DATA ABSTRACTION
PROBLEM t SOLVING t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sasTECHNIQUES dadsaas sas sas sas
apdaada aa 3 apdaada
SCOPING apdaada apdaada
w w .
w p.
w w.wp.p w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
w w ww ww ww ww
4 ALGORITHMIC STRATEGIES
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas asas daadsasOPERATOR .p.apdaadsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 5 w p.apdad
PYTHON-VARIABLES
.w w .wp.apAND ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
6 CONTROL STRUCTURES
i .UNIT
ani entet – II
. i .
ani entet
. t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
asla l al a l a l a a l a a l a
daadsaCORE PYTHONp.apdaadsas asa
p.apdad
s adsa s adsa s
.
ww p.ap .
ww 7 w.w
PYTHON FUNCTION w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
etet ete8t STRINGS.niAND etet STRING MANIPULATIONS etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl aila .n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww UNIT – III ww 9 ww LISTS, TUPLES, wSETS w AND DICTIONARY ww ww
MODULARITY AND
ail ntet
.ani.eOOPS a i
l
et
.ani.ent10 PYTHON a i
l i.ente
.anCLASSES
t
AND OBJECTS
ail.ani.ente
t
a i
l .ani.ente
t
sas l sas l sasl sasl sasl
.
wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
11 DATABASE CONCEPTS
UNIT – IV
t t t t t t t t t t
a la il.ani.ene
DATABASE
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas 12 STRUCTURED
adsas QUERY LANGUAGE(SQL)
adsas adsas
w .wp.apda CONCEPTS AND w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww MYSQL ww ww ww ww ww
13 PYTHON AND CSV FILES
t t t t t t t t t t
adsa s adsas 14 adsa
IMPORTING s C++ PROGRAM s
adsa IN PYTHON adaadsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p w
w w UNIT – w Vw ww ww ww ww
INTEGRATING
15 DATA MANIPULATION THROUGH SQL
PYTHON e ntet WITH entet etet etet etet
aila. ni .
AND C++ adsaaslala
i . ni. ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
aasl
adsMYSQL s
aa asl s
ada asl s
aa asl
a
w.wp.p
da
w.wp.p
a da
16 w p.apdad VISUALIZATION
DATA
.w w .wp.apdaUSING PYPLOT: w p.apdad
LINE
.w w
ww ww ww CHART, PIE CHART ww AND BAR CHART ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
p
J..w apdaada
.
BASKARAN p.
M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S)
.
w apdaada .
w papdaada
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apdaada B.Ed. (C.S)
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w ww w w w w
ww Department of ComputerwScience ww ww wwof Computer Science
Department ww
etet
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il.ani.n
t t
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t t
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No: 9443545321 etet
n
s
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CS KNOWLEDGE
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Please w to our Email Id: padasalai.net@gmail.com
w w ww
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1. FUNCTIONS
il.a–ni.eA
t t t t ntet t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene Section
a l a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
Choose s
adsa the best answeradaadsa s adsa s adsa s (1 Mark) adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww 1. The small sections ww of code that are used wwto perform a particular wwtask is called ww ww
(A).nSubroutines
etet (B)
etet Files (C)etePseudo
t code etet(D) Modules etet
s asl ailai.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa aada ada ada ada
w pdad of the following
.wp.aWhich
2. w .wp.apdis a unit of code that
w pdaoften
.wp.ais defined .wp.apadagreater code structure?
within
w w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(A) Subroutines (B) Function (C) Files (D) Modules
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas a sas sas
3.
. p. daadsas of the following
aWhich
p . p. aadaa distinct syntactic
apdis . p. daadsas
apblock? . papdaada
. . p.apdaada
w w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(A) Subroutines (B) Function (C) Definition (D) Modules
entet entet entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
4. The aslail.ani.
variables in a function aslail.ani.
definition are called as aslail.ani. a l a a l a
a
adad
s
a adad asa a s
a adad adsas adsas
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w w w w w ww w ww
(A) Subroutines (B) Function (C) Definition (D)wParameters
t
etewhich tet t t t t t
5. The values
ail.ani.n
l a
are passed ato
l il.ania.enfunction
a l a .ani.entecalled
definitionailare
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s a
adsa s s as s as s as
.wp.apda (A) Arguments .wp.apda .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w
(B) Subroutines w
(C) Function w
(D)wDefinition w
ww ww ww ww w ww
Padasalai
6. Which of the
t t following are mandatory
t t to write the type tannotations
t in the function
t t definition?
ee ee ee ee etet
ada ada ada (C) Square brackets ada ada
w.wp.apda (A) Curly braces w .wp.apda .wp.apda
(B) Parentheses
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
(D) indentations w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section-B
tet
.ani.enfollowing .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t etet
Answer sasl ai
the
l questions sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl ail (2 Mark)saslail.ani.n
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada adaada
w .
wp. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp.p w
ww 1. What is a subroutine? ww ww ww w w ww
 Subroutines are the basic building blocks of computer programs.
t t t t t t t t t t
la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
 adsaSubroutines
as are small as
adsasections a
sas used to perform adparticular
of code thatdaadare a
adsas task that can a
sasused
adbe
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.ap w.wp.apa w .wp.apda w
ww repeatedly. ww ww ww ww ww
2. Define Function
entet with respect to
enteProgramming
t language.
entet t t t t
a l a il.ani. a l a il.ani. a la il.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsas s s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda A function is awunit.wp.apdaof code that is often
w
apdaada within a greater
.wp.defined w .wp.apdacode structure. w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 A function works on many kinds of inputs and produces a concrete output
tet t t etet etet etet
il.ani.eninference
3. Writeathe
a l a il.ani.ene X:=(78).
you getafrom
a l a a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
w.wp.apda
 X:=(78) is a .wp.apda definition.
function
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Definitions bind values to names.
entet
.ni. i.ani. entet i.ani. entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
 saHence, saaslal to the name „X‟. saaslal
aslaila the value 78 bound l a i
l l a i
l
sas sas
adaad adaad adaad apdaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w
w w w ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
5. Which of the following is a normal function definition and which is recursive function definition?
t t t t t t t t t t
i) let rec il.ani.enxe y:
alasum a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
. p.a
pdaadsas .wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
ww w w w w w
ww return x + y ww ww ww ww ww
Ans: Recursive Function
ii) let disp
s asl ail.a:ni.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww print „welcome‟ ww ww ww ww ww
Ans: Normal t Function t t t t

l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
iii)
. p. aadarec sum num: .p.apdaada
let
apd . p.apdaada . papdaada
. . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
if (num!=0) then return num + sum (num-1)
t t t t t t t t t t
else
asas adsas adsas adsas adsas
w p.apdad
.return
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww num ww ww ww ww ww
Ans: Recursive Function
t t t t entet t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene Sectionlail.a-ni.D l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s
adad asaas a
adsa s a
adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Answer the following ww questions: w w ww ww(5 Mark) ww
Padasalai
1. What areencalled
tet Parameters and
entetwrite a note on etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani. s asl ail.ani. s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada aa ada ada
w.wp.apda(i) Parameter without
w .wp.apdaType (ii) Parameter w .apdad Type
.wpwith w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Answer:
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a
 aParameters sas sas sas sas
.p. pdaadsas are the variables
. p.apdaada in a function .w definition
p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Arguments are the values which are passed to a function definition.
tet tet t t t t t t
e
ail.ani.nof parameter passing
 Twosastypes i.ani.eare,
n il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
al saaslal a
adsas
la a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
adaad adaad .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w w w
w w
1. Parameter Without Type ww ww ww ww
2. Parameter t t With Type t t t t t t t t

a li.ni.ene
a l a a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s asas adsa s adsa s adsa s
w1. pdad
.wp.aParameter Without
w .apdad
.wpType: w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Lets see ant example of a functiont definition of Parameter
t Without Type:
ete ete ete etet etet
ada ada b>=0 ) ada ada ada
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda
(requires:
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(returns: a to the power of b)
t t t t t t
.ani.ente let rec pow .ni.ene .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente
sasl a i
l alailaa b:=
ss sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl a i
l
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w if b=0 then 1www w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
else a * pow a (b-1)
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 In the above function definition variable ‘ b’ is the parameter and the value passed to the variable
tet t t t t t t t t
‘b’ .en argument.
il.anithe
aslais a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The precondition (requires) and postcondition (returns) of the function is given.
.wp.apda We have not mentioned
ada ada aa aa ada
w w .wp.apda any types: (data w .apdad This is called
.wptypes). w p.apdad
parameter
.w without type.
w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In the above tet function definition tet the expression has ttype ‘int’, so the function's return type also t be
i . ni e
. n i. ni e
. n i .ni.en et i . ni e
. ntet
i .ani.ene
t
l a l a l a l a l a la l a l a l a l
ads‘int’
aas by implicit. adaadsaas adsaas adsaas adsaas
ww .p.apda ww .p.p .p.apda
ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. Parameter With Type:
.ni.n etet i.ani.n etet i.ni.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
 sNow
aslailalet us write the same
saslalfunction definitionsaslala types,
with a l a a l a
ada ada ada adsas adsas
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(requires: b> 0 )
t t t t t t t t t t
il.ani.ene .ni.ene
aslaila a to the poweraof
(returns: i.bni.e)ne il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a
adsa sl a
adsa slala
adsa a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww let rec pow (a:
wwint) (b: int) : int := ww ww ww
Padasalai
if b=0 then 1
etet e tet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl .
ailani .n
ada ada ada
else a * pow abpda(a-1) ada ada
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In this example we have explicitly annotating the types of argument and return type as ‘int’.
. i.nentet nentet
il.ai. annotations for „a‟ .ai. „b‟ the parantheses nentet
. i. . i. nentet nentet
 asHere,
alaila when we write athe type
ala alailand alailaare mandatory. adsaaslaila
a dadas .p.ap dadsas .p.ap daadsas .p.ap daadsas
.p.ap da
w.wp.p ww w ww w ww w ww w w
ww w w w w
 This is the way passing parameter with type which helps the compiler to easily infer them. ww
t t tet t t t t t t
a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.en2. DATA a l il.ani.ene
ABSTRACTION
a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas asas – A adsas adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .apdad
.wpSection w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Choose the best answer (1 Mark)
ntet following functions
il.ani.ethe
1. Whichlaof entet entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
aa aa lail.ani. that build the abstract
aa lail.ani. data type ? a l a a l a
. p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
ww ww ww w w w
ww ww
(A) Constructors ww
(B) Destructors wwrecursive
(C) ww
(D)Nested ww
2. Which of ntet following functions

i.ani.ethe i.ani.ene
t retrieve information
tthat t t
i.ani.ene from the data type?
t t
i.ani.ene etet
ail.ani.n
lal lal lal lal l
dadsaas d adsaas d adsaas d adsaas s
ada as
a a
w.wp.p (A) Constructors
a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a
w.wp.apda w
ww ww (B) Selectors
ww (C)
wwrecursive (D)Nested
ww ww
ia.entet whose representation

6. The data.nitype
ia
t
.ni.ente is unknown are called
.ni.ente
t
ia i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
saaslal saaslal saaslal sasl a l sasl a l
aad a
d aadad aadad apdaada apdaada
w.wp.p (A) Built in datatype
w.wp.p w.wp.p (B) w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww wwDerived datatype ww ww
(C) Concrete
entet datatype t t t t (D) Abstract datatype t t t t
a l ail.ani. a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Section-B
e t t .ni.ene t t t t t t t t
il.ani.enfollowing
Answeraslathe questions
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene (2 Mark) aslail.ani.ene
asa s adsa s adsa s adsa
pdad
.wp.aWhat .wp.apdaada .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w1. is abstract
ww data
w type? ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
 Abstract Data
t type (ADT) is aenttype t or class for objects twhose behavior isndefined t by a set of value etet
l .ani. e l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ai.ente l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww .p.apdaand a set of operations. .p.apda
ww .p.apda
ww .p.apda
ww .p.apda ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. Differentiate constructors and selectors.
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente CONSTRUCTORS l a i
l.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente ai
SELECTORS
l l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .wp.apdaada
w wwfunctions that buildwthe ww w ww w
ww  Constructors w are  Selectorsww are functions that w retrieve ww
abstractetdata
et type. entet eninformation
tet from the edata tet type. t t
a l a i
l .
a ni . n
a l ail.ani .
a l a i
l .
a ni .
a l a i
l .
a ni . n
a l a il.ani.ene
adsas asas asas adsas daadsas
w .wp.apdaConstructors create w pdadobject, bundlingw.wp.apdad
.wp.aan  Selectors
w .wp.apda individual pieces
extract w .wp.apof w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
together different pieces of information information from the object.
t t t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsas adsa s adsa s
ww ww ww Section-C ww ww ww
Padasalai
Answer the following
t t questions tet tet tet (3 Mark)
e
n e en e n e n etet
s asl .
ailani.
s asl .
ailani .
s asl .
aila ni .
s asl .
ailani .
s asl ail.ani.n
3. aIdentify
ada Which of theapfollowing
ada are constructors ada and selectors? adaada ada
w.wp.pda w .wp. da w .wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) N1=number() -- Constructor
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas accetnum(n1) dadsaas
(b) -- sas Selector sas sas
apdaada aa apdaada apdaada apdaada
w .
wp. w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(c) displaynum(n1) -- Selector
t t t t t t t t
.ni.ente
ila il.ani.ene .ni.ente il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
saaslaeval(a/b)
ad(d) a
adsas
l a --adsaaslailSelector
a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
ada .wp.apda ada .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w w
w ww w w ww ww ww
(e) x,y= makeslope (m), makeslope(n) -- Constructor
entet t t
il.ani.ene entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
(f) ail.ani.
saasldisplay() asl a ani.
-- saaslail.Selector a sl a a sl a
ad adsa ad adsa adsa
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda ada
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww w w ww ww ww
Section - D
Answer the t t
following questions: t t etet etet (5 Mark) i.ni.entet
i.ni.ene
a l ala i.ni.ene
a lala a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n alala
s
aa s s
ada s s
aa s s s daadsas
pdad will you facilitate
.wp.aHow p.apdad it with suitable
.wp.apdadata abstraction.w.Explain aada
.wp.apdexample. . p.ap
w1. w w w ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Data abstraction is supported by defining an abstract data type (ADT), which is a collection of
entet
.ni. i.ani. entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
aslaila
saconstructors saaslal
and selectors. sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl a i
l
adaad adaad apdaada apdaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
w w ww ww ww ww
J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)
t entet entet ntet t t
Departmentlaof
a i.ente
il.anComputer Science l ail.ani . l a i
l .
a ni . l a il.ani.e
Department of Computerla il.ani.ene
Science
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 To facilitate data abstraction, you will need to create two types of functions:
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene  Constructors a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
.wp.apda . p.apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w ww w w
Selectors ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
a) Constructor:
etet entet .entet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n
Constructors are functions
s asl ail.ani.that build the abstract
s asl ail.anidata type. s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww  Constructors wwcreate an object, bundling ww together different wwpieces of information. ww ww
 For example,
t t say you have an
t tabstract data type called
t t city. t t
l a i
l .ani.ene l a i
l.ani.ene l ail.ani.ene l ail.ani.ente
l a i
l .ani.ente
p. dsaasThis city object pwill
apdaa apdaadhold
.
saas the city‟s name,daand
p.apada its latitude and.wplongitude.
sas
. p
sas
apdaada
.
sas
apdaada
w .
w w .
w w .
w w w .
w w
ww ww ww wwww
 To create a city object, you‟d use a function like city = makecity (name, lat, lon). ww
 Here makecity (name, lat,nlon)

nentet entet is the constructornwhich
entet creates the object city.
nentet t t
i.ai. i.ai. i.ai. i.ai. il.ani.ene
dadsaaslal d a
dsaaslal dadsaaslal d a
d saaslal a
adsas
l a
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
b) Selectors:
.ni.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l ai l a l a il l a i
l l ail l a i
l
p. dsaasSelectors are functions
apdaa p.
sas
apdaada that retrieve information p.
sas
apdaada from the data p.atype.
p
a
daadsas p.
sas
apdaada
w .w w .w w .w w .
w w.w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Selectors extract individual pieces of information from the object.
t the informationn.e nteat city object, youailwould t t t t t
 To
l a i.ente
il.anextract l a il.ai of l .ani.ente use functions llike a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
w .wp.apda  .wp.apda
getname(city)
w w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 getlat(city)
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene getlon(city) alail.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s s s s s s s s s
.wp.apda .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w These w arew
w the selectors because w w w w
ww wwthese functions extract ww the information of the ww city object. ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. SCOPING
t t t t n.entet t t t t
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene lail.ai il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
adsaas – A
a sl a a sl a Section a sl a a sl a
adsa adsa adsa adsa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda ada
ww Choose the best answer ww w w ww ww
(1 Mark) ww
1. Which of the tet following refers.nto tethe
t visibility of variables tet in one part of a.niprogram tet to another partt of
e n e n e n e n e et
s asl .
aila ni .
s asl aila i .
s asl .
aila ni .
s asl aila .
s asl ail.ani.n
theadsame
ada program. ada ada ada ada
w .wp.pa w .wp.apda w .wp.apda .wp.apda
w .wp.apda
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(A) Scope (B) Memory (C) Address (D) Accessibility
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
2. The saprocess
s sas
of binding daadvariable name with an sas
object is called sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apa a .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(A) Scope (B) Mapping (C) late binding (D) early binding
n.entet
il.ai the following is used i.ai n.entet i.ai n.entet
i.ai i.ai n.entet n.entet
3. Which
dadsaaslaof d a
dsaaslal in programmingdadsaaslal
languages
d dsaaslal and object? dadsaaslal
to map the avariable
apa apa apa apa apa
w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(A) :: (B) := (C) = (D) ==
etet
i.ani.n for mapping names i.ani.n etet i.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
4. Containers
saaslal saaslal of variables to objects
saaslal is called a sl a a sl a
ad ad ad adsa adsa
ww (A) Scope ww ww
(B) Mapping ww
(C) Binding ww
(D) Namespaces ww
Padasalai
tet tet tet etet etet
5. Which il.ani.en refers to variables
aslascope
.ni.en en
lail.ani.
aslaila defined in currentasfunction? a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
daada daadsa daadsa s
ada s s
ada s
.
ww p.ap .
wwp.ap ww . p.ap w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww
(A) Local Scope ww scope
(B) Global wwModule scope (D)wFunction
(C)
w
Scope ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente ente
lail.ani.
Section-B l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
wAnswer the following
w w questions
w w w w w (2wMark)
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. What is a scope?
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas refers to the visibility
 Scope adsas of variables, parameters adsas and functions s part of a program
adsaone
in adsatos
ww ww ww ww ww ww
another part of the same program.
2. Why scope t t ntet t t t t t t
a i.ni.eneshould be used for
l a l a i.ni.evariable.
a l a l a
State the reason.
a i.ni.ene
la l a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww  The scope should
w w w w w w
ww be used for variables wwbecause; it limits a variable's
ww scope to a single ww definition. ww
 That is the tvariables are visible only
t
to that part of the code.
t
l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
 Example:
s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. What is Mapping?
t t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
 The as
adsa process of binding as
adsaa variable name with as
dsa object is called pmapping.
aan a
adsa s a
adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .w.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  := (colon equal wwto sign) is used in programming ww w
languageswto map the variable and wwobject. ww
4. What don.eyou
ntet mean by Namespaces?
n.entet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ai s asl ail.ai s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdaNamespaces are containers
w .wp.apda for mappingw .wp.apda of variables to w
names .wp.apda (name : = object).
objects w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Example: a:=5
. ni e
. ntet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
a i
l a a i
l ail ail a i
l
sas the variable „a‟ disadsmapped
 dHere l asl to the valued„5‟. sasl sasl sasl
.
w p.apaada .
w p.apa a .
w p.apaada .wpapdaada
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
Answer theefollowing tet questions etet t t entet

(3 Mark) t t
a i
la l.ani . n
a lail.ani.
n
a l a il.ani.ene a l a i
l .
a ni .
a l a il.ani.ene
a s
a
1.p.aDefine s Local scope with sa s
aan example. adsas adsas adsas
w.w pdad p.apdad
w.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Local scope refers to variables defined in current function.
etet
i.ni.n will always look i.ani.n etet i.ani.n etet
i.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
 Asaafunction
slala saaslal up for a variable name
saaslal in its local scope.saaslal a sl a
ad ad ad ad adsa
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  Only if it does
ww ww scopes are checked.
not find it there, the outer ww ww ww
 Example:
Padasalai
t t ee etet etet etet etet
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 On execution of the above code the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and
entet entet
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
aslail.ani. in the local scope.
available aslail.ani.
a la a l a a l a
d asa d a s
a adsas adsas adsas
ww 2. Define Global scope
ww with an example.
ww ww ww ww
 A variable t t
i.ani.ene which is declared .entet
i.anioutside of all the functions t t
i.ani.ene in a program is known
t t
i.ani.ene as global variable.
t t
i.ani.ene
dadsaaslal d a
dsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d adsaaslal
a a a a a
w.wp.p Global variablewcan
a abe accessed inside or.wpoutside
a a a
w.wp.p w .p w.wp.p in a program.ww.wp.p
of all the functions w
ww w ww ww w ww
 Example:
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 On execution of the above code the variable a which is defined inside the function displays the value
tet
ni.en function call Disp() tet
.en then it displaysla10, tet tet tet
lail.athe
7 afor a lail.aniand a il.ani.enbecause a is defined a
.en global scope. lail.ani.en
lail.aniin a
a
dad s
a s a
dad s
a s a
dad s
a s a
dad s
a s daadsas
. p.a
p . p.ap . p.ap . p.ap . p.ap
ww w w with an example. ww ww ww w
ww 3. Define Enclosed wwscope ww ww ww ww
 A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in it,
t t t t t
ila .ni.ente aila .ni.ente laila .ni.ente
laila i .ni.ente .ni.ente
d dsaaslainner
athe function cand aasl access the variable
adsalso d adsaasof the outer function.
d adsaas This scope is called
d slala
adsaaenclosed
a a a a a a a a a a
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww scope. ww ww ww ww ww
 When aetecompiler t or interpreter tsearches for a variable t in a program, it n first t search Local, and then t
l a i
l .ani.n l a i
l.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l ail.ai.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
adsaas asaas asaas asaas asaas
w.w p.apdasearch Enclosing scopes.
p.apdad
w.w p.apdad
w.w p.apdad
w.w p.apdad w.w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
t t t t t t t t t t
i.ni.ene
ala above example sDisp1() i.ni.ene
lala is defined within lala lala i.ni.ene lala i.ni.ene i.ni.ene
dsaaslthe
 daaIn d adaas d adsaas Disp(). The variable
d adsaas „a‟ defined in Disp()
d adsaas can be
a a a a a a a a a
w.wp.p .p.p
ww w because it is also w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww even used by wDisp1() ww a member of Disp(). ww ww ww
5. Identify the
etetscope of the variables
etet in the following pseudo
etet code and writeeits
tet output. t
l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l a i
l .ani.ente
s
ada as s as s as s as sas
.wp.apda Red adaada adaada adaada apdaada
w wcolor:= w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w.wp. w
w w w w ww ww
mycolor():
tet t t t t t t t t
b:=Blue i.ani.en il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
saslal
aa a
adsas
l a a
adsas
la a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
w wp.apdad
.myfavcolor(): w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
g:=Green
t t t t t t t t t
ia.ni.ente il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
saaslal b, g
printdadcolor, a
adsasl a a
adsa sla a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
aa
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w
w myfavcolor() ww ww ww ww ww
print color, b tet
e etet etet etet etet
ada
mycolor() ada ada ada ada
ww print color ww ww ww ww ww
OUTPUT:.ni.entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l a i
l a l ail l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada apdaada
Red Blue.wpGreen
. .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Red Blue
tet t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.enRed a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Scope of Variables:
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene Variables aslail.ani.ene Scope aslail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s asa asa adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda w .
w p.apdad w wp.apdad
.Global w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Color:=Red
w w ww ww ww ww
b:=Blue Enclosed
etet etet t t
i.ni.ene etet etet
asl ail.ani.n G:=Green asl ail.ani.n Local alala a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
.wp.apda
s
ada
.wp.apda
s
ada aa dadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w w w.wp.p w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t Section - Dtet t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l
e
ail.ani.n l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
apdaada the following .w
Answer apdaada
questions: adaada apdaada (5 Mark)apdaada
w .
w p. w p. w.wp.p w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww w w ww ww ww
1. Explain the types of scopes for variable or LEGB rule with example.
t t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
SCOPE: a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
ww  Scope refers to w w visibility of variables,
the ww parameters and functions ww in one part of awprogramw to another ww
part of theetsame
et program. t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
TYPES s
adsa OF VARIABLE s
adsSCOPE:
a adsas adsa s adsa s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Local Scope
Padasalai
 Enclosed t t
i.ni.ene Scope etet etet etet etet
s asl ala s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
daadaGlobal Scope .p.apdaada
.wp.ap .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w ww w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Built-in Scope
ene t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
lail.ani.
LEGBasRULE:
s sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl a i
l
ww  The LEGB ruleww
w w w
iswused to decide the w w
ww in which the scopes
order w w w w w
ww are to be searched for ww scope resolution. ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene
 The a l
adsasscopes are listed abelow a l
adsas in terms of hierarchy a l
adsas(highest to lowest). a
adsas
l a
adsas
l
w .wp.apda w .wp.pda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
i) LOCAL SCOPE:
tet tet tet t t t t
 Local .ni.en
aslailascope refers to variables
.ni.en
aslaila defined in current il.ani.en
aslafunction. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa adsa adsa adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apdaA function will always
w .wp.apda look up for a variable
w .wp.apda name in its localwscope.
.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.
l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
 aExample:
s
da as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Onlaexecution t t ntet the variable aail.andisplays

i.ente
t ntet tet
a il.ani.ene of the above
a l ail.ani.ecode a l the value la7,il.ani.ebecause
a
it is defined
a l a il.ani.enand
w .wp.apdaavailable in the local
w .wp.apda
scope. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w w w w w w w w w ww
ii) ENCLOSED SCOPE:
entet entet entet entet entet
lail.ani.
 Asaasvariable which is declared
s
aaslail.ani.inside a functionsaaswhich
lail.ani. contains another s
a as
il.ani.
lafunction aslail.aniin
definition sawith . it,
a
adad a a a a
w.wp.p the inner function .apdad
w.wpcan .wp.apda
wvariable
d
w .wp.apda
d p.apdad
w.w
w w w w also access the
w w of the outer
w w function. This scope
w wis called enclosed www
scope.
Padasalai
 aWhens
da as as
a compiler or dinterpreter
s
ada searches for as
adaa variable in a program,
s as
ada it first search Local,
s as
adaand then
s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apa w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww search Enclosing ww scopes. ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In the above example Disp1() is defined within Disp(). The variable „a‟ defined in Disp() can be
iani.entetby Disp1() because

even .used
ia
tetis also a member of
.ni.enit tet
.ni.enDisp(). ia
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
dadsaaslal d a
dsaaslal d adsaaslal a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
wiii)
a
.wp.apGLOBAL SCOPE: a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as global variable.
t nte t t t etet
 Global.ni.evariable .ni.ente inside or outsidelaiof
can be accessed nte the functions inaail.anprogram.
.ni.eall i.ente ail.ani.n
alaila
s alaila a la al a l
s
ada
.wp.apdaExample: . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
w ww ww ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 On execution of the above code the variable a which is defined inside the function displays the value
tet
ni.en function call Disp() tet
.en then it displaysla10, tet tet tet
lail.athe
7 afor a lail.aniand a il.ani.enbecause a is defined a
.en global scope. lail.ani.en
lail.aniin a
a
dad s
a s a
dad s
a s a
dad s
a s a
dad s
a s daadsas
. p.a
p . p.ap . p.ap . p.ap . p.ap
ww ww ww ww ww w
ww iv) BUILT-IN-SCOPE: ww ww ww ww ww
 The built-in scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into the program scope when we start the
t etet t etet etet
.ni.ente .ni.ente
ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
alaila or interpreter.
compiler alaila a l a l a l
.wp.apa dadsas .wp.apa dadsas
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w w w w w w
ww  Any variablewor
w module which is defined
ww ww
in the library functions of a programming ww language has ww
Built-inetor
et module scope. t t t t
l ail.ani.n l a i
l .ani.ente
s as sas sas sas sas
adaada apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
w ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda 4. ALGORITHMIC w.wp.apda STRATEGIESw.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section – A
Padasalai
Choose the ebest
tet answer t t t (1 Mark) etet
i .ani.n i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente .ni.n
adsaasl a l
adsaasl a l
adsaasl a l
adsaasl a l
ads
a aslaila
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww 1. The word comes wwfrom the name of awwPersian mathematician ww Abu Ja‟far Mohammed ww ibn-i Musa al ww
w
Khowarizmi is called?
entet
.ni. entet
.ani.(B)
t
ni.enteAlgorithm
.(C) et
.ani.entSyntax .ani.ente
t
aslailaFlowchart
sa(A) sasl a i
l Flow sasl a i
l a
sasl a i
l
(D) sasl a i
l
.
wp.apdaad .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w ww algorithm needswthe ww minimum numberwof wwswaps? w
ww 2. From the following
ww sorting algorithms wwhich ww
(A) Bubble
entet sort (B)
t t Quick sort (C)t Merge
t sort (D)enSelection
t t sort t t
a la il.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani. e a l a il.ani.ene
asas sas
aadnot daadsas adsas adsas
w pdad of the following
.wp.aWhich
6. w .wp.apdis a stable sortingw .wp.apalgorithm? w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(A) Insertion sort (B) Selection sort (C) Bubble sort (D) Merge sort
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene lail.ani.
Section-B l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsas
adad asaas a
adsa s a
adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Answer the following ww questions w w ww w Mark)
w(2 ww
1. What is an Algorithm?
t ete etet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada aa ada ada ada
w.wp.apda An algorithm isw.awp.afinite pdad set of instructions w .wp.apdato accomplish a particularw .wp.apda task. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 It is a step-by-step procedure for solving a given problem.
t t t t t
2. DefinelailPseudo .ani.ente code. l ail.ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww  Pseudo code wwis a methodology that wwallows the programmer ww to represent the implementation ww of an ww
algorithm.
tet t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.en a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 It has no syntax like programming languages and thus can't be compiled or interpreted by the
tet t t t t t t t t
.ni.en
aslaila
computer. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w p.apdad
.3.
w w .
w p.apdad w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Who is an Algorist?
ww ww ww ww ww
 An ni.entet
i.aAlgorist
t t
i.ani.ene in the design of
is a person lskilled t t
i.ani.ene
algorithms etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
saslal
ada ada sasal saslal ada s
ada asl s
ada asl
w .wp.apda An algorithmicwartist
.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
4. What is Sorting?
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas adsaaarranging
s adsaas in an ascendingador sas sas
.
w p.apdaadaSorting is a process .
w p.apdaof group.wpof.apdaitems .wp. paadadescending order. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Bubble Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort, Merge Sort, Selection Sort are the various sorting algorithms.
t t t t t t t t
a i.ente
5. Whatlaisil.ansearching? Write its
lail.an
a i.ente
types. l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
asas a
ss a
ss
.wp.apda A Search algorithm
.wp.apdais the step-by-step .wp.apdad aada
.wp.apdspecific aada
.wpa.apdcollection
w w w procedure used to locate
w data among
w of ww
ww ww ww ww ww w
data.
.ni.entet i.ani. entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
 saExample:
aslaila Linear Search,
saaslal Binary Search asl a a sl a a sl a
ad ad adsa adsa adsa
Answer the following questions (3 Mark)
Padasalai
t ni.entet etet etet etet
l i.ente
ail.ancharacteristics l ail.aalgorithm. l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
1. List s
ada a
the
s ofs
ada a
an
s s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Input
t t t t t
.ni.ente
 Output .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente
ssalaila sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl a i
l
p.apdaada p.apdaada p.apdaada p.apdaada p.apdaada
w  Finiteness ww
.
w .
w w .
w w .
w w.w w
ww w ww ww ww ww
 Definiteness
t t t t t t t t t t
 adsaEffectiveness
asla a
adsas
l a a
adsas
la a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
ww  Correctnessww ww ww ww ww
 Simplicity
etet t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w.wp.apda Unambiguous w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Feasibility
 Portable entet etet etet etet etet
slail.ani.
as a s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda Independent w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
J. BASKARAN M.Sc., t B.Ed. (C.S) J. ILAKKIA tet M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S)
i.ente
il.anComputer i .
a ni entet
. i .
a ni entet
. i .
a ni e
. n i .
ani entet
.
Departmentlaof Science lal lal la l Department of Computer lal
Science
a d
a adsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas a d
a adsaas
p
w.w.p 14 Visit p. p p
:http://www.youtube.com/c/CSKNOWLEDGEOPENER
w.w w.w . p p
w.w . p CS
w.wp.
KNOWLEDGEp OPENER
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Section - D
e t t .ni.ene t t t t t t t t
il.ani.enfollowing
Answeraslathe questions:
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene (5 Mark)aslail.ani.ene
adsa adsa adsa s adsa s adsa
ww 1. Explain the characteristics
ww ww
of an algorithm. ww ww ww
entet
Characteristics etet etet etet etet
lail.ani.
a a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.nMeaning a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
. p.apdaadsas s
ada s
.wp.apda or more quantities .apdabe
.wpto
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w w Input wZero w supplied. w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Output At least one quantity is produced.
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas saas finite number ofdasteps. sas sas
. p. daadsas
apFiniteness . .apdaada
Algorithms
p must terminate
. p.apdaadafter . papada
. . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Definiteness All operations should be well defined.
.ni.ene t t t t
.ni.ene must be carried .ni.ene t t t t t t
Effectiveness
alaila Every instruction
alaila alaila out effectively. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww Correctness ww The algorithms should
ww be error free. ww ww ww
Simplicity t Easy to implement.
t
n.ente t t t t t t t
a l ail.ai a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsa s Algorithmadsa s should be clear and
a s
dsa unambiguous. p Each s
adsaof its steps shouldabe s
adsclear
a
w.wp.apUnambiguous w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.w.apda w .wp.pda w
ww ww and must lead to only ww one meaning. ww ww ww
Padasalai
Feasibility t t i.ente
t
Should bei.anfeasible with the available t t etet etet
i.ani.ene
lal l al i.ani.ene resources.
l al l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
adsaas s
ada as s
aa as s
aa as s
aa as
a
w.wp.p
da
w .wp.apda
An algorithm should be
w .apdad
.wpgeneric, independent
w .apdadable to handle allw.w
.wpand p.apdad of
range w
ww Portable ww ww ww ww ww
inputs.
t entet entet entet entet
l ail.ani.ente lail.ani. should have step-by-step
An algorithm lail.ani. ail.ani. should be independent
directions,aswhich lail.ani.
a
daadsas asaas
d d asaas aasl adad asaas adad
w .
wp.apIndependent .wp.apda
wof w .wp.apda w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww w w w
any programming
w code. w w w w ww
2. Discuss about
tet Linear search algorithm.
tet t t t t t t
a
en
lail.ani. a
en
lail.ani. a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s sa s adsas adsas adsas
.wp.apda adaad .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w wLINEAR SEARCH: w w.wp.p w w w w
w w ww ww ww ww
 Linear search also called sequential search is a sequential method for finding a particular value in a list.
t t t t t t t t t t
asa s asas adsa s s
adsa until the desired adsa s
w
.wp.aThis
pdad method checks w .apdadsearch element wwith
.wpthe .wp.apdaeach element inwsequence .wp.apda w .wp.apda element is w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
found or the list is exhausted.
t t t etet etet
ila .ni.ente .ni.ente
laila need not be ordered. ia .ni.ente ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
 Indathis
saslasearching algorithm, saslist saslal s asl s asl
apada apdaada apdaada .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Pseudo code:
.ni.en tet tet
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
aslaila the array using for
1. Traverse il.ani.en
aslaloop l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
s s sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .wpapdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w ww key value with w wwcurrent value of thewlist. ww w
ww 2. In every iteration,
ww compare the target w
search the ww
 If thet values
t match, displayt the
t current index and tvalue
t of the array t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 If the values do not match, move on to the next array element. If no match is found, display the
t t t t t t t t t t
a l il.ani.ene element not found.
search
a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
pdad
.wp.aIf .apdad the search element
.wpdisplay .wp.apda not found. .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w3. no match is found,
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
Example:
nentet
.ai. nentet
.ai.the array given below,
lail.ai. linear search will nentet
lail.ai. ail.ai. nentet nentet
d aslailsearch
asaTo the number aslailin
asa25
d d asaas d asaasgo step by step in aassequential
aasl d
ww wwfrom the first element
order starting wwin the given array. ww ww ww
 if the i et
.ani.entsearch element is found i
t
.ani.ente that index is returned i
t
.ani.ente otherwise the search i
t
.ani.enteis continued tilllathe i
tet
.ani.enlast
sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sas l
.
w p.apdaadaindex of the array. .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
 In this example number 25 is found at index number 3.
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas adsas asas asas adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda index 0 w.wp.ap1dad 2 3w.wp.apdad4 w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
values 10 12 20 25 30
t t t t t t t t t t
w.wp.apda Snippet: w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Input: values[]={10,12,20,25,30}
Padasalai
s asl ail.ani.nTarget=25 s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww Output: ww ww ww ww ww
.n i e
.nt3
et .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
a l ail a l a i
l l a i
l l ail l a i
l
daadsas is Binary search? saas sas sas sas
3. aWhat
.
wp. p .
w p.apdaadDiscuss with example.
.
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
BINARY SEARCH:
.ni.ene t t .ni.ene t t
.ni.ene t t t t t t
 Binary
aslailasearch also called half-interval
aslaila search algorithm.
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa asa asa asas adsas
p.apdad
.w . p.apdad . p.apdad . p.apdad .wp.apda
ww  It finds the position
w w w w w w w w w
ww of a search element
wwwithin a sorted array.
ww ww ww
 The binary search algorithm can be done as divide-and-conquer search algorithm and executes in
t t t t t t t t t t
logarithmic
adsa s time. adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww Pseudo code for Binary ww search: ww ww ww ww
1. Start withenthe
t t middle element: .ni.entet etet etet etet
ai.ani. e
l al ia
a lal a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s s s s s s s
pdaIf
.wp.aa) .wp.apda
the search element is equal to the middle aada
.wp.apdelement
aa
pdad return the index
.wp.athen
of the array, aada
.apdthe
.wpof
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
middle element.
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
b) Ifsanot,
s then compare d thesamiddle
s element with sas search value, dadsaas
the sas
apdaada apaada apdaada aa apdaada
w .
w p. w .
wp. w .
w p. w.wp.p w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww
c) If (Search element > number in the middle index), then select the elements to the right side ww ww
t index, and go to etet t t t t t t

of the
l a i.ente
ail.anmiddle ail.ani.nStep-1.
l a l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
d) If (Search element < number in the middle index), then select the elements to the left side of
t t t t t t t t t t
il.ani.ene index, and start
thealamiddle .ani.ene Step-1.
alailwith a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s adsa s adsa s s s adsa s
pdad
.wp.aWhen .wp.apda display success wmessage
.wp.apda aada
.wpof.apdthe .wp.apda
ww
w2. a match is
ww found,
w
ww with the index
ww
w element matched.
ww
w
ww
w
3. If no match is found for all comparisons, then display unsuccessful message.
Binary ada Search Workingadprinciplesada with example: ada ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.pa w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  List of elements ww in an array must be wwsorted first for Binary wwsearch. ww ww
t t t t t
 The i.ente is being sortedlaiin
lail.anarray
ente given example and
l.ani.the
ente te
il.ani.enbinary
lail.ani. it is suitable to dolathe search algorithm. ente
lail.ani.
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww  Let us assume
ww that the search element
ww is 60 and we need
wwto search the location
wwor index of search ww
element 60 using binary search.
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ail.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene
 adsaFirst, we find indexdof
asl a l
adsamiddle element ofadthe
s a l
adsaarray by using thisadformula
s a
adsa sl : a
adsa sl
w.wp.apda w .wp.apa w.wp.pa w.wp.pa w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
mid = low + (high - low) / 2
Padasalai
t t t t t t t t etet
i.ni.ene
aslala it is, 0 + (9 - 0 a)ds/aa2
lala i.ni.enealala i.ni.ene
alala i.ni.ene ail.ani.n
dadsaHere d s = 4. So, 4 is the mid
dadsasvalue of the array. dadsas s
ada asl
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas adsaas adsaas sas adsaas
.
wp.apdaadaCompare the value .
w p.apda
stored at index 4 with
.
w p.apdatarget value, which .
w p.
is aada match with search
apdnot .wp.apdaelement. As ww
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww w
the search value 60 > 50.
t t t t t t t t t t
ww
w  Now we change w
ww our search range low
w
ww to mid + 1 and find
w
wwthe new mid value aswindex w w 7. ww
w
 Wei.ncompare
entet the value stored enteatt index 7 with ouri.antarget
entet value. t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
lalai.
aa lail.ani. aa lal i. aa a l a a l a
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
ww ww ww w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
aslala i.ni.ene lala i.ni.ene lala i.ni.ene
lala lala i.ni.ene i.ni.ene
dadsaElement not found dbecause
adsaas the value in index
d adsaas7 is greater than search
d adsaas value . ( 80 > 60) dadsaas
a a a a a a a a a a
w.wp.p So, the searchww .wp.p .wp.p
wwlower
.p.p
ww w mid value location w.wp.p w
ww w element must be in w the part from thewcurrent ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas dsaas range low top.ap a
daadsa-s 1 and find the.p saas a
daadsas
.
w p.apdaadaNow we change.wour p.apdaasearch .
w
mid w apdaadmid
new
. value as index .
w p.a5
p
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Now we compare the value stored at location 5 with our search element.
 We t etet etet etet t t
i.ente that it is a match.
ail.anfound ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n a il.ani.ene
ala ala al a ala a l
. p.a
pdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
adsa s
ww ww ww ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Wei.ncan
entetconclude that the isearch
entet element 60 is found entetat location or index tet
en5. etet
lalai.
aa lal.ani. aa lail.ani. aa lail.ani. aa a l ail.ani.n
. p.apdaadsas .p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
ww ww ww ww w w
ww ww
4. Explain the Bubble sort algorithm with example. ww ww ww ww
 Bubble i
l
t
.ani.entesort is a simple lsorting
i
l
t
.ani.ente algorithm, it starts il.ani.eat
t beginning of the
ntethe il
et of values storedi.nin
.ani.entlist l a
t
i.entean
l a a l a l a l a
adsaas adsaas adsaas adsaas adsaas
ww .p.apda array. ww .p.apda ww .p.apda .p.apda
ww .p.apda
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 It compares each pair of adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the unsorted order.
t t t t t t t t t t
 adsaThis
as comparison and a
as
adspassed to be continued as
adsauntil a
adsas which showsathe
no swaps are needed, as
adsavalues in
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.pda w
ww an array is sorted.ww ww ww ww ww
 It is nnamed
.entet
so becase, the smaller
n.entet
elements "bubble" to the top of the list.
n.entet n.entet t t
i.ai i.ai i.ai i.ai il.ani.ene
d adsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d adsaaslal a
adsa sl a
a a
w.wp.p It is too slowwand
a
ap efficient when compared
w.wp.less
a
w.wp.p
a
to other sorting a a
w.wp.pmethods. w .wp.apda w
ww w ww ww ww ww
Pseudo code
Padasalai
ada with the first element
1. apStart ada i.e., index = 0, compare ada the current element adawith the next element adaof the
w.wp. da w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww array. ww ww ww ww ww
tet tet tet tet .ani.ente

t
2. If thea l il.ani.en element is greater
acurrent a l
e
ail.ani.nthan the next element
a l
en the array, swap them.
ail.ani.of a l
e
ail.ani.n l a i
l
s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s sas
ada ada ada ada apdaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w.wp. w
w w w w
3. If the current element is less than the next or right side of the element, move to the next element. ww ww
4. Go to Step
.ni.ente
1t and repeat until end
.ni.ente
of
t the index is reached.
.ni.ente
t t t t t
ia ia ia il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
d a
dsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
Example:
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Consider an array with values {15, 11, 16, 12, 14, 13}
 Below, t have a pictorialnrepresentation
entewe entet entet sort. t t t t
lail.ani.
aa lail.ai. aa
of how bubble
lail.ani. aa a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
ww ww ww w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The above
t t
pictorial example tist for iteration-1. t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Similarly, remaining iteration can be done.
.ni.netet i.ni.n etet i.ni.n etett t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
 sThe
aslailafinal iteration willsagive
slala the sorted array.saslala a sl a a sl a
ada ada ada adsa adsa
ww
w  At the end of w
wwall the iterations we w
w
will
w get the sorted values w
wwin an array as givenwbelow: w w
ww
w

ada aa ada ada ada
w .wp.apda w pdadPYTHON - VARIABLES
.wp.a5. w.wp.apda AND .wp.apda
OPERATORS
w w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section – A
ntet
.ani.ebest .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t entet
Choose sas a
the
l i
l answer sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl ail (1 Mark) lail.ani.
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada asaas
adad
w .
w p.
ww
.
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w.wp.p w
ww 1. Who developed wPython ? ww ww w w ww
A) Ritche
entet B) Guido t tVan Rossum C) tBillt Gates t tD) Sunder Pitchai.ni.entet
il.ani. il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene ia
dad a
sasl a
d a
d a
sasl a
d a
d a
sasl a
d a
d a
sasl a
d a
d saaslal
w2. pa Python promptwindicates
.wp.aThe .wp.apa that Interpreter apaready to accept instruction.
w.wp.is
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
A) >>> B) <<< C) # D) <<
t t t t t t t t t t
3. aWhich s
adsa of the followingadshortcutadsa s is used to create s
adsanew Python Program ads?a s adsa s
w.wp.pda w .wp.pa w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
A) Ctrl + C B) Ctrl + F C) Ctrl + B D) Ctrl + N
Padasalai
tet tet tet tet etet
4. Which i.ani.ethe
of i.ani.enis used to give comments
n following character i.ani.en in Python Program
i.ani.en ? ail.ani.n
saslal
ada saslal ada saslal ada saslal ada s
ada asl
ww A) # ww B) & ww C) @ ww D) w$w ww
5. This symbol t tis used to print more t

t than ni.entet line.
one item on ai.single .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
i.ni.ene
l a l a i.ni.ene
l a la l a l a l ail l a i
l
sas dsaas a
daadsas sas sas
.
wp.apdaadaA) Semicolon(;).wp.apdaaB) Dollor($) .
w p.apC) comma(,) .
w p.apdaada D) . p.
Colon(:)
w apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
6. Which of the following is not a token ?
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas adsas s
daadsaKeyword adsas adsas
w .wp.apda A) Interpreterw.wp.apdaB) Identifiers w.wp.apC) w.wp.apda D) Operators
w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
7. Which of the following is not a Keyword in Python ?
n.entet
.ai n.entet
ail.ai n.entet
.i t t t t
il.ani.ene D) operators alail.ani.ene
aslailbreak
asaA) saaslwhile
aB) aslaila
C)asacontinue a
adsa sl a
adsa s
adad adad adad .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w w
w 8. Which operator wis also called as Comparative
w operator? ww ww ww
t etet etet etet etet

l .ani.ente
A)ailArithmetic B) Relational
lail.ani.n C) Logical
l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n D) Assignment l ail.ani.n
s
aa as s
aa as s
aa as s
ada as s
ada as
w p.apdad
.9.
w w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Which of the following ww is not Logical operator?
ww ww ww ww
A) andtet B) or tet C) not tet D) Assignment
t t
l i
ala. ni e
. n
l i
ala. ni e
. n
l
e
ail.ani.n l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
s as s as s as sas sas
aada operator is also
.wp.apdWhich adaada adaada apdaada apdaada
w w10. w w.wp.p called as Conditional w w.wp.poperator? w .
w p. w .
w p. w
w w w ww ww ww
A) Ternary B) Relational C) Logical D) Assignment
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Section-B
et t .ni.ene t t t t t t t t
il.ani.enfollowing
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene (2 Mark) aslail.ani.ene
asa adsa asa s adsa s adsa
pdad
.wp.aWhat .wp.apdamodes that can be .apdad to test PythonwProgram
.wpused .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w1. are the different
ww
w
ww
w
ww ? ww
w
ww
w
 In Python,
tetprograms can be written
tet in two ways namely
tet Interactive mode andtetScript mode.
e e e e etet
asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n
 Interactive
s
ada mode allows s
a to write codes inadPython
adus s
ada command prompt s
ada ( >>> ). s
ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.pa w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  Script mode iswused w w
to create and editwpython source file with wwthe extension .py ww ww
2. Write short t t t t t
.ni.ente notes on Tokens..ni.ente
l a i
l a l a i
l a l ail.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w  Python breaks each
.wp. . p.
w logical line into a w
w . p.
sequence
w w of elementary . p.
lexical componentswknown
w w ww
.
w p. as Tokens. w
ww ww w ww ww
 The normal token types are ,
t t t t t t t t t t
s Identifiers,
adsa1) adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2) Keywords,
t t t t t t t t t t
3) il.ani.ene
alaOperators, a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww wwand
4) Delimiters ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
5) Literals.etet etet etet etet etet
aa ada aa ?.wp.apdaada ada
w
3. pdad are the different
.wp.aWhat w .wp.apdaoperators that can w .apdadused in Python w
.wpbe w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Operators are special symbols which represent computations, conditional matching in programming.
 Operators
asl ail.ani.n are categorized aas
sl ni.n
ail.aArithmetic, Relational,
asl .n
ail.aniLogical, Assignment asl ni.n Conditional. lail.ani.n
ail.aand a
a
s
daada a
s
daada a
s
daada s
daada a daadsas a
ww 4. What is a literal?
wwExplain the types of
wwliterals ? ww ww ww
 Literal isentea traw data given in tet

aenvariable or constant. entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
lail.ani. lail.ani. lail.ani. l a l a
d adsaas d adsaas d adsaas a
adsas a
adsas
p
w.w
a
. pa p
w.w
a
. p a . p.ap a .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww  In Python, there
wware various types of w ww w They are,
literals. ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
1) Numeric t t t
.entedigits t t t t t t
a i.ni.ene Literals consists
l a l a i.niof
a l a l a
and are immutable
i.ni.ene
a la l a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s asas daadsa s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda2) String literal is
w .w pdad
ap.asequence w .wp.apsurrounded
of characters .wp.apda
by quotes.
w w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
3) Boolean literal can have any of the two values: True or False.
etet etet .ni.ente
t etet etet
asl ail.ani.n aslail.ani.n Section-C
alaila a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
.wp.apda
s
ada
p.apdad
.w
s
aa
. p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w questions ww w (3 Mark)
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. Write short notes on Arithmetic operator with examples.
t t t t t
i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i.ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
 dAn l a l
sasarithmetic operatordais l a l
saas mathematical operator l a l
sas used for simple arithmetic.sasl a l sasl a l
.
w p.apaada .
wp.apada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w ww w w w
ww  It takes two operands ww and performs awcalculation on them. ww ww ww
 Arithmetic
entet Operators used inente
python:
t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani. a l ail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. What are the assignment operators that can be used in Python?
t t t t t t t t t t
 „=‟ a
adsasis a simple assignment a
adsas operator to assign a
as
adsvalues a
to variable. apdaadsas a
adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww
 There are various compound operators in Python like +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **= and //=. ww ww ww
 Example: t t
i.ni.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a
d adsaaslal a
adsa sl a a
adsasl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
a
w.wp.p
a a=5 .wp.apda the value 5 towa.wp.apda
#wassigns w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
a,b=5,10 # assigns the value 5 to a and 10 to b
Padasalai
t etet t t etet
l .ani.ente
aila+=2 # a=a+2, ladd ail.ani.n2 to the value ofsa„a‟ l ni.entestores
ail.aand the result lin i.ente(Left hand operator)
ail.an„a‟ l ail.ani.n
s
aa as s
ada as ada s s
ada as s
ada as
w pdad
.wp.aExplain
3. Ternary .wp.apda with examples.
operator
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Ternary operator is also known as conditional operator that evaluates something based on a
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
condition
sas being true or adfalse.
sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apda a .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w wwa single line replacing w w w
ww  It simply allows ww testing a conditionwin ww the multiline if-else ww making the code ww
compact.tet t t t t t t t t
a
en
lail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
Syntax: sa s adsas adsas adsas adsas
adaad .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w w w w
w ww ww ww ww ww
Variable Name = [on_true] if [Test expression] else [on_false]
t t t t t t t t t
laila .ni.ente l a il.ani.ene la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
Example
adsaas : a
adsas a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
ada .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w w w w
w ww ww ww ww ww
min = 50 if 49<50 else 70 # Output: min = 50
tet tet etet tet etet
4. Write i.ani.en notes on Escape
short ni.en
i.asequences i.ani.en
with examples. ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
saslal
ada ada saslal ada saslal s
ada asl s
ada asl
ww  In Python strings,
ww the backslash "\" is
wwa special character, also
ww called the "escape" wwcharacter. ww
 It is used
n.enteint representing certain
n.entewhitespace
t characters.
n.entet t t
l a i
l .ai l ail.ai l a i
l.ai l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
adsaas
apdaPython
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaadacharacters.
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .
wp. supports the
w .
wp.
following escape . p.
sequence
w w w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas sas sas sas
. p. pdaadsas are string literals?
5. aWhat
. p.apdaadaExplain.
. p.apdaada . papdaada
. . p.apdaada
ww  ww wwof characters surrounded
In Python a string literal is a sequence ww by quotes. ww ww
 Pythonnsupports
t t single, double t triple quotes for
tand ta tstring. t t t t
i.ai.ene
a l a l i.ani.ene a l a l i.ani.ene a l a l a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsacharacter adsas adsas by single or double adsas quotes. adsas
w p.apdaA
.w .wp.aapdasingle characterwsurrounded
literalwis .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The value with triple-quote "' '" is used to give multi-line string literal.
.ni.ene t t t t t t t t t t
 Example:
alaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
. p.apdaadsas asa s
p.apdad is Python"
."This .wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
ww strings =
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
char = "C"
Padasalai
etet t t
il.ani.ene
t
i.ente more than onelaline tet
il.ani.encode."' etet
s asl ail.ani.nmultiline_str =s"' a sl aThis is a multiline string
s asl ail.anwith s as s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww w
printw(strings) ww ww ww ww
print (char)
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas
print (multiline_str) sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w ww w w w w
ww  Output: w ww ww ww ww
t t This is Pythonentet t t t t t t
a la il.ani.ene a lail.ani. a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas C .p.apdaadsa s adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda ww w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww w w ww ww ww ww
This is a multiline string with more than one line code.
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene Sectioni.a-ni.eD il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a
adsa sl a a
asasl a
a saaslal a
adsa sl a a
asa sl a
w.wp.apda
Answer the followingw.w p.apdad
questions: a
w.wp.p
da d
w .wp.apda p.apdad
(5w.w
Mark) w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. Describe in detail the procedure Script mode programming.
lail.ai n.entet
lail.ai l n.entetetet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
SCRIPT
asaas MODE PROGRAMMING:
asaas s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
d d
ww  A script is a textwfile
w containing the Python
ww statements. ww ww ww
 Once the Python tet Scripts is created, tet they are reusable te, t it can be executed tagain
et
and again without t
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l ail.ani e
. n
l a i
l.ani e
. n
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas sas sas sas
. p. daadsas
aretyping.
p .p.apdaada . papdaada
. . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The Scripts are editable.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
(i) Creating Scripts in Python
t t
.ni.ene eet t t t
.ni.ene t t t t
alailaFile → New File oralpress
1. Choose ail.ani.n Ctrl + N in Python
alaila shell window. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s adsa s asa s adsa s adsa s
pdad
.wp.aAn .wp.apdatext editor will be p.apdad
.w .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w2. untitled blank
ww script
w
ww
w displayed on screen.
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
3. Type the code in Script editor as given below,
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
s s Python Scriptdadsas adsas adsas adsas
(ii) aada
.wp.apdSaving aa .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(1) Choose File → Save or Press Ctrl + S
(2) Now, Save t t t t t t t t t t
i.ani.ene As dialog box appears
i.ani.ene on the screen. il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
d adsaaslal d adsaaslal a
adsasl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
w(3)
a
.wp.apIn the Save As dialog a a
w.wp.pbox w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Select the location to save your Python code.
Padasalai
tet .ni.en tet .ni.en etet etet etet
 Type
s aslaila the file name in File
s aslailaName box. s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww
w  Python filesww w
are by default saved w w
with
w extension .py. ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
 So, while creating scripts using Python Script editor, no need to specify the file extension.
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas click Save button
(4) dFinally, sato
s save your Python sas
script. sas sas
.
wp.apaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww (iii) Executing Python ww Script ww ww ww ww
(1) Choose Run

etet
→ Run Module or Press F5
etet t t t t t t
a la il.ani.n a l a il.ani.n a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
(2) sas code has any error,
Ifadyour adsasit will be shown aindaared
dsas color in the IDLE adsas
window, and Python adsas
describes the
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
type of error occurred.
 To icorrect t
.ani.ente the errors, golaback
t Script editor, make
t to
il.ani.ene
t
t corrections,
il.ani.ene
save the t t and execute it again.
file
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
s asl a l s as s asla a
sa sl a a sl a
aadaall error free code,
.wp.apd adaada adaada daadPython
aof daadsa
w(3) For w.wp.p the output will appear w.wp.p in the IDLE window w.wp.p wp.apFigure.
as shownw.in w

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
etet
Department of Computer
il.ani.n
Science t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
Department
il.ani.ene
of Computer Science t t
il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
2. Explain input() and print() functions with examples.
.ni.n etet i.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
aslailaOutput Functions
Inputsand
ada saslal
ada a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww  A program needs
w w w w w w
ww to interact with thewuser
w to accomplish the wwdesired task; this can wwbe achieved using ww
Input-Output functions.
daada input() function
.wp.apThe
aa
pdad to enter data at
.wp.ahelps
ada
.apdatime
.wprun by the user w.wp.apdaad
a
.wp.apda
ada
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The output function print() is used to display the result of the program on the screen after execution.
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas sas sas sas
1)
. p. daadsas function
aprint()
p . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . papdaada
. . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In Python, the print() function is used to display result on the screen.
entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
 Syntax
aslail.anfor
i. print():
a l a a l a a l a a l a
adada s
a adsas adsas adsas adsas
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww  Example: ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas adsas adsas asas adsas
w .wp.apda The print ( ) evaluatesw .wp.apda the expressionwbefore .wp.apda printing it on the w .apdad
.wpmonitor. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The print () displays an entire statement which is specified within print ( ).
t t t t t t t t t t
a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene
 adsaComma ( , ) is used
asl a
adas
l
sa a separator in print
s a l
ads(a) to print more than
s a
aone
l
dsa item.
s a
adsa sl
ww 2) input() function ww ww ww ww ww
 In Python, t input( ) function is tused to accept data eastetinput at run time. etet etet
i .ani.ente i.ani.ente .ni.n .ni.n ail.ani.n
s asl a l s asla l s aslaila s aslaila s asl
.p.apda The syntax for input()
a
d a a
d a ada ad a ada
ww ww .p.apda function is, .p.apda
ww .p.apda ww w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
entet
.ni. entet
il.ani. is a message to il.ani. user, to know what entet
.ani. can be given. lail.ani. entet entet
 asa“Prompt
aslaila string” in athe
saaslasyntax asaas
lathe
asaas
lailinput
asaas
adad adad adad .apdad .wp.apda
d
w w.wp.p If a prompt string
w w.wp.pis used, it is displayed
w w.wp.pon the monitor; wthe
w.wpuser can providewexpected data from www
w w
w w w w
the input
t t
device. t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 The input( ) takes typed data from the keyboard and stores in the given variable.
etet
il.ani.n string is not given n etet etet
ni.n not know what lis ni.nbe typed as input.lail.ani.n etet etet
 sIf laprompt lail.ani. in input( ), the suser
lail.awill ail.ato
adad a aas asaas
adad a aas adad asaas adad asaas adad
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p ww.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w w w w w ww
 Example:
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww
w  In Examplew1w input() using prompt
w w
wwstring takes proper input
w
ww and produce relevant
w
ww output. ww
w
 In Example t 2 input() without t using prompt string takes t irrelevant input and t produce unexpected
te te te te t t
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a n
il.ai e
. n
a l a n
il.ai e
.n
a l a il.ani.ene
s
soutput. s s s s s s s s
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w.wp. .p.
ww w
.p.
ww w
.p.
ww w
.p.
ww w w
ww  w w w w
So, to make your program more interactive, provide prompt string with input( ). ww
Padasalai
Input()nusing
entet Numerical values:
nentet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ai. s asl ail.ai. s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada aa aadacharacters but not aa ada
w.wp.apda  The input (w).wpaccepts
.apdad all data as string
w .wp.apdor w pdadnumbers.
.wp.aas w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The int( ) function is used to convert string data as integer data explicitly.
t
te t t t t
 lail.Example:
ani.en l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
3. Discuss et
i.entdetail entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
lail.anin
aa
about Tokens
lail.ani. in Python.
aa a la a l a a l a
. p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
wTokens
w ww w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Python breaks each logical line into a sequence of elementary lexical components known as Tokens.
entet entet etet etet etet
 The lail.ani. token types are,
normal lail.ani. l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
asaas
d asaasd s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww ww
1) Identifiers, ww ww ww ww
2) Keywords,
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
as Operators,
s3) sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww 4) Delimiters wwand ww ww ww ww
5) Literals.
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Whitespace separation is necessary between tokens, identifiers or keywords.
tet t t t t t t t t
.ni.en
aslaila
1) Identifiers a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa asa s asa s asa s asa s
w pdad
.wp.aAn w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww Identifier is w
awname used to identifywaw variable, function, class, ww module or object.ww ww
 An identifier must start with an alphabet (A..Z or a..z) or underscore ( _ ).
t t t t t t t t t t
l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
 Identifiers
s
ada as may contain ddigits as
ada (0 .. 9)
s s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
w .wp.apda w .wp.apa w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  Python identifiers wware case sensitive i.e. ww
uppercase and lowercase ww letters are distinct.ww ww
 Identifiers must
t not be a python keyword.
t t t t
.ni.ente
l a i
l a .ni.ente
l a i
l a l ail.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a a a sas sas
. p. daadsas does not allow
aPython
p . p. daadsas
appunctuation character
. p. daadsasas %,$, @ etc., .within
asuch
p p.apdaada identifiers. . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Example of valid identifiers: Sum, total_marks, regno, num1
t
nte invalid identifiers: te t t t t t t
 Example l a il.ani.eof l ail.ani.en12Name, a il.ani.ene
name$, ltotal-mark, continue lail.ani.ente l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas adsaas a
adsas
p a
. pda
.w Keywords p a
. pda p a
. pda p a
. pda .wp.apda
w2) w.w w.w w.w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Keywords are special words used by Python interpreter to recognize the structure of program.
n.entet
lail.ai have specific smeaning
lail.ai n.entet
lail.ai lail.ai n.entet lail.ai n.entet n.entet
 Keywords
adsaas adaas adsaas they cannot be used
for interpreter, adsaasfor any other purpose.
adsaas
ada ada ada ada ada
w w  Python Keywords:
w w w
false, class, If, elif,
w else, pass, break etc.
w w w w ww
Padasalai
3) Operatorstet
 Operators
s
ada are special s
ada symbols which s
adarepresent computations, s
ada s
ada
conditional p.apmatching in
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .w da w
ww programming.w
w ww ww ww ww
 Operators t t ni.entet
i.ni.eneare categorized asi.Arithmetic, Relational, .entet
i.niLogical, ni.entetConditional.
Assignmenti.and i .ani.ente
t
lala lala lala lala l a l
d adsaas dadsaas d adsaas d adsaas sas
apdaada
p. Value and variables
w.w
ap a a
p a a
w.wp.when used with operatorp a a
w.wp. are known as operands.
w.wp. p a
w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Example:
tet t t t t t t t t
a la il.ani.ena=100 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas b=10 adsas adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww w
printw("The Sum = ",a+b) ww ww ww ww
print ("The a > b = ",a>b)
e tet tet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a sl a n . n
il.ai print ("The a > baslaoril.anai.en== b = ",a>b or a==b) asl a a sl a a sl a
adsa asa adsa adsa adsa
w .wp.apda a+=10 w.wp.apdad w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print(“The a+=10 is =”, a)
 Output:entet etet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani. The Sum = 110saslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww The a>b
ww = True ww ww ww ww
The a > b or a == b = True
et a+=10 is= 110i.ni.entet
etThe etet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l ail.ani.n l ala l ail.ani.n l a i
l l a i
l
a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a d
aadsaasa sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
4) Delimiters
.ni.en tet tet tet tet tet
 Python
aslaila uses the symbols aand i.ni.en .ni.en .ni.en lists, dictionaries
aslailaas delimiters in expressions,
aslaila
.ni.en
aslaila and
adsa slalasymbol combinations
adsa adsa adsa adsa
w .wp.apdastrings. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Following are the delimiters.
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
5) Literals
tet tet tet t t t t
 Literal i.ena raw data given lin
i.anis i.anai.envariable or constant.i.ani.en il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
saslal
ada ada sasal ada saslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
ww  In Python, there
w w w w w w
wware various types of w
literals.
w They are, ww ww ww
1) Numeric Literals consists of digits and are immutable
t t t t t t t t t t
i.ni.ene
aslala literal is a sequence i.ni.ene
alala of characters surrounded
alala i.ni.ene i.ni.ene il.ani.ene
d2)
adsaString dadsas dadsas by quotes. dadsaaslala a
adsa sl a
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w
w w w
w can have any of the
3) Boolean literal w
w two values: True or w w
False. ww ww
Padasalai
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s ada 6. CONTROL
s s adaSTRUCTURES
s s s
ada s s
ada s
ww Section – A
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
1. How sasmany important control sas structures are there as Python?
sin sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 6
t
ni.entconsidered
e t
ente t t t t t t
2. elif can
alail.abe a lail.ani.
to be abbreviation of
a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww A) nested ifww B) if..else ww C) else ifww w
D) wif..elif ww
3. What plays
enteat vital role in Pythonentprogramming?
et t t t t t t
a lail.ani. a lail.ani. a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
a s
a s asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
adad adad .wp.apda C) Structurew.wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p A) Statements ww.wp.p B) Control w D) Indentation
w w
w w ww ww ww ww
4. Which statement is generally used as a placeholder?
adA)
a continue aB)
da break ada C) pass ada D) goto apdaada
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
5. The condition in the if statement should be in the form of
i.ni.n etet i.ani.n etet
i.B) et
ni.entArithmetic i et
.ani.entexpression i .ani.ente
t
A)saArithmetic
slala or Relational
saslalexpression sasl a l a or Logical
sasl a l sasl a l
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w wwLogical expressionwww w w w
ww C) Relationalwor ww
D) Arithmetic ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
6. Which is the most comfortable loop?
n.entet
il.ai n.entet
ail.ai
tet
ani.enfor
il.C)
t t
il.ani.ene D) if..elif
t t
il.ani.ene
saaslado..while
adA) aB)
dsaas
lwhile
a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww 7. What is the output
wwof the following snippet?
ww ww ww ww
i=1 etet etet etet etet etet

ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apdawhile True: w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
if i%3 ==0:
break i.ani.entet i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
l a l l a l l a l l a l l a l
adsaas
apdaprint(i,end='')
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
i +=1
t t t et t t t t
A)la1il.a2ni.ente ail.ani.ene
B) l123 l a ni.ent1234
il.C)
a l a il.ani.ene D) 124 l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
ww 8. What is the output
wwof the following snippet? ww ww ww ww
T=1
t t t t t t t t t t
while
adsa T:
s adsa s adsas adsa s adsa s
ww print(True) ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
break etet etet etet etet etet
a False
adA) da True
aB) ada C) 0 ada D) no output ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
9. Which amongst this is not a jump statement ?
etet
il.ani.n etet et
ni.entcontinue t
.ani.ente D) break .ani.ente
t
A)
saaslafor B)sasail.ani.n
saaslgoto
l a i
l .C)
a
sasl ail sasl a i
l
.
wp.apdaad .
w p.apdaad .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w wwblank? w w w
ww 10. Which punctuation
ww should be used inwthe ww ww ww
if <condition>_
a la il.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas asas adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apdastatements-block w 1.wp.apdad w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
else:
t t t t t t t t t
.ni.ente il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
alaila
statements-block 2 a l a a la a l a a l a
aa dadsas .wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
w w.wp.p w w w w w
w A) ; ww B) : ww C) :: ww D) !ww ww
etet etet ente t etet etet

asl ail.ani.n aslail.ani.n Section-B
a lail.ani. a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
.wp.apda
s
ada
p.apdad
.w
s
aa
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w questions ww w (2 Mark)
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. List the control structures in Python.
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
 sThree
as important control sas structures are, dadsaas sas sas
apdaada apdaada aa apdaada apdaada
w .
w p. w .
wp. w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. Write note on break statement.
.ni.ene : t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
break statement
alaila l a i
l l ail l ail l a i
l
ss sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww  The break statement
ww terminates the wwloop containing it. ww ww ww
 Controltetof the program flowstetot the statement immediately after the body tof the loop.
i .
a ni en
. i .ani en
. i .
a ni entet
. i .
a ni enet
. t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a l a l al a l a l a l a l a
asas
3. aWrite daadsas statement ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
w.wp. pdad is the syntax ofapif..else
w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Syntax:
if <condition>:t t t t t t t t t t
adsa s statements-block s
adsa 1 adsas adsa s adsa s
ww else: ww ww ww ww ww
statements-block 2
Padasalai
4. Define icontrol t t t t etet etet etet
l al .ani.ne structure.
e
l al i.ani.ene l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
aa as s
aa as s as s as
pdaprogram
.wp.aA .apdadcauses a jump of
.wpthat p.apdad from one partwof
.w daada
.wp.apthe
ada
.wp.apdais called
ww
w statement
ww
w
ww
w control ww program to another
ww
w
ww
w
control structure or control statement.
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww 5. Write note on range ww () in loop ww ww ww ww
 range() generates a list of values starting from start till stop-1 in for loop.
t t t t t t t t t t
 aThe as
adsasyntax of range() is as as
adsafollows: a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww
range (start,stop,[step]) ww ww ww
Where, t t t t t t t t t t
adsa s s s adsa s adsa s adsa s
.wp.apda – refers to the initial aada
.wp.apdvalue .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
wstart w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
stop – refers to
t t the final value
ee etet etet etet etet
ada aada this is optional daada ada ada
w .wp.apda– refers to increment
step
w .wp.apdvalue, w .wp.appart. w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Section-C
il.ani.enfollowing
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene (3 Mark) a l a il.ani.ene
asa asa adsa s adsa s adsa s
pdad
.wp.aWrite .apdad
.wpdisplay .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w1. a program
wwto
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
A
AB
ada ada ada ada ada
wA pdaC
.wp.aB w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
ABCD
t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
il.ani.ene
A B C DaE
l l a i
l l ail l ail l a i
l
CODE:
a daadsaasa sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w.wp. p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
for i in range(65, 70):
for .jniin t
.enterange(65, i+1): t t t t t t t t
a l a ila a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas print(chr(j),
ss
aada „ „) adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apdend= w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print(end=‟\n‟)
i+=1 entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
aa lail.ani. a l a a l a a l a a l a
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
wOUTPUT
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
A
Padasalai
AB etet etet etet etet etet
ada ada ada ada ada
w
A pdaC
.wp.aB w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
ABCD
A B C D Enentet t t t t
l ail.ai. l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a a sas sas sas
a daadsas note on if..else structure.
2. Write daadsas a apdaada apdaada apdaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The if .. else statement provides control to check the true block as well as the false block.
 if..elseastatement t t t
i.ente possibilities and
t
.ani.entecondition determines tet i.ente
t
a l il.ani.ene thus provides
a l a il.antwo a la ilthe a l a il.ani.enwhich BLOCK is atoil.anbe
a l
w pdad
.wp.aexecuted. w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
www w ww w ww w ww w ww ww
Syntax:
etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
ail.ani.n
if s<condition>: a a a a
ad aasl a
adsasl a
adsa sl a
adsa sl a
adsa sl
ww ww 1
statements-block ww ww ww ww
else:
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda statements-block w .wp2.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
3. Using if..else..elif statement write a suitable program to display largest of 3 numbers.
t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
CODE:aslail.ani.ene l ail l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
s sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
ww n1= int(input("Enter
wwthe first number:")) ww
w w w w w w
ww ww ww
n2= int(input("Enter the second number:"))
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
n3= int(input("Enter the third number:"))
t t
.ni.ene t t t t t t t t
if(n1>=n2)and(n1>=n3):
asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w pdad
.wp.abiggest=n1; w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
elif(n2>=n1)and(n2>=n3):
nentet
lail.ai.
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
biggest=n2
asaas s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
d
biggest=n3 t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
print("The sas biggest numberdbetween",n1,",",n2,"and",n3,"is",biggest)
sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww OUTPUT ww ww ww ww ww
Enter the first

entenumber:1
t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani. a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
Enter adsas adsas adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda the second number:3w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Enter the third number:5
The biggest ntet
i.ani.enumber entet 5 is 5
between 1 , i3.ani.and t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
d adsaaslal d a
d saaslal a
adsasl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
w4.
a
.wp.aWrite
p the syntax of
w.w
a
p.ap loop.
while w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Syntax:
Padasalai
while
ada <condition>: adaada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww
statements block 1 ww ww ww ww
[else: i.ani.entet i.ani.ente

t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
.
wp.apdaadastatements block2]
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
5. List the differences between break and continue statements.
t t t t t t t t t t
a la il.ani.ene break a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l il.ani.ene
continue
a a l a il.ani.ene
ww The break statement ww terminates ww the loop The Continue ww statement is used ww to skip the ww
containing it. remaining part of a loop and
t t t t t t t t t t
Control
adsa s of the program adsflows
a s to the statement adsa Control of the aprogram
s adsa s flows start with adsa next
s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w
ww immediately after ww the body of the loop. ww iteration. ww ww ww
Syntax: etet etet Syntax: t t etet etet

a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
aa s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
w.wp.apda break w.wp.apdad w .wp.apda continue
w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section - D
tet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t t
Answeralathe il.ani.enfollowing questions: l ail l a i
l l a i
l (5 Mark)alail.ani.ente
ss sas sas sas ss
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww 1. Write a detail note ww on for loop. ww ww ww ww
 for loop nis.entthe

et most comfortable
n.enloop.
tet t t t t t t
a l ail.ai a l ail.ai a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 It is also an entry check loop.
etet
n is checked in the n etet etet etet etet
 Thesacondition
slail.ani. s aslail.ani.beginning and the sa s ail.ani.nof the loop(statements-block
lbody s aslail.ani.
n 1) is executed
s as
n
lail.ani. if it
a
adad a a
adad a ad a a
adad a a
adad a
w.wp.p is only True otherwise w.wp.p the loop is not .wp.apda
wexecuted. w.wp.p w.wp.p w
Syntax:
t t etet etet etet
laila.ni.ente ia .ni.ente ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
foracounter_variable
dadsas saaslal
indadsequence: s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww w
statements-block 1
w ww ww ww ww
[else: # optional block
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaadastatements-block.wp2] apdaada
. .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The counter_variable is the control variable.
 The sequence t t
i.ni.ene refers to the initial,
t t i.ente
i.ni.enefinal and incrementi.nvalue.
t t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a a l a l a a l a l a a l a a l a
w pdadloop uses the range()
.wp.afor w .wp.apda function in the sequence
w .wp.apda to specify thewinitial,
.wp.apda final and increment w .wp.apdavalues. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 range() generates a list of values starting from start till stop-1.
.ni.ene t t .ni.ene t t t t t t t t
The syntax
aslaila of range() is as follows:
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa adsa adsas adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda(start,stop,[step])w.wp.apda
range w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Where,
Padasalai
adastart – refers to the
s as s as
initial
ada value s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww ww ww ww ww ww
stop – refers to the final value
tet tet tet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
stepi.ani–.enrefers to increment ni.en
i.avalue, this is optional .ani.en
ipart. i i
adasaslal saslal saslal sasl a l sasl a l
.wp.apda adaada adaada apdaada apdaada
w wExample: w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w .
w p. w.wp. w
w w w ww ww ww
for i in range(2,10,2):
nentet t t t t t t t t
a la il.ai. a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w .wp.apda print (i,end=' ')w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
else:
tet the loop") t t t t t t t t
print ("\nEnd
i.ani.enof il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
d adsaaslal a
adsasl a a
adsa sla a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
a
w.wp.p
a
2468
s asl ail.ani.nEnd of the loopsaslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww 2. Write a detail note ww on if..else..elif statement
ww with suitable w w
example. ww ww
Nested if..elif...else
entet statement: n.entet t t t
lail.ani.
a lail.aia l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas sas saas a
daadsas
aWhen apdaada a chain of if statement(s)
apdaada then „elif‟ clause apdaadcan daadsas
apof
w.
w p. p we need to .p.
construct
w w w .
w p. w .
w p. be used .
instead
w w p. „else‟. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 „elif‟ clause combines if..else-if..else statements to one if..elif…else.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 „elif‟ can be considered to be abbreviation of „else if‟.
etet
.n etet
ni.n of „elif‟ clauselathat etet
il.ani.ncan be used, but aan etet
ni.n clause if used lshould etet
 In an s asl„if‟
ail.anistatement lail.alimit
there issasno sas s slail.a„else‟ s asail.ani.n
a
apdad a a
adad a a
adad a a
adad a a
adad a
w w.wp.be placed at the end.
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p ww.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w w w w w ww
Syntax:
ifada<condition-1>: .p.apdaada
.wp.apda .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w ww w w w w
ww statements-block ww 1 ww ww ww ww
elif <condition-2>: t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaadastatements-block .
w p.ap2daada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
statements-block
etet
n etet t t t t t t
a il.ani.n ail.ani.n a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene
 In a
adsthe
l
as syntax of if..elif..else a l
adsas mentioned above, a l
acondition-1
dsas is tested if a l
aditsais
s true then statements-block1 a
adsas
l
ww is executed. ww ww ww ww ww
 Otherwise entethe
t control checks condition-2, entet if it is true statements-block2
entet is executed
entet and even if it fails t t
a l ail.ani .
a l a i
l .
ani .
a l a i
l .
a ni .
a l a i
l.ani .
a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s
statements-block adsa
n mentioned s daadsas
in else part .isp.apexecuted. adsa s adsa s
ww .p.apda ww.p.apda ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Example:
m1=int (input(“Enter mark in first subject : ”))
Padasalai
adam2=int (input(“Enter
s admark
s
a in second subject ada: ”))
s s
ada s
ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
avg= (m1+m2)/2
if avg>=80:t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l a li.ni.ene
a l a i
l l a i
l l ail l a i
l
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada print (“Grade
.
w p.apdaad: aA”) .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
elif avg>=70 and avg<80:
tet t t t t t t t t
a la il.ani.enprint (“Grade : B”)
a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas asas adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda elif avg>=60 and w .apdad
.wpavg<70: w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print (“Grade : C”)
elif
l a ni.entet
il.aavg>=50 and avg<60: l a
t t
il.ani.ene la
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsa s asaas a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
.wp.apda . p.apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w printw(“Grade
w w w : D”) ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
else:
s asl ail.ani.nprint (“Grade :sE”) a slail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Output :
t
.entefirst subject : 34 lail.ani.ente t t t t
lail.aniin
Enter mark l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
. p.apdaada .p.apdaada . papdaada
wEnter mark in second
w wsubject : 78
w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Grade : D
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. Write a program to display all 3 digit odd numbers.
lail.ai n.entet l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
CODE:
adsaas a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
ww lower=int(input("Enter
ww the lower limit forww the range:")) ww ww ww
upper=int(input("Enter
t t the upper limit
t t for the range:"))
ee ee etet etet etet
foradiaain
darange(lower,upper+1): ada ada ada ada
w .wp.p w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww if(i%2!=0): ww ww ww ww ww
print(i,end="
entet ") t t t t
i.ani. i.ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
saaslal sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
d
Output:
aa a
d apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
4. Write a program to display multiplication table for a given number.
t t t t t t t t t
CODE: alaila a l a a l a a l a a l a
dadsas
.wp.apa .wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
w w w w w w
ww num=int(input("Display
ww Multiplication Table ww of ")) ww ww ww
Padasalai
for i in range(1,11):
t t ee etet etet etet etet
print(i,
ada 'x' ,num, '=' , num*i) ada ada ada ada
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda 7. .wp.apda FUNCTIONS
PYTHON
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section – A
tet etet etet etet tet
Choose i.ani.ebest
the n answer ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n (1 Mark) i.ani.en
saslal
aa s
aa asl s
aa asl s
aa asl saslal
ada
w p.apdad
.1.
w w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w.wp.apda w
ww A named blockswof
w code that are designed ww to do one specific job ww is called as ww ww
(a) Loop
tet (b) Branching tet (c) tFunction
et tet(d) Block t
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l ail.ani e
. n
l a i
l.ani e
. n
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l a i
l .ani.ente
2. p.aA
p dsaas
daaFunction which calls
p.
sas
aada is called as .p.apdaada
apditself
sas
p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada
w .
w w .
w w w w .
w w .
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) Built-in (b) Recursion (c) Lambda (d) return
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. Which function is called anonymous un-named function
n.entet
.ai n.entet
il.ai
tet
ani.enFunction
il.(c)
t t
il.ani.ene (d) define
t t
il.ani.ene
aslailLambda
adsa(a) a(b)
dsaas
laRecursion
a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww 4. Which of the following
ww wwto begin the functionwblock?
keyword is used
w ww ww
t t t tet etet etet

(a)l .ani.ente
aildefine il.ani.ene
(b) lafor l ani.enfinally
ail.(c) l ail.ani.n (d) def l ail.ani.n
s
aa as s
aa as s
aa as s
aa as s
aa as
w p.apdad
.5.
w w .
wp.apdad w.wp.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww Which of the following ww keyword is used wwto exit a function block? ww ww ww
(a) define
tet (b) return tet (c) tfinally
et tet(d) def t
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l a i
l.ani e
. n
l ail.
ani.en
l ail.ani e
. n
l a i
l .ani.ente
a saas sas sas sas
6.
. p. pdaadsas defining a function
aWhile . p.apdaadwhich of the . p.apdaadasymbol is used. .wp.apdaada
following . p.apdaada
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) ; (semicolon) (b) . (dot) (c) : (colon) (d) $ (dollar)
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene al a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
dsas arguments the
7. Indaawhich adsas positional order
correct saspassed to a function?
adis adsas adsas
w .wp.ap w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) Required (b) Keyword (c) Default (d) Variable-length
t t .ene t t ee t t .ni.ene t t t t
ail.anifollowing
8. Readalthe statement l.ani.n choose the correct
alaiand alailastatement(s).
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww (I) In Python, you wdon‟t
w have to mention w the
w specific data typeswwhile
w defining function. ww ww
Padasalai
(II) Pythonnkeywords
.entet
can be usednas function name.
.entet etet etet etet
s
.i
aslaila s
.i
aslaila s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada a
d a ad a ada ada ada
w.wp.p (a) I is correct and .apdais wrong
w.wpII w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(b) Both are correct
t t
i.ene and II is correct .ni.ene t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
(c)aIslaisil.anwrong aslaila l a i
l l ail l a i
l
s s sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w
(d) Both are wrong w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t one to execute nthe t t t t t t t t

la i.ente
9. Pick theil.ancorrect il.ai.enegiven statement successfully.
la il.ani.ene la l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
d adsaas d adsaas d adsaas a
adsas a
adsas
w.wp.apa
w.wp.ap a p
w.w.ap a
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww if ____ : print(x, " wiswa leap year") ww ww ww ww
(a) x%2=0
t t (b) x%4==0 t t t t (c) x/4=0 t t (d) x%4=0 t t
s s adsas asa s adsa s adsa s
10. aada of the following
.wp.apdWhich .apdad the function w
.wp.apdakeyword is usedwto.wpdefine .wp.apda
testpython(): ? .wp.apda
w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) define (b) pass (c) def (d) while
etet etet t t
i.ni.ene etet etet
asl ail.ani.n aslail.ani.n alala
Section-B a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
.wp.apda
s
ada
.wp.apda
s
ada aa dadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w w w.wp.p w w w
ww Answer the following ww questions ww ww w Mark)
w(2 ww
1. What is function?
etet t t t t
l a i
l .ani.n l ail.ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas sas sas sas
. p. pdaadsas
aFunctions are named .p apdaada of code that are.wp.designed
blocks
. apdaada to do one apdaadajob.
specific
. p. . p.apdaada
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Types of Functions are User defined, Built-in, lambda and recursion.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Function blocks begin with the keyword “def ” followed by function name and parenthesis ().
tet tet t t t t t t
2. Write il.ani.endifferent types of
aslathe il.ani.en
aslafunction. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa adsa adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww TYPES OF FUNCTION:
ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t
e main advantages.ni.ene t t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
3. What il.ani.enthe
alaare alaila of function?l ail l ail l a i
l
ss ss sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww  Main advantages
wwof functions are , ww ww ww ww
o It avoidst repetition
t and makes thigh
t degree of code reusing.
t t t t t t
ene ene ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
aslail.ani. aslail.ani. aslail.ani. a l a a l a
adaad
o s
Itaprovides better adaad
s
modularity
a for your s
application.
adaad a adsas adsas
w w w w w w ww ww ww
4. What is meant by scope of variable? Mention its types.
 Scope tet
.ni.envariable
of refers to the .entet of the program,lawhere
.nipart
t
.ni.ente it is accessible,lai.e.,
t
.ni.entearea where you can .entet
.nirefer
alaila alaila a ila a ila alaila
. p.apdaadsas .p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas
w w (use) it. ww ww ww ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Scope holds the current set of variables and their values.
Padasalai
entet entet entet etet etet
 The lail.ani.types of scopes sare-
two ni.
lail.alocal lail.aniscope.
scope and global . l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
asaas
d d a aas asaas d s
ada as s
ada as
ww 5. Define global scope.
ww ww ww ww ww
 A variable, with global scope can

n.entet
be used anywhere nin.entthe
n.entet et program. t t
l ail.ai l a i
l.ai l a i
l .ai l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
saas sas saas sas sas
w
daadcan
.p.apIt
w apdaada a variable outside
be created by.pdefining
. .
w p.apdaadthe .
w .apdaada
scope of any function/block.
p .wp.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section-C
tet etet t t t t t t
Answer athe
il.ani.enfollowing
l
questions
ail.ani.n
l la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene (3 Mark) l a il.ani.ene
d adsaasa d adsaasa a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
p
w1.
a pa p a
.w Write the rules of wlocal
. p a
.w variable.
. w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
• A variable with
t
local scope can bet accessed only within the
t
function/block thattit is created in.
t t t t t t
• When s
adsa a variable is created s
adsa inside the function/block, adsa s s
adsa local to it.
the variable pbecomes adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .w.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
• A local variable only exists while the function is executing.
e tet en tet tet etet etet
• Theasformal
l ail.ani.n arguments aresaalso
slail.ani.local to function. aslail.ani.en aslail.ani.n asl ail.ani.n
s
daada daada daadsa s
ada s
ada
.
ww p.ap . p.ap . p.ap .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww 2. Write the basicwrules ww w for global keyword ww
ww in python. ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
The basic rules

entet for global keywordenin
tet Python are: t t t
l a i
l .ani. l ail.ani. l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas dsaas global by default. adsaas don‟t have to use adsaas
. daadsas we define a variable
•p.apWhen .p.apdaada outside a function,
. papdaait‟s
. . p.apdaYou . p.apdaglobal
ww ww ww ww ww ww
keyword.
• We usei.anglobalt
i.ente keyword to read tet write a global variable
i.ani.enand
t t
i.ani.ene inside a function.
t t
i.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
• Use of global keyword outside a function has no effect.
t t t t t t t t t t
3. What il.ani.ene
aslahappens when we modify .ni.ene
aslaila global variableasinside
ene ene
lail.ani. the function? aslail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene
adsa adsa adsa adsa adsa s
ww • If we modify the
w w w w w w
wwglobal variable , Wewcan
w see the change onwthe
w global variable outside
ww the function ww
also.
Example: etet etet etet etet etet
x.p=.apd0aada .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada aada
.wp.apdvariable
# global .wp.apda
ada
w w w w w w w
ww def add(): ww ww ww ww ww
global x
.axni.entet .ani.ente
t t
.ani.ente # increment by .a2ni.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
x l =
a i
l + 5 l a i
l l ail l ail l a i
l
sas sas sas sas sas
adaada adaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
w w ww ww ww ww
print ("Inside add() function x value is :", x)
add() t t t t t t t t t t
sas main x value is :",
printdaad("In as
daadsx) daadsas adsas adsas
a
w.wp.p
a
w.wp.p
a
Inside add() function x value is : 5 t t
i .ani entet
. il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene #value of x changed
t t
il.ani.ene outside the function
t t
il.ani.ene
In maina sl
x a lvalue is : 5 a sl a asl a a sl a a sl a
asa
d d asa adsa adsa adsa
ww 5. Write a Pythonwcode
w wwa given year is leapwyear
to check whether w or not. ww ww
Padasalai
CODE: etet etet etet etet etet
n=int(input("Enter
ada the year")) ada ada ada ada
ww if(n%4==0): ww ww ww ww ww
print ("Leap Year")
t t t t t t
l ail.ani.ene l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
else:dadsaas sas sas sas sas
.p
w apa
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w print ("Not a LeapwYear") w w w w w
ww w ww ww ww ww
Output:
t t t t t t t t t t
w .wp.apda the year
Enter .wp.apda
2012
w w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Leap Year
t t e points to be noted t t t t
.ni.enewhile defining alafunction?
.ni.ene t t t t
8. What are.ni.enthe
alaila alaila a ila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s daadsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda defining functions
When w .wp.apthere are multiple .wp.apda that need to be noted;
things
ww ww ww ww ww ww
• Function blocks begin with the keyword “def” followed by function name and parenthesis ().
t t t t etet
.ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente ail.ani.n
aslaila input parameters
•dadsaAny alaila be placed within
should aila parentheses. saslaila
althese a l
aa aa dadsas aa dadsas aa dada .wp.apda
s
ada s
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w w
ww • The code block always comes after a colon (:) and is indented.
w w w w w w ww ww
• The statement tet “return [expression]” tet exits a function, tet and it is optional. t t
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l ail.ani e
. n
l a i
l.ani e
. n
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas dsaas sas sas sas
ap•daadaA “return” with no apdaaarguments apdaadasa return None.
is the same apdaada apdaada
w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Section - D
il.ani.enfollowing
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene (5 Mark)aslail.ani.ene
adsa adsa adsa s adsa s adsa
ww 1. Explain the different
ww wwwith an example. ww
types of function ww ww
 Functions are t named blocks of ncode t that are designednto dot one specific job.n.entet
.ani.ente .ai.ente .ai.ente etet
l ail
as of Functions asl a i
l asl a i
l .i
aslaila asl ail.ani.n
p.aTypes
pda
ads
a
p.apda
adsa
p.apda
ads
a
p.apda
adsa s
ada
w.w w.w w.w w.w w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 User defined Function
 Built-in t t
i.ani.ene Function i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
.
w p.apdaadaLambda Function
.
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Recursion Function
tet tet t t t t t t
i.ani.en FUNCTION: alail.ani.en
i) BUILT-IN il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
saslal
ada ss a
asas
l a a
asas
l a a
adsas
l a
.wp•.apdaBuilt-in functionsware aada
.wp.apdFunctions . p.apdad . p.apdad .wp.apda
w that warew w
w inbuilt with in Python. w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
• print(), echo() are some built-in function.
t tt t t t t t
laila .ni.ente laila l a.ni.ente
il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
ii) USER
adsaas DEFINED FUNCTION:
adsaas a
adsas a
adsa s a
adsa s
ww • Functions defined
wwby the users themselves
ww are called user defined ww function. ww ww
 Functions must
Padasalai
t be defined, to create t and use certain functionality.
etet etet etet
l a i
l .ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
as
p.aFunction blocks beginp.apwith as as as as
s
aa
pdad daada the keyword “def
s
p.ap”dafollowed
s
ada by function
p.apdaname
ada and parenthesisad().
s s
aa
p.pad
w.w w.w w.w w.w w.w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 When defining functions there are multiple things that need to be noted;
 Function t t
i.ani.ene blocks begin with ntet keyword “def” followed
i.ani.ethe
t t by function name
i.ani.ene
t t t t
i.ani.eneand parenthesis ().i.ani.ene
lal lal lal lal lal
daadsaas daadsaas daadsaas daadsaas daadsaas
w.wp.  Any input parameters
ap a p ap a p a p
w.wp. w.wpwithin
should be placed . w.wp.
these parentheses. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The code block always comes after a colon (:) and is indented.
.ni.n etet n etet
i.ni.n and it is optional.
i.ani.n etet etet t t
il.ani.ene
aslailastatement “return
 sThe lail.ani.
sas[expression]” slala
exits asafunction, saslal a l a
ada ada ada ada adsas
ww
w  A “return”wwith
w
w no arguments is w
the w
w same as return None.
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
 EXAMPLE:t
te t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.endef area(w,h): a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w.wp.apda w .wp.apdaw * h
return w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print (area (3,5))
iii) LAMBDA etet etet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n FUNCTION:saslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.ap•da In Python, anonymous w .wp.apda function is a function
w .wp.apda that is defined w .wp.apda a name.
without w.wp.apda w
www w ww w ww w ww ww ww
• While normal functions are defined using the def keyword, in Python anonymous functions are
tet tet
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
i.ani.en using the lambda
defined i.ani.en
keyword. i i i
saslal saslal sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
w • Hence, anonymous
w w w functions are alsow w w w w w w
ww ww ww called as lambda functions. ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
USE OF LAMBDA OR ANONYMOUS FUNCTION:
t t t t
.ni.ene function is mostly .ni.ene t t .ni.ene t t
.ni.ene function. t t
• Lambda
alaila alaila used for creating small
alaila and one-time anonymous
alaila a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s daadsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.ap•da Lambda functions
w .wp.apdaare mainly used win
.wp.apcombination with w .wp.apdafunctions like filter(),
the w .wp.apda map() and w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
reduce().
n.entet
lail.ai l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
EXAMPLE:
asaas s
aa as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
d .apdad= lambda arg1, warg2:
w .wp.apda w .wpsum .wp.apdaarg1 + arg2 w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print ('The Sum is :', sum(30,40))
t print ('The eSum
ntet
is :', sum(-30,40))entet t t
i .ani.ente .ni. .ni. .ani.ente .ani.ente
sasl a l s aslaila saslaila sasl ail sasl a i
l
apdaada aadada
Output: aad a
d a apdaada apdaada
w .
w p. w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww The Sum is : 70 ww ww ww ww
The Sum is : 10
t t t t t t t t t t
iv) daadsas
.wp.apRECURSIVE .wp.apda
FUNCTION: adsas
.wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsas
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Functions that calls itself is known as recursive.
Overview et recursive function
ofenthow entet works t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
lail.ani.
a s a lail.ani.
a sa asl a a sl a a sl a
daadsa
.wp.ap1. daadsa
.wp.apis
adsa
.wp.apda code. .wp.apda
adsa
.wp.apda
adsa
w Recursive function
w called by some external
w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. If the base condition is met then the program gives meaningful output and exits.
Padasalai
tet .ni.en tet tet tet tet
aslaila
3. Otherwise, function does il.ani.en required processing
aslasome
.ni.en
aslaila and then calls itself
.ani.encontinue recursion.
aslailto
.ni.en
aslaila
s
daada s
daada daadsa daadsa daadsa
. p.ap .p.ap . p.ap .p.a
p . p.ap
ww ww ww ww ww w
ww 2. Explain the scope
ww of variables with an
wwexample. ww ww ww
• Scope of variable refers to the part of the program, where it is accessible, i.e., area where you can
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
refer
sas (use) it. sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww • We can say that ww scope holds the current ww set of variables and wwtheir values. ww ww
• There are
t ttwo types of scopes -t local
t scope and global
t tscope. t t t t
 aLocaladsas Scope: adsas adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww • A variable declared ww inside the function's ww body or in the local wwscope is known as local ww variable. ww
Rules ofnlocal
.entet
variable: t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ai a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w.wp.a•pdaA variable with local
w .wp.apdascope can be accessed w.wp.apdaonly within the function/block
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda in.
that it is created
w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
• When a variable is created inside the function/block, the variable becomes local to it.
• A local ail.ani.n
tet
evariable only exists etet the function is executing.
while
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
s asl s asl s asl s asl s asl
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.a•pdaThe formal arguments w .wp.apda are also local to wfunction.
.wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Example:
i et loc():
.ani.entdef i .ani.ente
t
i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
sasl a l l a l l a l l a l l a l
apdaada a# adsaas
dalocal sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .
w p. y=0
w .p
w . p scope w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print(y)
tloc()
et t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Output:
tet t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.en0 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apGlobal Scope w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
• A variable, with global scope can be used anywhere in the program.
. i. nentet . i. nentet . i. nentet . i. . i. nentet nentet
• Itascan
aaslailabe created by defining
a saaslailaa variable outsidea s
a aslailascope of any function/block.
the a saaslaila a saaslaila
ada d d d d d
w.wp.p .p.apda ada
w.wp.p
ada
w.wp.p
ada
w.wp.p
ww  Rules of globalwKeyword ww w ww ww ww ww
w
The basic rulest for global keyword int Python are: t t t

l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
• sWhen
as
apdaada
we define aavariable
daadsas outside a function,
a sasit‟s global by default.
apdaada
sasYou don‟t have toduse
apdaada
sasglobal
apaada
w .
w p. w .
w p.p w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww keyword. ww ww ww ww ww
• We use
enteglobal
t keyword to read
entet and write a global evariable
ntet
inside a function.
entet t t
a lail.ani. a lail.ani. a lail.ani. a lail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene
s s s s s s s s adsas
a•daad Use of global keyword
a a
adaad outside a function a
aad no effect
adhas adaad a
.wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p ww.wp.p w w
w w w w ww ww
Use of global Keyword
• Without t t .ani.ente
i.ani.ene using the global ikeyword
t we cannot modify t t
i.ani.ene the global variable ntet
i.ani.einside the function but tet
i.ani.enwe
dadsaaslal d a
d saaslal d a
d saaslal d adsaaslal d adsaaslal
a a a a a a
w.wp.p can only access wp.ap global variable. ww.wp.ap
w.the
a
w.wp.p
a
w.wp.p w
ww ww w ww ww ww
Example:
Padasalai
t etet etet t etet
xla=il.a0ni.ente l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n # global ni.ente
lail.avariable l ail.ani.n
as as as a a
s
ada
.wp.apda def add(): .wp.apda
s
ada
.wp.apda
s
ada
.p.a
p daadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
w w w ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
global x
i et
.ani.entx i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i ni.entet
.aincrement i .ani.ente
t
sasl a l = x + 5 sasl a l sasl a l sasl#a l by 2 sasl a l
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w ww is :", x) w w w
ww ww add() function x wvalue
print ("Inside ww ww ww
add()
t t t t t t t t t t
adsaprint
s ("In main x value adsasis :", x) adsas adsas adsas
Insideetadd()
et function x valueeteist : 5 t t t t t t
a lail.ani.
n
a lail.ani.
n
a s
a s a sa s s
adsa #value of x changed s
adsa outside the function adsa s
adad In main x value .is a:da5d .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w wp.p w w w w
w w ww ww ww ww
4. Write a Python code to find the L.C.M. of two numbers.
CODE: i.ni.entet etet etet etet etet
s asl ala s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada aa ada ada ada
.wp.apda
wx=int(input("Enter first .apdad
w.wpnumber:")) w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww w ww w ww ww ww ww
y=int(input("Enter second number:"))
if x>y: lail.ani.entet l ail.ani.ente
t
l a i
l.ani.ente
t
l a i
l .ani.ente
t
l a i
l .ani.ente
t
p. dsaas
apdaamin=x p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada
.
w .
w .
w .
w .
w
w ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
else:
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
min=y
t t
while(1):
asa s asa s asa s adsa s adsa s
pdad
.wp.aif((min%x .apdad % y == 0)): w.wp.apdad
.wp(min .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w == 0)
wwand
w
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
print("LCM is:",min)
s asl ail.ani.n
break s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww min=min+1 ww ww ww ww ww
OUTPUT: t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
Enter as number:2
sfirst sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww Enter second number:3 ww ww ww ww ww
LCM is: 6 entet t t t t t t t t

i.ani.
la l l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
d adsaas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
p
w.w.ap a
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww 8. STRINGS AND ww STRING MANIPULATION ww ww ww
t t t t Section – eAtet t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a lail.ani.
n
Choose s
adsa the best answeradaadsa s a s
a s adsa s adsa
(1p.aMark) s
.wp.apda adad .wp.apda .w pda
w w.wp.p w.wp.p w w w
ww ww w w ww ww ww
1. Which of the following is the output of the following python code?
Padasalai
entet etet etet etet etet
s
str1="TamilNadu"
as lail.ani. s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww print(str1[::-1])ww ww ww ww ww
(a) Tamilnadu
etet (b)tTmlau (c) udanlimaT
t td) udaNlimaT n.entet
il.ani.n i
l.ani.ente i
l .ani.ente il.ani.ente i.ai
dadsaasl a
dadsaasl a
d a
d saasl a
d a
dsaasl a
dadsaaslal
w2. pa will be the output
.wp.aWhat aa
w.wp.p of the followingwcode?
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w
ww ww w ww ww ww
str1 = "Chennai Schools"
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas = "-"
str1[7] adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) Chennai-Schools (b) Chenna-School (c) Type error (d) Chennai
tet tet tet t t t t
3. Which i.ani.ethe
of i.ani.enis used for concatenation?
n following operator i.ani.en il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
saslal
ada saslal ada saslal ada a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww (a) + ww (b) & ww (c) * ww (d)w=w ww
.entet
4. Defining.nistrings
laila
within triple quotes
laila
t
.ni.ente allows creating: .ni.ente
t
l aila l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
adsaas adsaas s
ada as s
aa as s
ada as
a d
a a
w.wp.p (a) Single line wStrings
w.wp.p
da
w .wp.apda (b) Multiline
w .apdad
.wpStrings w.wp.apda w
ww w ww ww ww ww
(c) Double line Strings (d) Multiple Strings
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a a sas sas sas
5.
. p. daadsas in python: .p.apdaadsas
aStrings
p . papdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) Changeable (b) Mutable (c) Immutable (d) flexible
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
6. Which of the following is the slicing operator?
n.entet
i.ai entet
il.ani.(b)
t t
il.ani.ene (c) < >
t t
il.ani.ene (d) ( )
t t
il.ani.ene
saasla{l }
ad(a) a
adsa sl a [ ] a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww 7. What is stride? ww ww ww ww ww
t t entet tet t t etet

a ail.ani.ene value of slide operation
(a)laindex
a alail.ani. a l ani.enfirst argument of
ail.(b) a l il.ani.eneoperation
aslice a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s s
aa s s
aa s s
aa s
w .wp.apda (c) second argument
w .wp.apda w.wp.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww ww of slice operation
ww (d) thirdww argument of slice operation ww ww
10. The subscript
tet of a string may be:tet t t t
l a i
l .ani.en l a i
l.ani.en l ail.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
saas sas sas adsaas sas
.
w p.apdaad(a) Positive .
w p.apdaada (b) Negative
.
w p.apdaada (c) Both (a) and .wpapda(b)
. (d) Either (a)
.
w p. aada(b)
apdor
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section-B
tet t t t t t t entet
Answer a l a il.ani.enfollowing
the questions a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene (2 Mark)saaslail.ani.
adsas adsas adsas adsas adaad
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p w
ww 1. What is String?ww ww ww w w ww
 String is aendata
tet type in python, used
entet to handle array of echaracters.
ntet t t t t
a l ail.ani. a l a il.ani. a l a il.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s daadsa s asas adsa s adsa s
.p.aString
pdad is a sequencew.ofp.apcharacters p.apdaadcombination of letters,
that may .be .wp.apda numbers, or special .wp.apda
w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
symbols enclosed within single, double or even triple quotes.
Padasalai
l ni.entet a string in Python?
2. Do youi.amodify
al l
t t
i.ani.ene
al l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
s
aa as s as s as s as s as
pdad
.wp.aNo daada
.wp.apthe .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
ww
w we cannot w
modify
ww string in w
python.
ww ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
 String is an immutable
t t t t t
ail.ani.ente a i
l.ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente ail.ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente
 But l
sawe
s can modify thedstring l
sas use following method, sasl sasl sasl
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w ww w w w
ww  A new string value ww can be assign to thewexisting string variable. ww ww ww
 When defining
entet a new string value
enteto
t the existing stringenvariable.
tet t t t t
a la il.ani. a l a il.ani. a la il.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas completely overwrite
.p.aPython adsas new string on the adsas adsas adsas
w w pdad w .wp.apda w.wp.apdaexisting string. w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
3. How will you delete a string in Python?
tet tet tet
t t t t
 Python .ani.en not allow deleting
aslailwill
.ni.en
aslailaa particular character
.ani.ena string.
aslailin a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa asa asa asa s adsa s
w pdad
.wp.aWhereas w .
w p.apdad w.wp.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .wp.apda w
ww you can
wwremove entire string w
variable
w using del command.
ww ww ww
 Example:
s asl ail.ani.ndel str1[2] s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww 4. What will be the wwoutput of the following ww python code? ww ww ww
str1i.n=i.en“School”
tet
i .ani.ente
t
i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
l a l a l a l l a l l a l l a l
sas sas sas sas sas
ww
w w print(str1*3)www w
ww
w w
ww
w w
ww
w w
ww
w
OUTPUT:
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
School School School
5. What
aslaisilaslicing? a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w pdad
.wp.aSlice w .
ww is a substring
ww of a main string. ww ww ww ww
 A substring can be taken from the original string by using [ ] slicing operator and index or subscript
.ni.ente ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
alaila
values. a l a l a l a l
.wp.apa dadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w w w w w w
ww  Using slice operator,
ww you have to slice wone w or more substringswfrom w a main string. ww ww
t t entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
il.ani.ene of slice operation:
Generallaformat lail.ani. l ail l ail l a i
l
a daadsaasa sas
apdaada
a sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w.wp. p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww
str[start:end] ww ww ww
Section-Ct t
n entet n entet ene t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
as
i
la l.a i .
as
i
lal.a i .
aslail.ani. a l a a l a
Answer
adaad
sa the following s
questions
adaad a adaad
sa adsas (3 Mark)adaadsas
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w .wp.apda w.wp.p w
w w
w 1. Write a Pythonwprogram to display the w
w given pattern ww ww ww
COMPUTER t
.ani.ente t t t t t t t t
C O M P Ula
a
TilE
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
daadPsaU T adsa s adsas adsa s adsa s
.wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
C OaM
w.CwpO.pM w w w w w
ww PU
ww ww ww ww ww
COMP
Padasalai
COM
t t etet etet etet etet
CO
a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
C adas s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
w.wp.p w w w w w
ww CODE: ww ww ww ww ww
str="COMPUTER"
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas index=len(str)asaas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .wp.apda
d
.
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w w w
w for i win str: ww ww ww ww
print(str[:index])
i.ani.entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a la l a l a a la a l a a l a
adsas index-=1 adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww 3. What will be the wwoutput of the given wpython w
program? ww ww ww
CODE: ail.ani.entet a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene
a sl a asl a sl a sl a sl
w.wp.apda str1 = "welcome"
ww ww ww ww ww ww
str2 = "to
tet school"
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda str3=str1[:2]+str2[len(str2)-2:]
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print(str3)
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
OUTPUT: sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
weol
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
4. What is the use of format( )? Give an example.
daada format( ) function
.p.apThe ada aa
.apdad powerful function
.wp.apdaused with stringswis.wpvery daada for formatting .strings.
.wp.apused
aa
p.apdad
w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The curly braces { } are used as placeholders or replacement fields which get replaced along with
format( tet
)efunction. .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
ail.ani.n
l l a i
l l ail l ail l a i
l
a daadsaasa sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
.wp. p
wEXAMPLE: w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
num1=int (input("Number 1: "))
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene ee
ail.ani.n
num2=intasl(input("Number 2: "))aslail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas s
apdaada
s
apdaada
ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
w .wp.apda w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww wwprint ("The sum of {w}wand { } is { }".format(num1,
ww num2,(num1+num2))) ww ww
OUTPUT: t t t t t t t t t t
.ni.ene
ia il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
d adsaaslal Number asl a
adsa1: 34 a
adsasl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
a
w.wp.p
a
w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww Number 2: 54 ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
etet The sum of 34
n.entand
et 54 is 88 etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n s
.i
aslaila s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ad a ada ada ada
w.wp.apda ada
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section - D
Answer the tet t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t (5 Mark) i.ni.entet
i.ni.enfollowing
l a l a
questions:
i.ni.ene
l a la l a i
l l ail aslala
sas sas sas sas s
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
ww 1. Explain about string
w operators in python
ww with suitable example.
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww
STRING OPERATORS
entet entet entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
Python aslail.ani.
provides the following as ail.ani. operators to manipulate
lstring aslail.ani. string. a l a a l a
asad a s
ad a s
a adad adsas adsas
.wp.apda
w(i) w .wp.apda w.wp.p w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w w
Concatenationw(+) w w ww ww ww
 Joining oft two
t or more strings using
t t
plus (+) operator tist called as Concatenation.
t t t t
Example adsa s adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww >>> "welcome" + "Python" ww ww ww ww ww
Output: 'welcomePython'
l a i
l .ani.ente lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s as s as s as s as s as
(ii) aada
.wp.apdAppend (+ =) .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Adding more strings at the end of an existing string using operator += is known as append.
Example: etet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
ail.ani.n
l a l ail l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
dsaas
apdaastr1="Welcome
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w>>>
.
w p. to
w .p
w". w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
>>> str1+="Learn Python"
.ani.ene t t t t t t t t t t
>>> print
alail(str1) a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Output: Welcome to Learn Python
t t
.ni.ene (*) t t t t t t t t
(iii) Repeating
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa asa s asa s asa s asa s
w pdad
.wp.aThe w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww multiplication
ww operator (*) is usedwto w display a string in multiple ww number of times. ww ww
Example:
lail.ai n.entet l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
>>> astr1="Welcome
dsaas
" s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww >>> print (str1*4) ww ww ww ww ww
Output: t Welcome Welcome Welcome Welcome
t
t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l
ee
ail.ani.n l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
(iv) adsaas slicing
apdaString
sas
apdaada
s
adaada
as sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp.p w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww
 Slice is a substring of a main string. w w ww ww ww
 A substring t be taken from the

t can t
t original string by using t t [ ] slicing operator t index values. n.entet
tand
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene i.ai
ad a
sasl a
a
d a
sasl a
ad a
sasl a
a
d a
sasl a
a
d saaslal
w.wp.Using
d
apa d
.apa have to slice onew.or d
a d
aaamain string. aad
slice operator, w.wpyou wp.apmore substrings from w.wp.p w.wp.p w
General format of slice operation:
tet t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.enstr[start:end] a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s adsa s s s adsa s adsa s
pdad start is the beginning
.wp.aWhere .wp.apda aada
.wpis.apdthe .wpof.apdaa character in the w .wp.apda
ww
w ww
w index and end
ww
w last index value
ww
w
ww string. ww
w
 Python takes the end value less than one from the actual index specified.
Padasalai
lail.ai n.entet n.entet
lail.ai from a string saaslail.ai n.entet l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
Example:
asaas slice a single character
asaas a s
ada as s
ada as
d d d
ww >>> str1="THIRUKKURAL"
ww ww ww ww ww
>>> print (str1[0])
t t t t t t
l
ee
ail.ani.n l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
Output: s as T sas sas sas sas
w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w
w ww string
(v) Stride when slicing ww ww ww ww
 When the slicing

t t operation, you can
t t specify a third argument t t as the stride, nwhich t t refers to the number t t
a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ai.ene a l a il.ani.ene
sas ss asas is retrieved from adsas adsas
.wp.aof
acharacters
pdad apdaada after the first.wpcharacter
to move.wp.forward .apdad .wp.apda the string. .wp.apda
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The default value of stride is 1.
t t t t t t t t
 Python .ni.ente the last value as
takes .ni.ente
n-1 il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
alaila
asa s alaila
adsas a
asa sla a
asa sl a a
adsa sl a
w pdad can also use negative
.wp.aYou w .wp.apda value as stride,wto pdad data in reverse
.wp.aprints w .apdad
.wporder. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Example:
entet entet etet etet etet
>>> str1 i.ani.
saasla=l "Welcome to learn lail.ani.
saasPython" s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ad ad ada ada ada
ww >>> print (str1[10:16])
ww ww ww ww ww
>>> print(str1[::-2])
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
Output: sas Learn sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww wwteolW
nhy re ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
9. LISTS, TUPLES, SETS, AND DICTIONARY
adsaas – A
adsa adsa adsa adsa
ww Choose the best answer ww w w ww ww (1 Mark) ww
1. Pick odd one
t t in connection with collection
t t data type
ada ada (b) Tuple .wp.apdaada (c) Dictionary ada ada
w .wp.apda (a) List w .wp.apda w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
(d) Loop
w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. Let list1=[2,4,6,8,10], then print(List1[-2]) will result in
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
s(a)
as 10 sas (b) 8 sas (c) 4 sas (d) 6 sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w ww ww w
ww ww
3. Which of the following function is used wwto count the number w of elements in a list? w ww
t entetfind() ni.entet t t t t
(a) .ani.ente
lailcount() l ail.ani.(b) l a il.(c)len()
a l a il.ani.ene (d) index() alail.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas adsas
ww 4. If List=[10,20,30,40,50]
ww then List[2]=35 wwwill result ww ww ww
(a) [35,10,20,30,40,50]
etet t t entet (b) [10,20,30,40,50,35] t t t t
a l ail.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a l a i
l .
a ni .
w.wp.apda (c) [10,20,35,40,50]
w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda
(d) [10,35,30,40,50] w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
5. If List=[17,23,41,10] then List.append(32) will result
Padasalai
ad(a)
a [32,17,23,41,10]adaada ada (b) [17,23,41,10,32]
ada ada
w.wp.apda w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(c) [10,17,23,32,41] (d) [41,32,23,17,10]
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
6. Which sas of the following dPython sas function can bedad sas to add more than
used sas element within an
one sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apaada .
w p.apa a .
w w w w w w
ww Existing list? ww ww ww ww ww
(a) append()
etet
(b)
entet
append_more() (c)extend() entet entet
(d) more() t t
a la i
l.ani. n
a l a i
l .
a ni .
a la i
l .
a ni .
a l a i
l .
a ni .
a l a il.ani.ene
adsaswill be the resultaof
7.p.aWhat as following Python
adsthe sas
adcode? adsas adsas
w .w pda w .wp.pda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
S=[x**2 for x in range(5)]
print(S) lail.ani.entet l a
t t
il.ani.ene la
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsa s a
adsas a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
ww ww
(a) [0,1,2,4,5] (b) [0,1,4,9,16] ww ww
(c) [0,1,4,9,16,25] w
(d)w[1,4,9,16,25] ww
8. What is t of type() function

ni.enteuse etet etet etet etet
ail.athe
l lail.ani.n in python? l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
dadsaasa d adsaasa s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
a a a
w.wp.p (a) To create wawTuple
.wp.p a
w .wp.apda (b) w
To .wp.apda the type of an element
know w.wp.apda in tuple. w
ww w ww ww ww ww
(c) Toenteknow
t the data type eof
ntepython
t object. t (d) To create a list. t t
l a i
l .ani. l ail.ani. l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
w9. Which of the following
w w statement is not w
w correct?
w w w w w w w
ww ww w ww ww ww
(a) A listt is mutable
t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
(b) A tuple is immutable.
n.entet
.ai lail.ai n.entet i.ai n.entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
aslailThe
adsa(c) append() function saaslal
adsaas is used to add anadelement. a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ada ada ada .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w
(d) The extend() function is usedwin tuple to add elements in a list. ww ww ww
entet
10. Let setA={3,6,9}, setB={1,3,9}. t
enteWhat t t
il.ani.ene of the followinglasnippet?
will be thelaresult t t
il.ani.ene etet
lail.ani.
aa lail.ani.
aa aa aa a l ail.ani.n
. p.apdaadsas .p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
ww ww
print(setA|setB) ww ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) {3,6,9,1,3,9}
tet (b)tet{3,9} (c) t{1}
et tet(d) {1,3,6,9} t
l a i
l .
a ni e
. n
l a i
l.ani e
. n
l ail.
ani.en
l ail.ani e
. n
l a i
l .ani.ente
sas saas saas sas adsaas
11.
. p. aada
apdWhich of the following
. p.apdaadset operation includes
. p.apdaadall the elements that
. p. aada in two sets but .not
apdare p apdathe
. one that
ww ww ww ww ww ww
are common to two sets?
etet
n n etet ani.nIntersection etet n netet etet
slail.ani.
(a)saaSymmetric difference saaslail.ani.(b) Difference saaslail.(c) saaslail.ani. (d) Union saaslail.ani.
a daad daad a daad a daad a daad a
ww ww ww Section-B ww ww ww
Answer theefollowing questions etet (2 Mark)

n ntet n t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
s asl ail.a i .
sa slail.ani. asl a a sl a a sl a
1. a a a a adsa adsa adsa
.p.aWhat
pdad is List in Python? d
ww .p.apda
ww w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 A list is an ordered collection of values enclosed within square brackets [ ] also known as a “sequence
Padasalai
t t ene etet etet etet etet
data atype”.
lail.ani. a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
aa s s
aa s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
pdad
.wp.aEach .apdad
.wpcalled .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w value of a list
ww
wis as element.
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
 Elements can be a numbers, characters, strings and even the nested lists.
t t t t t
ail.ani.ente a i
l.ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente
 Syntax: sasl sas
Variable = [element-1,l sas
element-2, element-3 l …… element-n] sasl sasl
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w wwreverse order? www w w
ww 2. How will you access ww the list elementswin ww ww
 Python enables
etet reverse or negative
etetindexing for the listeelements.
tet t t t t
a la il.ani.n a l a il.ani.n a la il.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
.p.aA adsas adsas to access an element adsas adsas adsas
w w pdanegative index can.pbe
w w .apdaused w.wp.apda in reverse order. w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Thus, python lists index in opposite order.
 The python a
t t
il.ani.enesets -1 as the index a .entet for the last element
il.anivalue a
t t
il.ani.ene in list and -2 for a
the tet
il.ani.enpreceding elementaand tsot
il.ani.ene
a sl asl a sl a sl a sl
asa adsa adsa adsa adsa
w pdad
.wp.aon. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
www www w
ww w
ww w
ww ww
 This is called as Reverse Indexing.
tet .entet etet etet etet
3. What a l il.ani.enbe
awill il.anifollowing
the value of axslain pythonascode?l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s
ada s
ada s s
ada s
ww ww
List1=[2,4,6,[1,3,5]] ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente
x=len(List1)
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w print(x) www w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
OUTPUT:
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
====== RESTART: C:/Users/SANJANASRI.SANJANASRI-PC/Desktop/Python/LI.py ======
t t t t t t t t t t
4 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w .wp.apda
>>> w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
4. Differentiate del with remove( ) function of List.
s asl ail.ani.n del s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n remove(
s asl ail.ani.n) s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww del statement is used wwto delete known elements ww ww
remove( ) function is used to delete wwelements of ww
tet tet a list ift its index is unknown. t t

i . ni e
. n i. ni e
. n i .ni.en et i .ani.ene i .ani.ente
t
l a l a l a l a l a la l a l l a l
The adsaasstatement can also
apdadel adsaaused
apdabe
s as remove is used to
to delete apdaadsaThe sas
apdaadadelete a particular
a
daadsas
apelement
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww entire list. ww ww ww ww ww
5. Write the syntax

.ni.ente
t of creating .ani.eTuple
ntet with n number oft elements.
.ni.ente t t t t
ia ia ia il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
dadsaaslal d a
dsaaslal dadsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
.wp.apa
wSyntax:
aa
w.wp.p
aa
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Tuple_Name = (E1, E2, E2 ……. En) # Tuple with n number elements
etet
.ni.n il.ani.n….. En etet etet
i.ani.n of a tuple without i.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
aa sTuple_Name
aslaila = E1, E2,
aasaslaE3 # Elements
adasaslal saslal parenthesis
ada a
adsa sl a
w p.apdad
.6.
w w .
wp.apdad w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww What is set in Python?
ww ww ww ww ww
 In python, a set is another type of collection data type.
Padasalai
t t t t t t t t t t
 AdaaSet
s as
da is a mutable and as
anadunordered
s
a collectiondaaof as
da elements without
s as
duplicates
s
ada or repeated element.s
ada as
w.wp.ap w .wp.apda w .wp.ap w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  This feature used wwto include membership wwtesting and eliminating ww duplicate elements.ww ww
t t Section-C
entet t t
il.ani.ente i
l.ani.ente i.ani. i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
sasl a sasl a saaslal sasl a l sasl a l
Answer apdaada
questions aad a
d apdaada (3 Mark) apdaada
w .
wp. w p. w.wp.p w .
w p. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. What are the advantages of Tuples over a list?
tet
en of a list are changeable en tet en tet tet tet
 The aelements
lail.ani. a lail.ani. (mutable) whereas
a lail.ani. the elements of a il.ani.en are unchangeable
alatuple a
en
lail.ani.
sa s sa s sa s sa s sa s
apdaad aad
.wp.apdkey adaad adaad adaad
w w.wp.(immutable), this is
w wthe difference w.wp.p tuples and list. ww.wp.p
between
w w w.wp.p w
w w w w w ww
 The elements of a list are enclosed within square brackets. But, the elements of a tuple are enclosed by
t t t t t t t t t
alaila
paranthesis. a l a a la a l a a l a
.wp.apa dadsas .wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
w w w w w w
ww  Iterating tuples is
wwfaster than list. ww ww ww ww
3. What willetbe
et the output of the efollowing
tet code? etet etet etet
.ni.n .ni.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
a
dsaaslaila a
d s
a aslaila s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
ada list = [2**x for ada .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w.wp.p w.wp.xp in range(5)] w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print(list)
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada
OUTPUT: apdaada
[1, 2, 4, 8,.wp16]
. .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
5. List out the set operations supported by python.
lail.ai n.entet l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
Set Operations:
adsaas a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
ww (i) Union: It includes
ww all elements from two ww or more sets. ww ww ww
t t It includes the common

(ii) Intersection:
ee t t elements in two tsets.
ee t ee etet etet
(iii) Difference:
ada It includes adall
a elements that areadin adfirst
a set (say set A)abut adanot in the second set ad(say
a set
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.pa w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w
ww B). ww ww ww ww ww
entet difference: It includes

iv) Symmetric
.ni. entet all the elements that
.ni. entetare in two sets (sayensets
tet A and B) but notenthe
i.ani.
tet
i.ani. i.ani.
a
dsaaslaila a
d s
a aslaila a
d saaslal a
dsaaslal a
d saaslal
onea athat are common to.wptwo
d a a sets.
d aad aad aad
w.wp.p w .p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section - D
tet t t t t t t t t
Answeraslathe il.ani.enfollowing questions:a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene (5 Mark) a l a il.ani.ene
adsa adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww 1. What the different ww ways to insert anwelement w in a list. Explain ww with suitable example. ww ww
Inserting elements
t t in a list using insert():
t t t t t t t t
 aThe s
adsainsert ( ) functionahelps s
adsa you to include an adsas
element at your desired s
adsposition.
a adsa s
w.wp.pda w .wp.pda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The insert( ) function is used to insert an element at any position of a list.
Padasalai
Syntax: i.ni.entet etet etet etet etet
s asl ala s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
adaada List.insert aa
.apdad adaada .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w.wp.p w.wp(position index, element)
w.wp.p w w w
ww w ww w ww w ww ww ww
Example:
i et MyList=[34,98,47,'Kannan',
.ani.ent>>> i.ani.ente
t 'Gowrisankar',
i
t
.ani.ente 'Lenin', 'Sreenivasan'i
t
.ani.ente ] i .ani.ente
t
.
wp.apdaada >>> . p.apdaada
MyList.insert(3,
w . p.apdaada
'Ramakrishnan')
w .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
>>> print(MyList)
tet t t t t t t t t
Output: a la il.ani.en[34, 98, 47, a l a il.ani.ene
'Ramakrishnan', 'Kannan', a la il.ani.ene
'Gowrisankar', 'Lenin', a l a il.ani.ene
'Sreenivasan'] a l a il.ani.ene
ww  In the above example, insert( ) function wwinserts a new element ww„Ramakrishnan‟ at the wwindex value 3, ie. ww
w w w w w w
ww
th
at the 4 position.
asa
.p.aWhile s asas s
asa shifts one position adsa s adsa s
w w pdad inserting a new w pdad
.wp.aelement, w w .apdad
the existing.pelements
w .wp.apda to the right. w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Adding more elements in a list using append():
 The append( t t
i.ani.ene ) function is used
t a single element
.enteadd
i.anito
t t
i.ani.enine a list. etet etet
lal lal lal lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
dadsaas dadsaas d adsaas s
ada as s
ada as
a
w.wp.But,
a a
p it includes elements a
w.wp.p at the end of a w
list. a
w.wp.p
a
ww ww w ww ww ww
Syntax:
t t
.ni.ene .ene t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
List.append
aslaila (element toaslabeil.aniadded) l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
s s sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww Example: ww ww ww ww ww
>>> Mylist=[34, 45, 48]
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
>>> Mylist.append(90)
tet t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.en>>> print(Mylist) a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s daadsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda
Output: [34, 45,w .wp.ap90]
48, w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Adding more elements in a list using extend():
lail.ai n.entet .i n.entet .ai n.entet
.ai etet
ail.ani.n n.entet
 Theads
a aextend(
s s
a aslailato add more thanadsone
) function isadused aaslailelement adsaaslaillist.
to an existing s
ada asl
.wp.pada .wp.p ada .wp.p ada .wp.p ada .wp.apda
w w w w w w
ww  In extend( ) function,
ww wwshould be specified wwithin
multiple elements w square bracket wasw arguments of the ww
function. tet t t t t
l
e
ail.ani.n l a i
l .ani.ente
s as sas sas sas sas
apdaada
Syntax: apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w.wp. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww
List.extend ( [elements to be added]) ww ww ww ww
Example: .ni.entet t t t t t t t t
a l a ila a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda 45, 48]
>>> Mylist=[34,
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
>>> Mylist.extend([71, 32, 29])
tet print(Mylist) .ni.entet t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.en>>> a l a ila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s daadsa s adsas adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda
Output: [34, 45,w .wp.ap90,
48, 71, 32, 29] w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. What is the purpose of range( )? Explain with an example.
Padasalai
alaila
range(): a l a l a l a l
.wp.apadadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w w w w w w
ww  The range( w w a function used to generate
) is ww a series of values ww in Python. ww ww
 Usingetrange(
t ) function, youetcan
t create list with series t of values. t t
.ni.ne .ni.ne .ni.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente
s aslaila s aslaila s aslaila sasl ail sasl a i
l
aa The range( ) function
dada ada
a a has three arguments.
d aad a
d a apdaada apdaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w .
w p. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
ni. entet entet t t

il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
Syntax aslail.arange
of ( ) function: aslail.ani. a la a l a a l a
a
adad
sa a s
a d adsas adsas adsas
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w ww ww end value, step value)
range (start value, ww ww ww
where,
t t t tet t t t t
.ni.ente il.ani.eneof series. Zero aislathe
il.ani.endefault il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
adaslaila value – beginning
 sastart a
sa
ad sl value
a
ad sa s ad
beginning
a
sa sl value.
a a
adsa sl a
ww  end value –wupper
w limit of series. w w
Python – w1.
wwvalue as upper limit w
takes the ending ww
 step value
e ntet – It is an optional entargument,
e t which is used
e ntet to generate different e nteinterval
t of values. t t
ee
s asl .
aila ni .
s asl .
aila ni.
s asl .
aila ni .
s asl .
aila ni .
s asl ail.ani.n
Example
adaada : Generating whole adaada numbers upto 10 adaada adaada adaada
ww for x in range (1, 11):
ww ww ww ww ww
print(x) t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
ww Output:
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
1
2 t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3
4 t t t t t t t t t t
5 daadsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
.wp.ap .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww 6
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
7
8
nentet etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
9 asaaslail.ai. s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
d
w .wp.apda
10 w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Creating a listt with series of values t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
. p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . papdaada
. . p.apdaada
ww  Using the range(w)wfunction, you can create
ww a list with series of wwvalues. ww ww
 To convert the result of range( ) function into list, we need one more function called list( ).
t t t t t t t t t t
a il.ani.ene ail.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene a il.ani.ene
 The a l
adsalist(
s ) function makes a
the
adsa
l
s result of range( d) aas a l
dsasa list. a
adsas
l a
adsas
l
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apa w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Syntax: ww ww ww ww ww
List_Varibale = list (erange

entet
())
ail.ani . a i
l .
ani . ntet a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene
Example a sl : a sl asl a sl a sl
adsa asa asa adsa adsa
w.wp.apda w .
wp.apdad w.wp.apdad w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww >>> wEven_List
w = list(range(2,11,2))
ww ww ww ww
>>> print(Even_List)
Padasalai
et 4, 6, 8, 10]
Output: i.ni.ent[2, t t
i.ni.ene etet etet etet
lala lala l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
d adsaas d adsaas s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In the above code, list( ) function takes the result of range( ) as Even_List elements.
 Thus, Even_List
i .ani.ente
t list has the elements
i
t
.ani.ente of first five even i
tet
numbers.
.ani.en i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
a l a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
3.
.p. pdaadsas is nested tuple?
aWhat . p. aada
apd
Explain with an . p.apdaada
example. . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Tuple:
t t t t t
i.ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
 Tuples la l
adsas consists of a number
a l a l
adsasof values separated
a adsby
a la l
as comma and enclosed l a l
adsaswithin parentheses.
a a
adsas
l a l
ww  Tuple is similar wtowlist, values in a list can ww be changed but notwin w a tuple. ww ww
Nested Tuples:
adsa s asas adsa s s s adsa s
pdaPython,
.wp.aIn pdaddefined inside another
.wp.abe
a tuple can .wp.apda tuple; called Nested aada
.wp.apdtuple. .wp.apda
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In a nested tuple, each tuple is considered as an element.
tet
ni.en will be useful to tet
.ani.en all the elements tet
ni.ena nested tuple. lail.ani.en tet etet
 The afor sl ail.aloop aslailaccess asl ail.ain a a l ail.ani.n
. p.ap
s
daada . p.ap
s
daada . p.ap
s
daada . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
ww ww ww ww w w
Topperst = (("Vinodini", "XII-F", 98.7), ("Soundarya", "XII-H", 97.5), ("Tharani", "XII-F", 95.3),
. ni e
. nte . ni e
. ntet . ni e
. ntet . ni e
. ntet .ani.ente
t
l a i
l a
("Saisri", "XII-G", 93.8)) l ail a l a i
l a l a i
l a l a i
l
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
ww
w for i in Toppers: ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
print(i)
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Output:
('Vinodini',
l a .entet
il.ani'XII-F', 98.7)
l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
w .wp.apda
('Soundarya', .wp.apda
'XII-H', 97.5)
w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ('Tharani', 'XII-F', w w
95.3) ww ww ww ww
('Saisri', 'XII-G', etet 93.8) etet etet etet etet

aa aa ada aa ada
w pdad
.wp.aExplain
4. the different
w pdadoperations supported
.wp.aset w.wp.apda by python with w .apdad
.wpsuitable example. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 A Set is a mutable and an unordered collection of elements without duplicates.
i.ani.n etet i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
Set Operations:
saslal sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada
ww  The set operations
w w w w w w
ww such as Union, Intersection, ww difference and wwSymmetric difference. ww ww
(i) Union:
t t t t t t t t t t
 Itdincludes
a
adsas
l all elements dfrom a l
adsas two or more sets. a
adsas
l a
adsas
l a
adsas
l
w .wp.apa w .wp.apa w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww
 The operator | is used to union of two sets. ww ww ww ww
 The function
nentet
union( ) is also used to join two sets in python.
nentet nentet t t t t
a lail.ai. a lail.ai. a lail.ai. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
a s
a s a s
a s a s
a s adsa s adsa s
adad adad adad .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p ww.wp.p w w.wp.p w w w
w w w ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
Example: sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww set_A={2,4,6,8} ww ww ww ww ww
set_B={'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}
U_set=set_A|set_B t t t t t t t t t t
print(U_set)a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
{2, 4, 6, 8, 'A',
etet
'D', 'C', 'B'} t t t t t t t t
(ii) adsa s
Intersection: adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 It includes the common elements in two sets.
 The operator t t
i.ani.ene & is used to intersect
t t
i.ani.ene two sets in python.
t t
i.ani.ene etet etet
s asl al s aslal s asl al s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
 daada function intersection(
.wp.apThe
ada aa
.apdad
.wp.apda ) is also used wto.wpintersect two sets in .wp.apda
python.
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Example:
set_A={'A', t 'D'}
nte4, t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.e2, a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa
set_B={'A', s 'B', 'C', 'D'}.p.apdaadsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda ww w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww print(set_A & set_B) ww ww ww ww ww

Output:
ada ada ada ada ada
.wp.apda'D'}
w{'A', w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(iii) Difference: t t .ani.ente

t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
i.ni.ene
l a l a l a i
l l ail l ail l a i
l
saas adsaas saas sas sas
. p. daadincludes
apIt all elements
. p.apdathat are in first set . p.apdaadset
(say A) but not in the
. p. aada
apdsecond set (say set B).
. p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The minus (-) operator is used to difference set operation in python.
tet tet tet t t t t
 The i.ani.en difference( )ais
function .ani.en used to difference
ialso i.en
i.anoperation. il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
saaslal saslal saaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
adaad adaad adaad .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Example:
t 'D'}
nte4, t t t t
set_A={'A',
l ail.ani.e2, l a il.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas as sas sas sas
. .apdaada
set_B={'A',
p 'B', 'C', 'D'}.p.apdaadsa . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww print(set_A - set_B) ww ww ww ww ww
Output:
etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
{2, 4}saslail.ani.n a
ss l a a la a l a a l a
ada ada adsas adsas adsas
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(iv) Symmetric difference
 It includes t t tet in two sets (say.nsets t t t
i.enteone that are common t t
a l a il.ani.eneall the elementsalathat il.ani.enare a la ilai.ene A and B) but anot l a il.anthe a l a il.ani.eneto
s
daadsa sets. adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.aptwo w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  The caret (^) operator ww is used to symmetric ww difference set operationww in python. w
w ww
 The function t t symmetric_difference( t t ) is also used to do t t the same operation. t t t t
ee ee ee ee ee
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Example:
set_A={'A', t 'D'}
nte4, t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.e2, a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa
set_B={'A', s 'B', 'C', 'D'}.p.apdaadsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda ww w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww print(set_A ^ set_B) ww ww ww ww ww
t t
Output:
a
aad'B', ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apd4,
{2, 'C'} w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
www ww ww ww ww ww
i .ani.ente
t 10. PYTHON t t
i.ni.ene
CLASSES tAND
i.ni.ene
t OBJECTS t t
i.ni.ene i .ani.ente
t
sasl a l lala lala lala l a l
apdaada d adsaas d adsaas d adsaas sas
apdaada
w .
w p. a
w.wp.p a a
. p a
w.wpSection –A a
w.wp. pa
w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t
ne following are the t t
i.ene features of an Object
.ni.eneOriented Programming t t
.ni.ene language? t t t t
1. Which of.ni.ethe
alaila
.nkey
alaila alaila alaila a l a il.ani.ene
ww (a) Constructorww
and Classes ww ww
(b) Constructor and Object ww ww
(c) Classes
nentet
and Objects t t (d)tConstructor
t and Destructor t t t t
a l ail.ai. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s adsa s adsas adsa s adsa s
w pdad
.wp.aFunctions
2. defined .wp.apdaa class:
inside
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) Functions (b) Module (c) Methods (d) section
Padasalai
ada members are accessed
3. aClass ada through which operator? ada ada ada
w.wp.pda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(a) & (b) . (c) # (d) %
etet
n following method
il.ani.the i.ani.n etet etet
.ni.n when an objectlaisil.ancreated?
i.n etet .ani.ente
t
4. Which
saslaof aslaila
saslal is automatically sexecuted sas sasl a i
l
adaada adaada adaada adaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p ww
.wp. w
w (a) __object__(w ) (b) __del__( )w w
(c) __func__( ) (d)w__init__( ) ww
5. A private ntet variable is prefixed

i.ni.eclass
a
t t
i.ni.ene with a
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
d a
dsaaslal d a
d saaslal a
adsas
la a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
w.wp.p (a) __
aa
w.wp.p (b) && w.wp.apda (c) ## w.wp.apda (d) **w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
6. Which of thet following method is used
t as destructor?
t t t t t t t t
adsa s adsas s
adsa (c) __rem__( )adaadsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda(a) __init__( ) w.wp.apda(b) __dest__( ) w.wp.apda w .wp.p w .wp.apda )
(d) __del__(
w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
7. Which of the following class declaration is correct?
lail.a ni.entet ni.entet
il.a class_name<> alail.(c)
laclass ni.entet
a class class_name: lail.a ni.entet lail.a ] ni.entet
(a) class
adsaas class_name a(b)
dsaas adsas adsaas (d) class class_name[
adsaas
ada ada .p.apda .p.apda ada
w.wp.p w.wp.p ww w ww w w.wp.p w
ww 8. Which of the following
ww w w
is the output of the following program? ww ww
class Student:
n.entet t t t t
l a i
l .ai l ail.ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
def
. p. aada
apd__init__(self, name):
.p.apdaada . papdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
self.name=name
S=Student(“Tamil”)
etet
ail.ani.n a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a a l a l a l a l
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
(a) Error (b) Tamil (c) name (d) self
lail.ai n.entet ail.ai n.entetlail.ai n.entet a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene
9. Which
ada aasl private class variable?
adsaas of the following isadsthe ada adsaas ada
a
adsa sl a
adsa sl
(a) __num (b) ##num (c) $$num (d) &&num
10. The lprocessetet etet etet etet etet

ail.ani.n of creating an lobject
s as a sail.ani.n is called as:
as a s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada aa aa
w .wp.apda(a) Constructor w.wp.apda(b) Destructor w.wp.apda w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww ww ww (c) Initialize
ww (d)wInstantiation
w ww
t t Section-Betet t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
Answer apdaada
questions adaada apdaada (2 Mark)apdaada
w .
w p. w p. w.wp.p w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww w w ww ww ww
1. What is class?
t
.ente main building block te t t t t t t t
 Classlais
a il.anithe a l ail.ani.enin Python.
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ss
daada ss adsas adsas adsas
.wp.apClass .
w p.apdaada .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
w is a template
ww for the object.
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
 Object is a collection of data and function that act on those data.

.entet
il.aniare
t t
il.ani.ene of a class or class ntet
il.ani.evariable.
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
 Objects a
adsa sl a also called as a
adsa sl a
instances a
adsasl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww 2. What is instantiation? ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
 The process
.ni.ente of creating object.niis
t .entecalled
t as “Class Instantiation”.
.ni.ente
t etet etet
laila laila laila l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
d adsaas d adsaas d adsaas s
ada as s
ada as
w.wp.p
a
Syntax:
a a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Object_name = class_name( )
t t t t t
i.ente output of the following
3. Whatlaisil.anthe l a i
l.ani.ente program? lail.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
saas saas saas sas sas
.wp.apda
ad adaad adaad apdaada apdaada
w wclass Sample: w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w .
w p. w.wp. w
w w w ww ww ww
__num=10
t t t t t t t t t t
defadsdisp(self):
a
as a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
ww print(self.__num) ww ww ww ww ww
S=Sample() tet t t t t t t t t
a
en
lail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
S.disp()
a s
a s adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
apdad .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w.wp. w w w w w
ww print(S.__num) ww ww ww ww ww
OUTPUT:.ni.entet etet etet etet etet

laila lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
d adsaas s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
>>>a
w.wp.p
a
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
10
t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
a il.ani.ene
line 7, inla<module>
a l ail l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
daadsas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.aprint(S.__num)
p .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
AttributeError: 'Sample' object has no attribute '__num'
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
4. How will you create constructor in Python?
t t t t t
laila .ni.ente i .ni.ente
laila laila .ni.ente laila .ni.ente .ni.ente
 “init”
adsaas is a special function slala and end with double
adsaabegin adsaas underscore in Python
adsaas act as a Constructor.
adsaas
ada ada ada ada ada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w  Constructor function
w will automaticallyw executed when an object
w of a class is created.
w ww
General format:
.ni.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
ads
a aslaila s
aa asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
ada
w.wp.p def
w .apdad
.wp__init__(self, [args w
……..]):
.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
<statements>
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww 5. What is the purpose ww of Destructor? ww ww ww ww
 Destructor is also a special method gets executed automatically when an object exit from the scope.
t t t t t t t t t t
 IndaPython,
a
dsas
l __del__( ) method a l
adsas is used as destructor. a
adsas
l a
adsas
l a
adsas
l
w .wp.apa w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww General format: ww ww ww ww ww
t t def __del__(self):t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene i.ni.ene
a l a l a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda<statements> w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section-C
Padasalai
t te t ente etet etet etet
a il.ani.enfollowing
Answer lathe
a lail.ani.
questions
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n (3 Mark) saslail.ani.n
s
aa s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s ada
w1. pdad are class members?
.wp.aWhat w .wp.apda How do you define
w .wp.apda it? w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Variables defined inside a class are called as “Class Variable” and functions are called as “Methods”.
t t t t t
ail.ani.ente a i
l.ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente
 Class l
sasvariable and methods l
sasare together known l
sasmembers of the class.
as sasl sasl
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w ww w w w
ww  The class members ww should be accessedwthrough objects or instance ww of class. ww ww
 A class can
entebe
t defined anywhereentin
et a Python program. entet t t t t
a lail.ani. a lail.ani. a lail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
sa s sa s sa s adsas adsas
 aSYNTAX
daad adaad
FOR DEFINING A CLASS: .wp.apdaad .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w ww ww ww ww
class class_name:
t t t t t t t t t t
a l i.ani.ene
statement_1
a l a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w.wp.apda statement_2 w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
…………..
………….. etet etet etet etet etet
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda statement_n w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. Write a class with two private class variables and print the sum using a method.
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
CODE: sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww class Sample: ww ww ww ww ww
t t
def __init__(self,n1,n2): t t t t t t t t
a i.ni.ene
l a l a a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
self.__n1=n1
etet
i.ani.n
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
self.__n2=n2
saslal a sl a a sl a a sl a a sl a
ada adsa adsa adsa adsa
ww def sum(self): ww ww ww ww ww
print("Class
tet Variable 1:",self.__n1)
tet
e e etet etet etet
da
aprint("Class Variable ada
2:",self.__n2) ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print("Sum:",self.__n1 + self.__n2)
S=Sample(5,10)entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
lail.ani.
sas sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl ail sasl a i
l
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
ww S.sum()
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
OUTPUT:
t t t t t t t t t t
>>>daadsas adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww Class Variable 1: 5 ww ww ww ww ww
Class Variable t t t t t t t t t t
i.ni.ene 2: 10
a il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
dadsaaslal a
adsa sl a a
adsasl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
wSum:
a
.wp.ap 15 w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
>>>
Padasalai
n.entet
lail.aierror in the following .i n.entet i n.entet n.entet etet
ail.ani.n
3. Find a saasthe a saaslaila program to get a sa lail.agiven
athe
s output? asaaslail.ai s
ada asl
d d d d
ww ERROR CODE: ww ww ww ww ww
class Fruits: entet t t t t

l ail.ani. l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
def
.p. aada
apd__init__(self, f1, f2):
. p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
self.f1=f1
.ni.enet t t t t t t t t t
self.f2=f2
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww def display(self): ww ww ww ww ww
print("Fruit 1t=t %s, Fruit 2 = %s" %(self.f1,
t t
self.f2)) t t t t t t
s
adsa ('Apple', 'Mango')
Fp=apdFruits adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
w.w. a w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
del F.display
F.display() entet etet etet etet etet
lail.ani.
aa a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w
wOUTPUT: w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Fruit 1 = Apple, Fruit 2 = Mango t
n.entet
.i n.ente i.ai .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
saaslaila saaslal sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl a i
l
ERROR:
aad a
d aadad apdaada apdaada apdaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
line 8, in <module>
t t t t t t t t t
.ni.ente
del F.display il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
alaila
adsas a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
AttributeError: display
i.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
CORRECT
saslal CODE: a sl a a sl a a sl a a sl a
ww class Fruits: ww ww ww ww ww
def __init__(self,
tet f1, f2):
da
aself.f1=f1 ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
self.f2=f2
entet
def display(self): .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
lail.ani.
sas sasl a i
l
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
ww
w print("Fruit 1w=w%s,
w Fruit 2 = %s" %(self.f1,
ww
w self.f2)) ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
F = Fruits ('Apple','Mango')
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas
F.display() adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww OUTPUT: ww ww ww ww ww
tet t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.enFruit 1 = Apple, Fruit
a l a il.ani.en2e = Mango a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww 4. What is the output ww of the following program? ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
CODE:
class a
adGreeting: ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
def __init__(self, name):
self.__name etet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
ail.ani.n= name
sasl a sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl a i
l
.p. aada
apddisplay(self): . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
wdef
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print("Good Morning ", self.__name)
t t t t t t t t t t
ww obj=Greeting('Bindu wwMadhavan') ww ww ww ww
obj.display()
.ni.ente
t t t t t t t t t
ia il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
d adsaaslal a
adsasl a a
adsa sla a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
.wp.ap
wOutput:
a
ww ww ww ww ww ww
>>>
ente t ente t etet etet etet
lail.ani. Bindu Madhavan
Good Morning
a lail.ani. a a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
. p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w
w>>> ww w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
5. How do define constructor and destructor in Python?
i.ani. entet i .ani.ente
t
i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
saaslal
CONSTRUCTOR: sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
.
w p.apdaad .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w ww w
ww  “init” is a special
wwfunction begin and end ww with double underscore ww in Python act as awConstructor. ww
 Constructort function will automatically executed when an object of a class is created.
n.enet
l ail.ai n.entet l ail.ai n.entet l a il.ai n.entet l a il.ai l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
General format of constructor:
t t n.entet n.entet t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene lail.ai
def __init__(self, [args ……..]): lail.ai l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsaas adsaas a
adsa s a
adsa s
w .wp.apda ada
w.wp.p
ada
ww w w
<statements>w
w ww ww ww
DESTRUCTOR:
n.entet etet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ai s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa
.wp.aDestructor ada ada ada aa
w pdad .wp.apda method gets executed
is also awspecial w.wp.apda automatically when w .wp.apdaan object exit from w .apdadscope.
.wpthe w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In Python, __del__( ) method is used as destructor.
t t t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
il.ani.ene of destructor:lail.ani.ene
Generallaformat l ail l ail l a i
l
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww wwdef __del__(self): ww ww ww ww
<statements>
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww Section - D ww ww ww
Answer the following
t questions: t t t t t t (5 Mark)
t t
.ni.ente
l aila .ni.ene
l a ila l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
asa s a s as as as
1. pdad a menu driven
.wp.aWrite daadsa
program
.wp.ap to add orw.w
deleteasa
p.apdad stationary items. daadsa should use dictionary
.wp.apYou .wp.apda
adsa to
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
store items and the brand.
Padasalai
CODE: lail.ani.entet l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
aa a a a a
p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
stationary={}
ww. w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print("\n1. Add Item \n2.Delete item \n3.Exit")
.ni.en tet .ni.en tet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
aslaila
ch=int(input("\nEnter
s aslaila "))
your choice:
s sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl a i
l
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
while(ch==1)or(ch==2):
lail.ani.entet l a
t t
il.ani.ene la
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
if(ch==1):
adsaas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
ww ww
n=int(input("\nEnter the Number of wItems w to be added in the wwDictionary: ")) ww ww
for i in range(n):
t t t t t t t t t t
s
adsaitem=input("\nEnter s
sa Item Name: ") dadsa
adan s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda aa
brand=input("\nEnter the Brand Name: ")
stationary[item]=brand
n.entet etet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ai s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apdaprint(stationary) w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
elif(ch==2):
t t t t t
ni.enteDictionary: .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
lal i.ani.ene
ritem=input("\nEnter i.ani.entoe be removed fromi.athe
the item
la l
")
lal l a i
l l a i
l
a daadsaas a daadsaas a d
aadsaas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
p
w.wp. stationary.pop(ritem)
w.wp. p w.wp. p w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
print(stationary)
.ni.ene t t ene t t t t t t t t
ch=int(input("\nEnter
alaila lail.ani. "))
your achoice: a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
OUTPUT:
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww
11. DATABASE CONCEPTS ww ww ww
Padasalai
etet etet Sectioni.–ni.eA
ntet etet etet
a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n lal a l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s adsaas s
ada as s
aa as
w.wp.apda the best answer
Choose w .wp.apda a
w.wp.p
da
w .wp.apda w(1 pdad
.wp.aMark) w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. What is the acronym of DBMS?
etet etet tet
ni.enDatabase i.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
sa)
asl ail.ani.n
DataBase Management
s asl l.ani.n
aiSymbol sasl a i
l .b)
a Managing sasl ail.anSystem
sasl a i
l
apdaad a apdaad a apdaada apdaada apdaada
w .
wp. .
w p. .
w p. .
w p. .wp.
ww ww
c) DataBasewManagement Systemww
w w
ww Management System
d) DataBasic ww
w
ww
w
tet
2. A table i.isni.enknown as t t t t t t t t
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
daadsas
la a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
w.wp.p a) tuple w .wp.apdab) attribute w.wp.apc) relation w.wp.apda d)entity w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
9. A tuple is also
t t
known as t t t t t t t t
adsa s adsas s
daadsattribute
a adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda a) table w .wp.apdab) row w.wp.apc) w .wp.apda d) field w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section-B
tet tet tet etet tet
Answeraslathe il.ani.enfollowing questions a lail.ani.n
e
a l
e
ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n (2 Mark) aslail.ani.en
aas s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s daadsa
w1. pdad
.wp.aMention w .wp.apdaof a database. w.wp.apda
few examples w .wp.apda .
ww p.ap w
ww  Foxpro ww ww ww ww ww
 dbase. tet t t t t
a i
l .ani.en ail.ani.ente a i
l.ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente a i
l .ani.ente
 sIBMasl DB2. sas l sas l sasl sasl
w  Microsoft Access.
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Microsoft Excel.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. What is data consistency?
il.ani.n etet .ni.n etet n etet
.ni.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
 Data
saaslaConsistency aslailadata values are the
meanssathat lail.ani. at all instancessaof
saassame aslaailadatabase. a sl a
ad ad ad ad adsa
ww ww ww Section - D ww ww ww
Answer the following questions: (5 Mark)
5. ada
Explain the characteristicsada of DBMS. ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. Data Stored in a Tables  Data is stored into tables, created inside the database.
t t t et tables. ail.ani.entet
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente  DBMS alsolaallows i
l .ani.ente to have relationshipl ail.ani.entbetween l
sas adsaas adsaas adsaas adsaas
.
w p.apdaada .p.a
pda .p.apda .p.apd
a .p.apda
ww
w
w ww w w ww w w ww w w ww w ww
w
2. Reduced Redundancy  Unnecessary repetition of data in database was a big
t t t t problem. t t t t t t
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda  DBMS
w .wp.apdafollows Normalisation w .wp.apda which divides wthe .wp.apdadata in w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
such a way that repetition is minimum.
.ni.enet t t t t t t t t t
3.Data
alaila Consistency a l a il.ani.ene  Data Consistency a l a il.ani.enemeans that dataalvalues
a il.ani.ene are the same at a l a il.ani.ene
all
adsa s
. p.
s
apdaada
s
. p.
s
apdaada
s
. p.
s
apdaada
s
ww w w w w w w w w
ww ww winstances
w of a database. ww ww ww
4.Support Multiple user and  DBMS allows multiple users to work on it(update, insert,
Padasalai
t t t t t
ia .ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente
saslal
Concurrent Access adsaaslaila delete data) laila
adsaas at the same timeadand
laila
adsaasstill manages to amaintain
adsaas
laila
apdaada apda a
.wp.pda a da
w.wp. w.wp. wwdata w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww ww wthe consistency. ww ww ww
5.Query Language
etet t  DBMS provides users
t with a simple query t language, usingn.entet
l ail.ani.n l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l ail.ani.ente lail.ai
s as saas saas can be easily fetched, saas inserted, deleted saasand
adaada aadad which aad a
data
d aad a
d aadad
w w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w
w ww ww ww ww ww
updated in a database.
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas adsas ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
ss
apdaada
w .wp.apda6. Security w .wp.apda  wThe
w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww w DBMS also takes ww care of the security ww of data, ww
protecting the data from unauthorized access.
t t t t i.ente
t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene  Creating user a la il.anaccounts with l
different
a a il.ani.eneaccess permissions a l a il.ani.ene
ww ww w can easily secure our
wwe ww data. ww ww
7. DBMS
tet Supports t  It allows us ton.ebetter t handle and manage t data integrity inn.entet
a i
l .ani.en a i
l.ani.ente a i
l .ai nte a i
l .ani.ente il.ai
a
dsa sl
aTransactions ads
a asl
real a s
a
world
d
l
as applications where adsaasl
multi-threadingadsaaslais
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww extensively used. ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t ntet t t
l a i.ente
Department of.nComputer
ila Science
l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.e
Department of Computer Science
l a il.ani.ene
a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
12. STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
adsaas – A
adsa adsa adsa adsa
ww ww w w ww ww ww
.ni.n etet etet etet etet etet

1. Which
s aslailacommands provides ail.ani.n
asldefinitions for creating
s
.ni.n
aslailatable structure, deleting
s
.ni.n .ni.n
aslaila relations, andadsmodifying
aslaila
a daada a daad a daada a daad a da
a a a
ww relation schemas. ww ww ww ww ww
entet
il.ani. i entet
.ani.b. i
t
.ani.ente c. DCL i
t
.ani.ente d. DQL i .ani.ente
t
a.laDDL l a l DML l a l l a l l a l
adad asaas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
w ww ww ww ww ww
2. Which command lets to change the structure of the table?
t t t t t t t t t t
s
a.adsaSELECT adsas b. ORDER BY adsas c. MODIFY adsas d. ALTER adsas
ww ww ww ww ww ww
3. The command to delete a table is
t t t t t t t t t t
w.wp.apdaa. DROP w .wp.apda b. DELETEw.wp.apda w.wp.apda ALL
c. DELETE d. ALTER
w .wp.apdaTABLE w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
4. Queries can t be
t generated usingn.entet etet etet etet
a i.ani.ene
l al a l i.ai
al a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s s
aa s s
aa s s
aa s
w.wp.apdaa. SELECT w .wp.apda w .
w p.apdad w .
wp.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww ww b. ORDER
ww BY c.wMODIFY
w d. ALTER
ww ww
ete t to sort data in an.edatabase

tet t t t
5. The clause
ail.ani.n
l
used ail.ai n
l l a i
l .ani.ente
a daadsaasa sas
apdaada
a sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w.wp. p w .
w p. w .
w p. .
w p. .wp.
ww ww w w
a. SORT BY ww ww BY
b. ORDER c.wGROUP BY ww
d. SELECT ww
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene i.ani.
Section-B il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a
adsas
la a
adsas
l a saaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
.wp.apda .wp.apda adaad .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w.wp.p w w w
ww Answer the following ww questions w w ww w(2
w Mark) ww
1. Write a query that selects all students whose age is less than 18 in order wise.
t t t t t t t t t t
Query: adsa s SELECT.*p.apFROM s
daadsa Student WHERE s
adsAge<=18
a ORDER BY s
adsaName; adsa s
w.wp.apda w w w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. Differentiate Unique and Primary Key constraint.
etet etet etet n.entet etet
l ail.ani.n Unique Key Constraintlail.ani.n l ail.ani.n ail.ai ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as aasl Constraint
PrimaryasKey
d s
ada asl
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 This constraint ensures that no two rows  This constraint declares a field as a Primary
have l a i
l .entet same value lain
.anithe i
l
t
.ani.entethe specified lail.a ni.entet which helps lto
key a i
l ntet
.ani.euniquely identify laial.ani.entet
p. dsaas
apdaacolumns. p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada record. p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada
w .
w w .
w w .
w w .
w w .
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
t t t t t t t t t t
 The a l a il.ani.ene
UNIQUE constraintalcan a bee applied only alailThe
il.ani.en .ani.ene primary key ldoes
a a il.ani.enenot allow NULL a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s s s adsa s asa s
.wp.apdato fields that have .wp.apdaalso been declared aada
.wp.apdas .wp.apda p.apdadmust
.w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w values and
ww
wtherefore a primary key
ww
w field ww
w
NOT NULL. have the NOT NULL constraint.
3. aWrite
ada the difference between ada table constraint adand
a column constraint? ada ada
w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Table Constraint Column Constraint
entet
.ni. entet entet entet entet
asaTable
aslaila constraints apply ail.anai. group of one orsaslail.ani. Column constraints
lto ni.
lail.aapply lail.ani.
only to individual
adad adad asaas aa adad asaas d asaas adad
w.wp.p more columns. w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.apda w.wp.p w
w w w w w w column.
w w w w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
asas asas adsas daadsas adsas
w4. pdad
.wp.aWhich component w pdad lets insert values
.wp.aSQL
of w .wp.apdain tables and which w .wp.ap
lets to create a .wp.apda
table?
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Command t Description
t component
n.ente t t t t t t t
i.ai il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
dadsaaslal a
adsa sl a a
adsasl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
a a
w.wp.p Insert w .wp.apdaInserts data into awtable.wp.apda w.wp.apda DML w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
entet t t t t
il.ani.ene in the database.ail.ani.ene
To createatables etet etet
Create
aalail.ani. l l l ail.ani.nDDL l ail.ani.n
daadsas d adsaasa d adsaasa s
ada as s
ada as
.
ww p.ap a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a
ww ww ww ww ww ww
5. What is.nthe t et and MySQL?.ni.entet t t

i.ente difference between
ia .ni.entSQL ia ia i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
saaslal saaslal saaslal sasl a l sasl a l
aadad d
apaad aad a
d apdaadaMySQL apdaada
w.wp.p w.wp.SQL w.wp.p w .
w p. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Structured Query Language is a language  MySQL is a database management system,
t t ntet SQL Server, Oracle, t t t t
used i.enteaccessing databases.
lail.anfor
ente
lail.ani. la il.ani.elike l a il.ani.ene Informix, Postgres, l a il.ani.ene
d adsaas d adsaas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
p
w.w
a
. pa p
w.w
a
. p a
w.wp.apda etc. w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 SQL is a DBMS  MySQL is a RDBMS.
t t t t .ni.ente
t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene laila
Section-C l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsas adsaas a
adsa s a
adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda ada
ww Answer the following ww questions w w ww w
(3wMarks) ww
1. What is a constraint?
t t Write short
t t note on Primary key
t t constraint.
ee ee ee etet etet
daada
.wp.apConstraint ada
.wp.apda applicable on a w
is a condition ada
.wp.apdaor set of fields. w.wp.apda
field ada
.wp.apda
ada
w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Primary constraint declares a field as a Primary key which helps to uniquely identify a record.
eet t ee t t t t
.ene of a table can lbe t t
i.eneas primary key. lail.ani.ene t t
 It isasimilar
l ail.ani.n to unique constraint
a l ail.ani.nexcept that onlysaone l ail.anifield a ail.anset
s s s s s s s sas
p.apdaada p.apdaada papdaada
. p.apdaada p.apdaada
ww  The primary key
w .
w w .
w w .
w w .
w w .
w w
wwdoes not allow NULL wwvalues and thereforewawprimary key field must ww have the NOT ww
NULL constraint.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
2. Write a SQL statement to modify the student table structure by adding a new field.
lail.ain.entet lail.ai n.entet
lail.ai lail.ai n.entet l a
t t
il.ani.ene n.entet
Syntax
adsaa:s ALTER TABLE <table-name>
adsaas ADD <column-name><data
adsaas type><size>;
adsaas a
adsa s
ww To add a new column
ww “Address” of type w
„char‟
w to the Student table,
ww the command is used
ww as ww
Statement: t t ALTER TABLE
t tStudent ADD Address
t t char;
.ni.ene ee ee etet etet
s asl aila s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
aa daada ada ada ada
w
3. pdad any three DDL
.wp.aWrite w .wp.apcommands. w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Data Definition Language:
tet tet .ani.ente
t tet .ani.ente
t
Create i.ani.en
Command: To create i.ani.en in the database.alail.ani.en
tables i i
saslal saslal ss sasl a l sasl a l
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada
w w Student (Admnowinteger,
CREATE TABLE w w
Name char(20), ww integer); w
ww ww w ww Gender char(1), wAge ww
Alter Command: Alters the structure of the database.
t t t t t t t
.ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
aslaila
adsaALTER TABLE Student laila
adsaas ADD Address char;
adsaas
laila a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
ada ada ada .wp.apda .wp.apda
w Drop Command: wDelete tables from database.
w ww ww ww
DROPt TABLE
t Student; t t t t t t t t
4. aWrite s
adsa the use of Savepoint s
adsa command with aan s
adsexample.
a adsa s adsa s
w.wp.pda w .wp.apda w.wp.pda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The SAVEPOINT command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to the
Padasalai
etet required.
point lwhenever etet etet etet etet
aa ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
. p.apdaadsas s
ada s
.wp.apda savepoint_name; .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
wSyntax:
w SAVEPOINT
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Example: SAVEPOINT A;
i.ani.n etet i.ani.n etet
i.ani.n i .ani.ente
t etet i .ani.ente
t
5. Write
saslaal SQL statement using
saslal DISTINCT keyword.
saslal sasl a l sasl a l
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
ww  The DISTINCTwkeyword
w ww is used along w w w rows in the www
wwwith the SELECT command
ww to eliminate duplicate
ww
table.
t t t t t t t t t t
la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene la il.ani.ene
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
 This as
adsahelps a
adsas
to eliminate redundant data. a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  For Example: ww ww ww
SELECT DISTINCT Place FROM Student; ww ww
t t t t Section - eD
ntet t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a lail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
adsa the following questions: adsas a s
a s adsa s asa s
Answer
.wp.apda .wp.apda adad .wp.apda p.apdad
(5 .Mark)
w w w.wp.p w w w w
ww ww w w ww ww ww
1. Write the different types of constraints and their functions.
t t t etet etet
.ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
alaila is a conditionadsapplicable
 Constraint alaila on a fielddor
adsaaset
i
slalaof fields. a l a l
aa dadsas aa d as aa .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w w w
ww Type of Constraints:
ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t .ani.ente
t t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene Table
a l a ilConstraint a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
(i)Unique Constraint:
t t t t t t
i .ni.ente laila .ni.ente
i .ni.ente
laila columns. il.ani.ene .ni.ente
 This slala
adsaaconstraint ensures that
adsaasno two rows have the slala value in the specified
adsaasame adsaas a
adsa sl a
ww  For example UNIQUE
ww ww on Admno of student
constraint applied ww table ensures that no
wwtwo students have ww
the same admission
tet number and the
tet constraint can be used
tet as:
e e e etet etet
Example: ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
CREATE TABLE Student
t t t t t
( l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada
wwNULL UNIQUE, →
w w w constraint www w w
ww Admno integer NOT Unique
ww ww ww
Name char (20) NOT NULL,
t t t t t t t t t t
Gender adsaschar (1), adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww ); ww ww ww ww ww
 The UNIQUE
entet constraint can beenapplied
tet only to fields that
entet have also been declared
entet as NOT NULL.entet
s
a aslail.ani. s
aaslail.ani. s
a aslail.ani. saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani.
a
apdad two constraints a
apdadapplied on a single adada a a
w.wp.When w.wp.are w.wp.pfield, it is knownwas p.apdad constraints. w.wp.apdad
multiple
w.w w
w w w w w w w ww ww
 In the above Multiple constraints NOT NULL and UNIQUE are applied on a single field Admno.
Padasalai
tet tet etet etet etet
(ii) Primaryi.ani.enKey Constraint:alail.ani.en ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
saslal
ada ada ss s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
ww  This constraint declares
ww ww key which helps wtowuniquely identify a w
a field as a Primary w
record. ww
 It is similar
eteto
t unique constraint eexcept
tet that only one field
etet of a table can be set
eteast primary key. t
l .ani.ente
s as s as s as s as sas
adaada adaada adaada adaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w.wp. w
w w w w ww ww
 The primary key does not allow NULL values and therefore a field declared as primary key must have
.ni.ene t t .ni.ene t t t t t t t t
the NOT
aslaila NULL constraint.aslaila a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa adsa adsas adsas adsas
w wp.apdad
.Example: w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
( a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww Admno integer NOT wwNULL PRIMARY KEY, ww → Primary Key w w
constraint ww ww
Name char(20)NOT
t t
NULL,
Gender ada char(1), ada ada ada ada
ww Age integer, ww ww ww ww ww
); t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
(iii) adsaas
apdaDEFAULT Constraint: sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .
w p. w .
wp. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The DEFAULT constraint is used to assign a default value for the field.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 When no value is given for the specified field having DEFAULT constraint, automatically the default
tet tet t t t t t t
e
ail.ani.nbe assigned to the
valueaslwill il.ani.en
aslafield. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww  Example:
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
( alaila
dadsas s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
w .wp.apa w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww wwNOT NULL PRIMARY
Admno integer ww KEY, ww ww ww
Name char(20)NOT
tet NULL, t t t t
l a i
l .ani.en l a i
l .ani.ente
p. dsaas
apdaaGender char(1),
p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada
w .
w w .
w w .
w w.w w .
w w
ww ww
Age integer DEFAULT = “17”, → Default Constraint ww ww ww ww
Place nchar(10));
.entet t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ai a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
.wp.aIn asas s
daadsa“Age” adsas a default valueadof adsas adsas
w pdadthe above examplew .wp.apthe field iswassigned
.wp.apda w .wp.pa 17, therefore when w .wp.apdano value is w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
entered in age by the user, it automatically assigns 17 to Age.
(iv) Check .entet
lail.aniConstraint: l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsa s a a
adsa s a
adsas a
adsa s a
adsa s
ww  This constraint helps
ww to set a limit value wwplaced for a field. ww ww ww
 When we define
Padasalai
t a check constraintton a single column, it tallows only the restricted
t values on that field.t
ete ete ete ete ete
 aExample:
s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
w.wp.pda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww w
CREATEwTABLE Student ww ww ww ww
( n.entet t t t t
l ail.ai l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas adsaas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada Admno integer.wpNOT
apdaadaNULL PRIMARY
. .
w p.apdaKEY .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Name char(20)NOT NULL,
t t t t t t t t t t
a l il.ani.ene char(1),
Gender
a a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas daadsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda Age integer (CHECK<=19),
w .wp.apda → w.wp.ap
Check Constraint w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Place char(10),
t t t t t t t t t t
a l);
a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s asas asa s asa s asa s
w pdad
.wp.aIn w .
w p.apdad w.wp.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww the above example ww the check constraint ww is set to Age fieldwwhere w the value of Age wwmust be less than ww
or equal to 19.
laila .ni.ente lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
(V) Table
adsaas Constraint: s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
w.wp.p w w w w w
ww  When the constraint is applied to a group of fields of the table, it is known as Table constraint.
ww ww ww ww ww
 The table ntet

i.ni.econstraint is normally ntet at the end of the
i.ni.egiven
tet definition.
i.ni.entable i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
asl a l a l a l a l a la l a l l a l
daadsaus sas a
daadsasthe following .fields sas saas
.
w p.aLet
p take a new .
w .apdaadanamely Student1.wp.awith
table
p p p
w apdaadaAdmno, Firstname,
. .
w p.apdaadLastname,
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Gender, Age, Place:
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Example:
tet tet t t t t t t
.ni.en TABLE Studentlail1.ani.en
aslaila
CREATE as a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w .wp.apda( w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Admno integer NOT NULL,
.i n.entet n.entet etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
ads
a aslaila
Firstname char(20), adsaaslail.ai s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
ada ada .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w.wp.p w.wp.p w w w w
ww ww
Lastname char(20), ww ww ww ww
Gender char(1),
t t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ene l a i
l .ani.ente
p. dsaas integer,
apdaaAge p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada p.
sas
apdaada
w .
w w .
w w .
w w.w w .
w w
ww Place char(10), ww ww ww ww ww
PRIMARY
nentet
KEY (Firstname,neLastname)
ntet → Table constraint
nentet t t t t
a l a il.ai. a l ail.ai. a l a il.ai. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w .wp.apda); w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In the above example, the two fields, Firstname and Lastname are defined as Primary key which is a
t t t t t t t t t t
a lil.ani.ene
Table aconstraint.
a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s adsa s adsas asa s adsa s
w pdad
.wp.aConsider
2. the .wp.apdaemployee table. wWrite
following
w .wp.apda SQL commands w .apdadthe qtns.(i) to (v).
.wpfor w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(i) To display the details of all employees in descending order of pay.
t t t t t t t t t t
a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a a la il.ani.ene
il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
SELECT adsas * FROM employee s
adsaORDER adsas
BY DESC; adsas adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w w.wp.apda
.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww
wwand 7000.
(ii) To display all employees whose allowance is between 5000 ww ww
.entet
SELECT *i.aniFROM employee WHERE t t
i.ani.ene allowance BETWEEN
t t
i.ani.ene 5000 AND 7000;
t t
i.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
dadsaaslal d a
dsaaslal d adsaaslal d adsaaslal a
adsa sl a
w(iii)
a
w.wp.p
a
.wp.ap To remove the employees
a a
w.wp.p
who are mechanic. a a
w.wp.p
a
w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
DELETE FROM employee WHERE desig=‟Mechanic‟;
lail.ai n.entet l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
(iv) To
asaasadd a new row. s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
d
ww INSERT INTO employee
ww ww ww ww ww
(empcode,name,desig,pay,allowance)VALUES(S1002,Baskaran,Supervisor,29000,12000);
entet entet entet entet t
.ni. .ni. .ni. .ni. .ani.ente
saaslaila saaslaila s
a aslaila s
a aslaila sasl a i
l
d
(v)aTo a
d
a display the details dad
a aof all employees who dad
a aare operators. aad a
d apdaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE design=‟Operator‟;
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. What are the components of SQL? Write the commands in each.
n.entet
lail.ai of SQL: l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
Components
adsaas a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
w w.wp.p w w w w w
w ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l ail.ani.ene al a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
i) DATA adsas MANIPULATION adsasLANGUAGE : adaadsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 A Data Manipulation Language (DML) is a computer programming language used for adding
(inserting), entet entet entet data in a database. entet t t
il.ani.ene
lail.ani. removing (deleting),
aa aa lail.ani. and modifying (updating)
lail.ani. aa lail.ani. aa a l a
apdaadsas apdaadsas apdaadsas apdaadsas .wp.apda
adsa s
ww
 w By Data Manipulation
w . p.
ww
.p.
w w we mean,
ww
.
ww p.
ww
.
ww p.
ww
w
ww
w
 Insertion of new information into the database
Padasalai
t t t t t t etet etet
aslalai.ni.ene alala i.ni.ene
alala i.ni.ene l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
d
adsaRetrieval of information a a
aa .p.apa dadsas stored in a database.
.p.apa dadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w.wp.p ww w ww w w w w
ww w w
 Deletion of information from the database. ww ww ww
t t
 Modification t database.
ntethe .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
a i.ani.ene
l a l
of data stored
i.ani.ein
l a l l a i
l l ail l a i
l
daadsas DEFINITION sas sas sas sas
p
ii)
. aDATA
. p . p. aada
apdLANGUAGE: . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The Data Definition
t t
Language (DDL)
t t
consist of SQL tstatements
t used to define
t t
the database structure
t t
ee ene ene ene ene
ail.ani.n
saasla s aslail.ani. s aslail.ani. s aslail.ani. s aslail.ani.
aordaad
schema. adaad a adaad a adaad a adaad a
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p ww
w  It simply deals with
w descriptions of thew database schema andwis used to create and w modify the structure w
of database
n.enteobjects
t in databases.
n.entet t t t t t t
a l a il.ai a l a il.ai a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
 .wp.aThe
pdad DDL provideswa.wpset
.apdadof definitions towspecify
.wp.apda the storage structure .wp.apda and access methods .wp.apdaused by the
w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
database system.
 SQL lcommands etet .entet Data Definition etet etet etet
s asail.ani.n which comes
s aslail.aniunder s asl ail.ani.nLanguage are:saslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
daada
.wp.apCreate .wp.apdaada .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
w w To create
w w tables in the database.
w w w w w w
w w w w ww ww
Alter i.ani.entetAlters the structure ntetthe database.

i.ani.eof i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
lal l a l l a l l a l l a l
a daadsaas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w.wp. p w .
wp. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww Drop ww tables from database.
Delete ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Truncate Remove all records from a table, also release the space occupied by those records.
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
iii) DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE:
.ni.n etet etet etet etet etet
 A Data s aslailaControl Language s ail.ani.n is a programming
asl(DCL) s
.ni.n
aslaila language used to scontrol.ni.n
aslaila the access ofaddata
s
.ani.n
aslailstored
apdaada ad a ada ad a a
w.wp.in .p.apda ada
w.wp.p
ada
w.wp.p
ada
w.wp.p
ww a database. www w ww ww ww ww
w
 It is used fort controlling privileges tin the database (Authorization).

t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
 aThe as
daadsaprivileges are required sas
apdaada for performing
as database operations
daadsathe
apall
sas
apdaada such as creating
saas
apdaadsequences,
w .
w p. p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww views of tables etc. ww ww ww ww ww
SQL commands
entet which come under
entetData Control Language
entet are: t t t t
a l a il.ani. a l ail.ani. a l a il.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsas adsas to one or more users adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda
Grant
w .wp.apda
Grants permission
w .wp.apda to perform specific
w .wp.apdatasks. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Revoke Withdraws the access permission given by thet GRANT statement. t t
i .ani entet
. i .
ani entet
. i .
a ni enet
. il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a sl a l a sl a l asl a l a sl a a sl a
ww iv) TRANSACTIONAL ww CONTROL LANGUAGE: ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
 Transactional
etet control language
ete(TCL)
t commands are
eteused
t to manage transactions
etet in the database.etet
.ni.n .ni.n .ni.n .ni.n .ni.n
adsaaslaila adsaaslaila a
dsaaslaila adsaaslaila ads
a aslaila
w pda
 .wp.aThese ada
w.wp.p the changes made
are used towmanage apdathe data in a table .w
w.wp.to p.apdDML
w by
a statements.ww.wp.apda w
ww w ww ww w ww
SQL command which come under Transfer Control Language are:
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas saas a
daadsas sas sas
.
w .apdaada
Commit
p Saves.
w p.apdaadtransaction
any into the
.
w p.apdatabase permanently.
.
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Roll back entet Restores the database t t to last commit state. t t t t t t

i.ani.
lal i.ani.ene l a l i.ani.ene la l l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
d adsaas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
p
w.w
a
. pa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Save point ww
Temporarily ww
save a transaction so that you canww
rollback. ww ww

i.ni.n table: etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
4. Construct
saslal the following SQL
saslal statements in thesastudent
slala a sl a a sl a
ada ada ada adsa adsa
ww (i) SELECT statement
ww using GROUP BY
ww clause. ww ww ww
etet SELECT tet

.ni.enGender FROM Student t
.ni.enteGROUP BY Gender;
.ni.ente
t etet
a l ail.ani.n laila laila laila l ail.ani.n
s
ada s adsaas adsaas adsaas s
ada as
w.wp.apda
Output: a
w.wp.p
da a
w.wp.p
da a
w.wp.p
da
w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Gender
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l ail.ani.ente Male l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
ww
w w
ww
w w Female
ww
w w
ww
w w
ww
w w
ww
w
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
SELECT Gender, count(*) FROM Student GROUP BY male;
Output:
adsa adsa s s s adsa s adsa s
.wp.apda .wp.apda .
w p.apdaada .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w Gender ww w Count(*) w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
Male 5
ete t etet etet etet etet
ada ada Female ada 3 ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(ii) SELECT t t t t BY clause. .ani.ente

t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
i.ani.enestatement using ORDER
lal i.ani.ene l a l l ail l ail l a i
l
a daadsaas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w.wp. p .
w p. .
w p. .wp. .
w p.
wwSELECT * FROM student
w WHERE Age>=18
ww ORDER BY NamewwDESC;
w w w w
ww ww ww
Output:
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
5. Write a SQL statement to create a table for employee having any five fields and create a table
i.ani. entet i.ni. entet i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
constraint slala
saaslal for the employeesaatable. sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
adaad apdaad apdaada apdaada apdaada
w.wp.p CREATEw .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w
w w ww TABLE employeeww ww ww ww
(
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas empno integer NOT
adsas NULL, adsas adsas adsas
ww ww
name char(20), ww ww ww ww
desig
entet
char(20), t t t t t t t t
a l a i
l .
ani .
adsa s pay integer,p.apdaadsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda w.w w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
allowance integer,
etet
PRIMARY KEY (empno) etet etet etet etet
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda ); w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w ww M.Phil., B.Ed. (C.S) www
ww J. BASKARAN M.Sc., B.Ed. ww(C.S) ww ww J. ILAKKIA w M.Sc.,
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
13. PYTHON AND CSV FILES
adsaas – A
adsa adsa adsa adsa
ww Choose the best answer ww w w ww ww (1 Mark) ww
1. A CSV filet ist also known as a ….t t
n.ene n.ene etet etet etet
s asl ail.ai s asl ail.ai s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada (B) 3D File.wp.apdaada (C) String File ada ada
w .wp.apda(A) Flat File w .wp.apda w w .wp.apda (D) Random w .wp.apda
File
w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. The expansion of CRLF is
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
(A)sasControl Return and Line
sas Feed sas (B) Carriage Return sasand Form Feed dadsaas
apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada aa
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w.wp.p w
ww ww
(C) Control Router and Line Feed ww ww
(D) Carriage Return and Line Feed ww ww
ntet following module

il.ani.ethe
3. Whichlaof entet entet entet entet
lail.ani.is provided by Python
lail.ani.to do several operations
lail.ani. on the CSV files?
lail.ani.
a daadsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas a daadsaas
p. p
w.w (A) py p
w.w . p . p. p . p. p p
w.w . p
ww ww (B) xlswww w (C) csv www w (D) os ww ww
w
4. Which of ethe
tet following mode is eused
tet when dealing with
etenon-text
t files like image
etet or exe files? t t
a l ail.ani.n a l a il.ani.n a l a il.ani.n a l a il.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s asas adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda(A) Text mode w.wp.apda (B) Binary
w .apdad
.wpmode (C) xls mode
w.wp.apda (D) csv modew.wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
9. Making some changes in the data of the existing file or adding more data is called
Padasalai
(A)Editing
ada ada (B) Appending ada (C) Modification ada (D) Alteration adaada
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.p w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section-B
tet etet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t (2 Mark) ail.ani.entet
il.ani.enfollowing
Answer athe
l
questions
lail.ani.n l a i
l l ail
adsaasa adsaasa sas sas sasl
apda a pda apdaada apdaada adaada
.wp.What is CSV File?w.wp.
w1. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp.p w
ww ww ww ww w w ww
 A CSV file is a human readable text file where each line has a number of fields, separated by commas
tet
i.en delimiter. en tet en tet en tet en tet
or some
saaslail.another saaslail.ani. s
a aslail.ani. saaslail.ani. saaslail.ani.
apdaad adaad a
.apdad apdaad adaad
w w.wp.A CSV file is alsow w.wp.p as a Flat File that
known w w.wpcan be imported tow w.wp.exported
and from w.wp.p that store
programs
w w
w w w w w ww
data in tables, such as Microsoft Excel or OpenOfficeCalc.
t t t t t t t t t t
2. Mention
adsa s the two ways dto adsaread a CSV file using
s adsaPython.
s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.apa w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
3. Mention the
t t default modes of the
t t File. t t t
l a i
l .ani.ene l ail.ani.ene l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
 aThe as is reading a(„r‟) as text mode. sas sas sas
. p. pdaadsadefault .p. pdaadsain . papdaada
w w w w w w ww w ww w w
ww  In this mode, while ww reading from the file wwthe data would be inwthe format of strings.w ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Section-C
il.ani.enfollowing
asa adsa daadsa s adsa s adsa s
pdad
.wp.aWrite .wp.apdafunction of python.
.wp.apWhat .wp.apdabetween the twowmethods? .wp.apda
ww
w1. a note on
wwopen()
w
ww
w is the difference
ww
w
ww ww
w
 Python has a built-in function open() to open a file.

t t t t t
laila .ni.ente aila .ni.ente laila .ni.ente
ia laila .ni.ente .ni.ente
 This
d aasl object, also called
adsaas function returnsadaaadsfile d saaslal to read or modify
adsaasa handle, as it aisdaadused d adsaas the file
a a a a a a
ww accordingly. ww ww ww ww ww
 The default
etet
is reading in text mode.
etet t t t
l a i
l .ani.n l a i
l.ani.n l ail.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
aas mode, while reading
daadsthis
.p.apIn sas
apdaada from the file the apdata
a
daadsaswould be in the.pformat sas
apdaada of strings.
sas
apdaada
w w w .
w p. w .
w p. w w. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the mode to be used when dealing with non-
text files tet image or exe files. t t t t t t t t
a l ai.ani.enlike
l a l a l i.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w2. pdad a Python program
.wp.aWrite w .wp.apda to modify an existing
w .wp.apda file. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In this program, the third row of “student.csv” is modified and saved.
tet tet tet t t t t
 First i.ani.e“student.csv”
the n filesasis .ani.en by using csv.reader()
ailread i.ani.en function. il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
saaslal
ad ad al ad saaslal a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww  Then, the list() wstores
w w w w
each row of thewfile.
w w w w
ww ww ww
 The statement “lines[3] = row”, changed the third row of the file with the new content in “row”.
Padasalai
 The ada file object writer ausing
s as ada writerows (lines)adwrites
s as ada the values of the
s as alist
da to “student.csv”
s as file.s
ada as
w.wp.apda w .wp.pda w .wp.pa w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
PROGRAM: student.csv
i entet
.ani.import i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
sasl a l csv sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
.
wp.apdaada .wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w ww „Meena‟,‟Bangalore‟] w w w w
ww row = w[„3‟, ww ww ww ww
with
t t open(„student.csv‟, t „r‟)
t as readFile: n.entet t t t t
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene i.ai il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
d a
d a
sasla
d a
d a
sasl a
d a
d saaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
w.wp.p
reader = csv.reader(readFile)
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
lines = list(reader) # list()- to store each row of data as a list
entet
il.ani.lines[3]
t t
= row aslail.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a sl a a sla a sl a a sl a
ww
w with open(„student.csv‟,
ww
w „w‟)was
w writeFile:
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
# returns the writer objectt which converts the user data with delimitert
e ntet ente e ntet ete etet
s asl .
aila ni .
s asl .
aila ni.
s asl .
aila ni .
s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada
writer = csv.writer(writeFile) ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
#writerows()method writes multiple rows to a csv file
i entet
.ani.writer.writerows(lines) i .ani.ente
t
i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
sasl a l a l a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
. p.apdaada .p.apdaadsas . papdaada
w w readFile.close()
w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
writeFile.close()
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. Write a Python program to read a CSV file with default delimiter comma (,).
#importing
alaila csv a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
. p.a
pdaadsas adsa s
.wp.apda#opening the csvw.file
adsa
p.apdawhich
s daadsa s
.wp.aplocation .wp.apda
adsa s
ww w
ww import csv
w is in w
different with readwmode w
ww ww ww ww ww
with open('c:\\pyprg\\sample1.csv', 'r') as F:
etet entet ni.entet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl
#other ail.ani.way to open the s asl
file ail.ais f= l ail.ani.n
('c:\\pyprg\\sample1.csv',
s as 'r') s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww reader = csv.reader(F) ww # printing each wwline of the Data row wwby row ww ww
print(row) t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
F.close() sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww OUTPUT: ww ww ww ww ww
['SNO', 'NAME',
entet 'CITY'] t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani. a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
['12101',adsas 'RAM', 'CHENNAI'] adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww ww ww ww ww ww
['12102', 'LAVANYA', 'TIRUCHY']
t t
['12103', 'LAKSHMAN', 'MADURAI'] t t t t t t t t
a li.ani.ene
a l i.ani.ene
a l a l a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s adsa s asas adsa s adsa s
w pdad is the difference
.wp.aWhat
4. w .wp.apdabetween the write
w p.apdad and append mode.
mode
.w w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Write Mode Append Mode
Padasalai
 'w' etet etet etet etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n 'a' s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada daada ada
w.wp.apda Open a file for wwriting.
.wp.apda w .wp.apda  Open w .wp.apappending
for at the w
end .apdathe
.wpof file w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
without truncating it.
t t t t t
i .ani.ente i.ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
 sCreates
asl a l l
a new file if aitdsadoesa l
as not exist or sasl a l  Creates a new l a l
sasfile if it does not exist. sasl a l
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apda .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww truncates theww file if it exists. ww ww ww ww
t t t t etet t t t t
il.ani.ene il.ani.ene Section i.ani.n il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a
adsas
la a
asas
l a saaslal - D a
adsas
l a a
asas
l a
.wp.apda p.apdad adaad .wp.apda p.apdad
wAnswer the followingw.w questions: w.wp.p w (5w.w
Mark) w
ww ww w w ww ww ww
1. Differentiate Excel file and CSV file.
t t t t t t t t t t
l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s Excel a
adsas a
adsa s CSV
a
adsa s a
adsa s
ww  Excel is a binary ww file that holds information ww  CSV format ww is a plain text format wwwith a series ww
about all ethe t worksheets in an.efile, t including of values t separated by commas. etet etet
l a i
l .ani.nte la i
l.ai nte l a i
l .ani.ente lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s as
adacontent and formatting. s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
both
.p.apda .p.apda .p.apda .p.apda .wp.apda
ww ww ww ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 XLS files can only be read by applications  CSV can be opened with any text editor in
that have ntet especially written
ebeen t read their
enteto .ani.ente
Windows t like notepad, .ani.ente
t MS Excel,i.ani.entet
alail.ani.
a asa lail.ani. sasl a i
l sasl a i
l lal
daadsas and can only
aformat, daadsa
apbe apdaada OpenOffice, etc. apdaada a daadsaas
w .
w p. p w .
wp. written in the same
w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. p w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
way.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Excel is a spreadsheet that saves files into its  CSV is a format for saving tabular
etet t
.entexlsx t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
sl ail.ani.n
ownsaproprietary format viz. a sxls
l a il.anior a sl information
a into a a delimited
sl a text file with
a sl a
ada adsa adsa asa asa
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww ww ww extensionw.csv w ww ww
 Excel consumes more memory while  Importing CSV files can be much faster, and it
etet etet t t
il.ani.ene etet etet
a
importing
s sl ail.ani.ndata s asl ail.ani.n s asl aalso consumes less s asl
memoryail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. Tabulate the
tet different mode with
tet its meaning. t t t
l
e
ail.ani.n l
e
ail.ani.n l ail.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
s as s as sas sas sas
adaada File Modes: .wp.apdaada
Python apdaada apdaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
w ww ww ww ww ww
Mode t t t t Descriptiont t t t t t
i.ni.ene
adsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
asas
l a a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
w.wp.p
d
a a 'r' .wp.apda a file for reading.
wOpen w p.apdad
(default)
.w w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
'w'  Open a file for writing. Creates a new file if it does not exist or truncates the
t t t t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani.ene ene
lail.ani.
file if itasexists. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s asa asas asa s asa s
.wp.apda 'x' .p.apdad . p.apdad . p.apdad . p.apdad
ww Open a file for exclusive
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww creation. If the file ww already exists, the operation ww fails. ww
'a'  Open for appending at the end of the file without truncating it. Creates a new
Padasalai
etet t t
i.ni.ene etet etet etet
a l ail.ani.n file if alala a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
.wp.apda
s
ada s daaditsasdoes not exist.
.wp.ap .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w w w w w w
ww 't' ww Opren in text mode.ww
(default) ww ww ww
'b' n.entet  Open in binary

.ni.ente
tmode.
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
i.ai i a i i i
saaslal adsaas
l a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
dad
a a '+' wOpen
.wp.apda a file for updating apdaada and writing) .wp.apdaada
(reading apdaada
w.wp.p w .
w p. w w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
3. Write the different methods to read a File in Python.
t t
eneCSV file can be read e t t ene t t t t t t
 Contents.ni.of
alaila
.ni.enwith
alaila lail.ani.
the help ofacsv.reader() method. alail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas asas asas asas asas
w pdad
.wp.aThe w .
w p.apdad w.wp.apdad w.wp.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww reader function
ww is designed to take
ww each line of the file
wwand make a list of all
wwcolumns. ww
 Using this method one can read data from csv files of different formats like,
t t t t t t t t t t
a1. s
dsa CSV file - data with s
adsdefault
a delimiter comma s
adsa (,) adsa s adsa s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
2. CSV file - data with Space at the beginning
etet
n etet etet etet etet
ail.ani.n
lail.ani. file - data with squotes
3.saasCSV ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
ad ad aasl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
ww 4. CSV file - w w with custom Delimiters
data ww ww ww ww
 The syntax t t
i.ani.enefor csv.reader() is ntet t t
i.ani.ene
i.ani.ecsv.reader(fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
t t
i.ani.ene i .ani.ente
t
lal la l lal lal l a l
a daadsaas a daadsaas a d
aadsaas a daadsaas sas
apdaada
w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p w.wp. p w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
n.entet
lail.ai lail.ai comma (,)n.entet
l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
i) CSV
adsaasfile with default delimiter
adsaas a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
ww The following program
ww read a file called w“sample1.csv”
w ww delimiter commaw(,) w ww
with default and print row by w
row. etet etet etet etet etet
ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda import csv w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
with open('c:\\pyprg\\sample1.csv', 'r') as F:
readeri et csv.reader(F) i.ni.entet
.ani.ent= i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
l a l lala l a l l a l l a l
a daadsaas adaadsaas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
.p. p print(row) ww.wp. p . p. . p. . p.
wwww w ww ww
w w
ww
w w
ww
w w
ww
w
F.close()
OUTPUT:
aslaila a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa ss adsas adsas adsas
.wp.apda .
w p.apdaada .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w
['SNO', 'NAME', 'CITY'] w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
['12101', 'RAM', 'CHENNAI']
tet i.ente
t t t t t t t
a l a ani.en
il.['12102', 'LAVANYA', a l a il.an'TIRUCHY'] a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww w
['12103',w'LAKSHMAN', ww
'MADURAI'] ww ww ww
Padasalai
ii) CSV files-t data
t with Spaces at the
t t
beginning
Considerada the following file ada ada the following data ada ada
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda“sample2.csv” containing
w .wp.apda w .wp.apdawhen opened through w .wp.apdanotepad w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
The following program read the file through Python using “csv.reader()”.
t t t t t t t t t t
s
adsaimport csv adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww ww
csv.register_dialect('myDialect',delimiter ww ww
= ',',skipinitialspace=True) ww ww
t t t t
F=open('c:\\pyprg\\sample2.csv','r') t t t t t t
a li.ni.ene
a l a i.ni.ene
a l a l a a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w.wp.apda reader = csv.reader(F,
w .wp.apda dialect='myDialect')
w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
for row in reader:
s asl ail.ani.n
print(row) s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww F.close() ww ww ww ww ww
i.ani.n etet i .ani.ente

t
i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
OUTPUT:
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w ww w w w w
ww ['Topic1', 'Topic2',w'Topic3'] ww ww ww ww
['one', 'two', 'three']
tet t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
['Example1', 'Example2', 'Example3']
.ni.en tet e tet tet tet tet
 These
aslaila whitespaces in aslthe il.ani.en
ail.ani.n data can besaslaremoved, by registering
a
en new dialects i.an
lail.ani. a
i.en
lal using
a s
a a s
a a a a s
a s a s
a s
adad adad adad adad adad
w w.wp.pcsv.register_dialect()
w w.wp.pclass of csv module. w w.wp.p ww.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w w w w w ww
 A dialect describes the format of the csv file that is to be read.
t t t t t t t t t t
i.ni.ene
aslala the parameterads“skipinitialspace”
aslala i.ni.ene a i.ni.ene
a after the delimiter. a i.ni.ene i.ni.ene
 In sdialects saslal for removing whitespaces
is used saslal saslal
adaada ada a adaada adaada adaada
w.wp.p .p.p
ww w Quotes w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww iii) CSV File-DatawWith ww ww ww ww
 You can i ntet the csv file with

.ani.eread i ntet
.ani.equotes, by registering i ntet dialects usingacsv.register_dialect()
.ani.enew i .ani.ente
t class
i
t
.ani.enteof
asl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl l sasl a l
. p. daadsamodule.
apcsv . p.apdaada . p.apdaada . papdaada
. . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Here,awe tet quotes.csv file.n t

i.ente following data.lail.ani.ente
t t t t t
.ni.enhave
al ila
with
alaila a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww SNO,Quotes ww ww ww ww ww
1, "The secret t t ni.entet started." t t t t t t

a i.ni.eneto getting ahead isi.getting
l a l a a l a l a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww 2, "Excellence is awcontinuous
w process and
wwnot an accident." ww ww ww
Padasalai
The following etetProgram read “quotes.csv” etet file, where ndelimiter etet is comma (,)n.enbut tet the quotes are within etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ai.n s asl ail.ai s asl ail.ani.n
quotes ada ada ada ada ada
w .wp.apda (“ “). .wp.apda
w .wp.apda
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
tet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
i.ani.en csv
import i i i i
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w
csv.register_dialect('myDialect',delimiter w = ',',quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL, w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
skipinitialspace=True)
t t t t t t t
la i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente la i
l .ani.ente l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsaf=open('c:\\pyprg\\quotes.csv','r')
as a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas a
adsas
ww ww
reader = csv.reader(f, dialect='myDialect')ww ww ww ww
for rowt in
t reader: t t t t t t t t
s
adsaprint(row) adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
OUTPUT:
etet
n etet etet etet etet
['SNO', lail.ani.
saas'Quotes'] s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ad ada ada ada ada
ww ['1', 'The secret to getting
ww ahead is gettingwstarted.']
w ww ww ww
['2', 'Excellence is a continuous process and not an accident.']
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
 In as above program, register
sthe sas a dialect with name sas myDialect. sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w ww ww w w w
ww  Then, we used w csv. QUOTE_ALL towdisplay all the characters ww after double quotes. ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
iv) CSV files with Custom Delimiters
t t t t t
ila .ni.ente i .ni.ente ia .ni.ente
laila dialect with the ila .ni.ente .ni.ente
 You
d adsaaslacan read CSV file
d ad slala
saahaving custom delimiter
d adsaaslal by registeringdad asaasnew
d adsaaslahelp of
. p.a
p a . p.ap a . p.ap a . p.ap a . p.ap a
ww ww ww ww ww w
ww ww
csv.register_dialect(). ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww  In the following ww
file called “sample4.csv”,each ww column is separated ww with | (Pipe symbol) ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
aa ada aa ada ada
w4. pdad a Python program
.wp.aWrite w .wp.apda to write a CSV w p.apdadwith custom quotes.
.w
File w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
import csv
entet entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
info = lail.ani.
[[„SNO‟, lail.ani.
„Person‟, „DOB‟], l a i
l l ail l a i
l
adad asaas adad asaas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w
w [„1‟, „Madhu‟, „18/12/2001‟],
w w w ww ww ww ww
[„2‟, „Sowmya‟,‟19/2/1998‟],
a la il.ani.n a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
[„3‟, adsas adsas adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apda„Sangeetha‟,‟20/3/1999‟],
w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
[„4‟, „Eshwar‟, „21/4/2000‟],
t t t t t t t t t t
[„5‟, „Anand‟,
a l a il.ani.ene„22/5/2001‟]] alail.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww csv.register_dialect(„myDialect‟,quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL)
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
with open(„c:\\pyprg\\ch13\\person.csv‟,
t t „w‟) as f:
ete ete etet etet etet
a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
writer ada= csv.writer(f, dialect=‟myDialect‟)
s s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
for row in info:
etet
writer.writerow(row) .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
ail.ani.n
l l ail l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
a daadsaasa sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
.wp. p
wf.close() w .
wp. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
OUTPUT :
t t
.ni.ene t t
.ni.ene t t t t t t
“SNO”,”Person”,”DOB”
alaila ”1”,”Madhu”,”18/12/2001”
alaila il.ani.ene .ni.ene
ala”2”,”Sowmya”,”19/2/1998”
alaila a l a il.ani.ene
daadsa s daadsa s daadsa s daadsas adsa s
p.a
p ww p.ap
w w ”3”,”Sangeetha”,”20/3/1999”
. . .
ww p.ap
”4”,”Eshwar”,”21/4/2000” .
ww p.ap w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
“5”,”Anand”,”22/5/2001”
ada ada ada ada ada
ww 5. Write the ruleswto w be followed to format ww the data in a CSVwfile. w ww ww
1. Each record (row of data) is to be located on a separate line, delimited by a line break by pressing enter
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
key.sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
For example:
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t
i.ene in the file may .ni.ene t t ene t t t t t t
2. The alasti.nrecord lail.ani. line break.
aslailaor may not have anasending il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
adsaslala adsa adsa a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww For example: ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
3. t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas sas saas file with the same sas
. pdaadsas may be an optional
p.aThere
. p.apdaada header line appearing . p.apdaada as the first line.wp.aofpdaadthe . p.apdaadaformat as
w w w w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
normal record lines.
 The header t t
il.ani.ene will contain names
tet
il.ani.encorresponding to the tet
il.ani.enfields in the file and tet
il.ani.enshould contain thei.nsame i.ente
t
a la a l a a la a l a a l a l a
ss ss sas ss ss
apdaada of fields as the adaada apdaadfile. adaada adaada
w.wp.number w.wp.precords in the restwof.wp.the w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 For example: field_name1,field_name2,field_name3
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
4.
aa daada aadaone or more fields, aada ada
w pdad
.wp.aWithin the header w .wp.ap
and each record, there .wp.apdbe
may
w w .wp.apdseparated by .wp.apda
commas.
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored.
etet
i.n in the record must etet
n be followed byaail.ancomma.
i.n etet etet .ani.ente
t
 Thesalastsl ail.anfield s asl ail.ani.not s asl s asl ail.ani.n sasl a i
l
ada adaada adaada adaada apdaada
.wp.apda
wFor w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w .
w p. w
w w example: Redw,wBlue w w w w ww ww
5.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Each field may or may not be enclosed in double quotes.
i.ani.n etet etet
il.ani.n quotes, then adouble
i.ani.n quotes may notaappear etet
i.ani.n inside the fields. i.ani.n etet etet
 If fields
saslalare not enclosed with
sasladouble s slal s slal saslal
ada ada ada ada ada
ww For example: ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww 6. ww ww ww ww ww
 Fields containing t line breaks (CRLF), t double quotes, tand commas should be
t enclosed in double- t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
asaas asaas asaas asaas asaas
w.w p.aquotes.
pdad p.apdad
w.w p.apdad
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CS KNOWLEDGE
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1. Differentiate PYTHON and C++.
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ada ada ada ada ada
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ww ww
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CS KNOWLEDGE
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Welcome
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l ail.ani.ene to compile C++
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a l a il.ani.ene
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CS KNOWLEDGE
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dadsas
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 Command: os.system („g++‟ + <varaiable_name1> „-<mode>‟ + <variable_name2>
etet etet etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
ail.ani.n
 sos.system .ni.n system() defined
 sfunction
aslaila i.ani.n
saslal in os module a a
adaasl ada ada a
adsa sl a
adsa sl
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 g++  General compiler to compile C++ program under Windows Operating
etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
s asl ail.ani.n as
system.
s l a s asl a s asl a s asl a
ada ada ada ada ada
ww  variable_name1 ww w
 Name of thewC++ file without extension ww .cpp in string format ww ww
 mode entet  To specify

.ani.ente
t input or output nmode.
.ai.ente
t Here it is o prefixed
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t with hyphen.
.ani.ente
t
lail.ani. l a i
l l ail l ail l a i
l
a daadsaasa adaad
saas saas
adaad
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w.wp. p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p
ww  Example: w w w w w
w w w w ww
os.system('g++ ' + cpp_file + ' -o ' + exe_file) --
t t t t t t t t t t
g++ l a
adsascompiler compiles
a athe
l a
dsasfile cpp_file and
a –oads(output)
a
asl a send to exe_file a
adsas
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adsas
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ww (iii) Python getopt wwModule: ww ww ww ww
 The getopt
etemodule
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etet you to parse (split)
etecommand-line
t options
eteand
t arguments. t t
a lail.ani.
n
a lail.ani.
n
a lail.ani.
n
a lail.ani.
n
a l a il.ani.ene
 aThisa s
a s
dad module provides a s
a s a s
a s asa s adsa s
atwo
dad functions to enable adacommand-line
d argument
adad parsing. .wp.apda
w w.wp.p ww.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w
w w w w ww ww
 getopt.getopt method:
Padasalai
 This entet
method entet
parses command-line entet
options and parameter list. etet etet
alail.ani. a lail.ani. lail.ani. a a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
daadsas daadsas daadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s

.
ww p.ap
Syntax of getopt p.ap
method:
.
ww .
ww p.ap w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
<opts>,<args>=getopt.getopt(argv, options, [long_options])
t
ntethe t t t t
 Here l ail.ani.eis detail of the l a l.ani.ente
parameters
i − l a i
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sas sas sas sas sas
w  argv
w w w w
w list of values to be w w w
ww program w
ww ww -- This is the argument ww ww parsed (splited). Inwour ww
the complete command will be passed as a list.
entet n.entet n.entet n.entet n.entet
lsail.ani.
asaoptions
a i.ai i.ai
saaslalis string of optionaletters
-- aThis i.ai recognize as, for
saaslal that the Pythonaprogram
saaslal lail.ai
adad adad apdad d d asaas
w.wp.p w.wp.p input or for output,
w.wp.with w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w w w w w options (like
w „i‟ or „o‟) that followed
w w by a colon (:).
w ww
t t Here colon t t is used to denote the t

mode.
t t t t t
n
il.ai e
.n e n
il.ai e
.n e n
il.ai e
.n e il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a l a a l a a la a l a a l a
adsalong_options --adaThis
s s
adsa parameter is passed s
adsawith a list of strings. sa s
adArgument of Long optionsadsa s
w.wp.apda w .wp.p w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww
should be followed by an equal sign ('='). ww ww ww
 In ourentprogram
et the C++ fileenname
tet will be passed as
entestring
t and „i‟ also will
entetbe passed along with
enteto
t
.ni. .ni. .ni. .ni. .ni.
a
dsaaslaila a
d s
a aslaila ads
a aslaila adsaaslaila adsaaslaila
ada indicate it as the.wpinput
ada file. ada ada ada
w.wp.p w .p w.wp.p w.wp.p w.wp.p w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 getopt() method returns value consisting of two elements.
 Eachlaof il .entet values are stored
.anithese l ail ntet
.ani.eseparately in two different
l a i
l
t
.ani.ente list (arrays) opts l a i
l .anand
t
i.ente args . l a i
l .ani.ente
t
a a sas sas dsaas
daadsas
apOpts daadsas
asplitted apdaadapath and args contains apdaada any string if at.wpall apdaanot
ww.
w p. contains list
ww
.
of
wp. p strings like
ww
. p.
mode,
w ww
.
w p.
ww
. splitted w
w w w w w ww
because of wrong path or mode.
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 args will be an empty array if there is no error in splitting strings by getopt().
i.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
 Example:
saslal a sl a a sl a a sl a a sl a
ww  opts, args = getopt.getopt
w w w
(argv, "i:",['ifile=']) w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
 where opts contains -- ('-i', 'c:\\pyprg\\p4')]
etet etet t t
i.ni.ene
t t
i.ni.ene
t t
i.ni.ene
l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n lala alala ala
 s
ada a
-i:
s s
ada as -- adsaas nothing but mode
doption dadsas should be followed aasl :
dadsby
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p
aa
w.wp.p w
ww  'c:\\pyprg\\p4' ww w--w w w w w
value nothing but the absolute path of C++ file. ww
 In our examples t since the entire command

t line commands t are parsed and eno t leftover argument, thet
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l ail.ani.ente l ail.ani.nte l a i
l .ani.ente
adsaas argument argsawill
second adsaasbe empty []. adsaas adsaas adsaas
w .wp.apda w .wp.pda .wp.apda
w .wp.apda
w .wp.apda
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 If args is displayed using print() command it displays the output as [].
 Example: etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
ail.ani.n
daadsas
.wp.ap>>>print(args) .wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsas
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 []
i.ani.n i.ni.n etet etet t t
il.ani.ene
4. Write
saslalthe syntax for getopt()
ada adasaslal and explain its arguments
saslal slala
and returnsavalues.
ada ada a
adsa sl a
ww Python getopt Module:
ww ww ww ww ww
 The getopt module of Python helps you to parse (split) command-line options and arguments.
Padasalai
 This as
ada module providesatwo
s as
adafunctions to enable
s as
acommand-line
s
da argument as
adaparsing.
s s
ada as
w.wp.apda w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww  getopt.getopt method: ww ww ww ww ww
 Thisnmethod
t t parses command-linet t options and parameter
t t list. t t
i.ai.ene i.ani.ene i.ani.ene i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
alal adsaas
lal
adsaas
lal sasl a l sasl a l
daadsas of getopt method:
.wp.apSyntax a pda apda apdaada apdaada
w w.wp. w.wp. w .
w p. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
<opts>,<args>=getopt.getopt(argv, options, [long_options])
 Here eis t detail of the parameters
ntethe entet − t t t t t t
lail.ani. lail.ani. la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
adsaasa a
adsas a a
daadsas
a
adsas a
asas
a d
a
w.w  argv
p. p w .apdaThis
.wp-- is the .wp.aplist
argument
w of values to bew.wp.apda (splited). In our
parsed w p.apdad
program
.w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
the complete command will be passed as a list.
.ni.ene t t t t
ne
.ani.estring .ni.ene t t .ni.ene t t
.ni.ene t t
 options
aslaila -- This
aslailis of option letters
aslaila that the Python program
aslaila recognize as, for
aslaila
adsa adsa asa s
apdaada
s
apdaada
.wp.apda .wp.apda input or for output, pdad
.wp.awith . p. . p.
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w options (like
ww„i‟ or „o‟) that followed
w w
ww by a colon
w w
ww
w
(:). Here colon is used to denote the mode
entet t t
il.ani.ene etet etet etet
aslail.ani.
asalong_options -- This s aslaparameter is passed s asl
with ail.ania.nlist of strings. Argument
s aslail.ani.n of Long options s asl ail.ani.n
d ada ada ada ada
ww ww should be followed ww by an equal sign ('='). ww ww ww
 In our tprogram
t the C++ file name
t t
will be passed ast string
t and „i‟ also willt tbe passed along witht to
t
ee ee ee ee ee
adaadaindicate it as the.wpinput
adaadafile. adaada adaada adaada
w w.wp.p w w .p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w  getopt() method w returns value consisting w of two elements. w w ww
 Each of.nithese
entet values are stored eseparately
ntet in two different
entet list (arrays) optsi.anand
entet args . t t
laila .
a lail.ani.
a lail.ani.
a a la l i. a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Opts contains list of splitted strings like mode, path and args contains any string if at all not splitted
tet tet t t t t t t
.ni.en
aslaila of wrong path or mode.
because .ni.en
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsa asa asa s asa s adsa s
w.wp.apargs w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .wp.apda w
ww will be anwempty
w array if there iswno
w error in splitting strings ww by getopt(). ww ww
 Example:
 opts, as
ada args = getopt.getopt
s as
ada (argv, "i:",['ifile='])
s s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww  where optswcontains w w--w ww
('-i', 'c:\\pyprg\\p4')] ww ww
 -i: t t -- option enothing t but mode should t be followed by : n.entet

i
l .ani.ente i
l.ani.ente il.ani.nte il.ani.ente i.ai
asl a
daadsa'c:\\pyprg\\p4' sasl a l a
adsaas nothing but the saasl a saaslal
.
w p.ap .
w p.apdaada -- .p.apdavalue d
.p.apa
a
absolute
d path of C++ d
.p.apa
a
file.
d
w w ww ww ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 In our examples since the entire command line commands are parsed and no leftover argument, the
t ni.entet []. t t t t t t
l a li.ente
secondi.anargument args will bei.aempty
l a l l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
sas a
adsas a
ss a a
 daadargs
.wp.apIf is displayed .wp.apda print() command
using aada
.wpit.apd
displays the output daadsas
p.ap[].
.as .wp.apda
adsas
w w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Example:
i.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
 >>>print(args)
saslal a sl a asl a a sl a a sl a
ww  []
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww
5. Write a Python program to execute the following c++ coding.
Padasalai
a i.ni.ene ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
saaslal
C++daadCODE: s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
a
ww ww
#include <iostream> ww ww ww ww
using enamespace
tet std; t t t t
l ail.ani.n l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaadaint main() .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
{ cout<<“WELCOME”;
return(0); t t t t t t t t t t
a i.ni.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
d a
dsaaslal a
adsas
l a a
adsas
la a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
aa
w.wp.p } w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
The above C++ program is saved in a file welcome.cpp
t t t t t t t t t
PYTHON i.ente
lail.anPROGRAM:
a l a il.ani.ene la il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s a
adsas a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsa s
w .wp.apda sys, os, getopt w.wp.apda
import w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
def main(argv):
i.ani.n etet etet etet etet etet
cpp_file
saslal= '' s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww exe_file = '' ww ww ww ww ww
opts, args = getopt.getopt(argv, "i:",['ifile='])
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
fordao,
saas in opts: sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww
if o in ("-i", "--ifile"): ww ww ww ww
cpp_file = taet+ '.cpp' t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
exe_file = a + '.exe'
t t
.ni.ene exe_file) t t t t t t t t
run(cpp_file,
s s adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
aada
.wp.apdrun(cpp_file, .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww
wdef exe_file):
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
print("Compiling " + cpp_file)
nentet
lail.ai. ail.ai. nentet etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
os.system('g++
asaas ' + cpp_fileas+
aasl' -o ' + exe_file) s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
d d
ww print("Running " w
+wexe_file) ww ww ww ww
print("-----------------------")
t t t t t
ete .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente
asl ail.ani.n sasl a i
l
print s
w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
w ww
os.system(exe_file) ww ww ww ww
print t t t t t t t t t t
asas adsas #program starts aexecuting adsas from here .p.apdaadsas adsas
w w .apdad
if.p__name__ =='__main__':
w .wp.apda w .wp.pda ww w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
main(sys.argv[1:])
STEPS TO ntet
i.ani.eIMPORT
a l
CPP CODE t t
a l .ani.ente
i.ani.eneINTO PYTHON iCODE:
t
a l a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene
asl a sl asl a sl a sl
daadsaSelect File→New
.wp.ap .wp.apin
sa
daadNotepad and type.wpthe
adsa
.apdaabove .wp.apda
Python program.
adsa
.wp.apda
adsa
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Save the File as welcome.py.
Padasalai
t ente t te t etet etet
 Click
lail.ani. the Run Terminal lail.ani.enopen
and .ani.ente
the commandlailwindow l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
as as a a a
p.ap
s
daada p.ap
s
daada p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w w  Go to the folder
. ww.of Python using cd .
command.
ww w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Type the command: Python c:\pyprg\welcome.py -i c:\pyprg\welcome_cpp
i.ani. entet i.ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
i .ani.ente
t
saaslal
OUTPUT: sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
.
wp.apdaad .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ------------------------------------------
ww ww ww ww ww
WELCOME
t t t t t t t t t t
------------------------------------------
ww ww ww
15. DATA MANIPULATION THROUGH SQL ww ww ww
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene Sectioni.a–ni.eA
ntet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a
adsa sl a a
adsasl a
adsaaslal a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
Choose w .wp.apda a
w.wp.p
da
w .wp.apda .wp.apda
(1 Mark)
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. Which of the following is an organized collection of data?
(A)l .entet
ail.aniDatabase (B)laDBMS t t
il.ani.ene (C) Information
l
etet
ail.ani.n l(D) etet
ail.ani.nRecords l
etet
ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww 2. SQLite falls under ww which database system? ww ww ww ww
l a l .entet file database system

(A)i.aniFlat
l a l
t t
i.ani.ene l a i
l.(B)
a
t
ni.enteRelational Database
l a i
l
t
.ani.entesystem l a i
l .ani.ente
t
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w
(C) Hierarchical w w ww w
ww ww database system ww (D) Object ww oriented Database w system ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. Which of the following is a control structure used to traverse and fetch the records of the
t t t t t t t t t t
database?adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(A) Pointer (B) Key (C) Cursor (D) Insertion point
lail.ai. nentet . i. nentet

lail.ai. i.ai. nentet nentet etet
ail.ani.n
4. Any
d aslaila of the record should
asaaschanges made in theasa
values
d saaslal
asaas be saved by the acommandd d s
ada asl
ww ww ww ww ww ww
(A) Save (B) Save As (C) Commit (D) Oblige
.ni.en tet .ni.en tet

.ni.en .ni.en tet tet .ani.ente
t
aslailaof the following executes
5. Which
s aslaila the SQL command
s aslailato perform some action?
aslaila s s sasl a i
l
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww (A) Execute( ) ww (B) Key() ww (C) Cursor() ww (D) run()ww ww
tet following function

ni.enthe tet nteat selected column et
i.entrows in a table? lail.ani.entet
6. Which
a l a il.aof a l ail.ani.enretrieves the average
al a il.ani.eof a l a il.anof
ssada ada ss ada ss ss ada sas ada
ww (A) Add() ww (B) SUM() ww (C) AVG( ) ww ww
(D) AVERAGE() ww
7. The function t t t t t t t t t t
i.ani.ene that returns the largest
i.ani.ene value of the selected
i.ani.ene column is il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
dadsaaslal d a
d saaslal d adsaaslal a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
a a a a a a
w.wp.p (A) MAX( )ww.wp.p (B) LARGE() ww.wp.p(C) HIGH() w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww w w ww (D) MAXIMUM() ww ww
Padasalai
8. Which of enthe
tet following is called entthe
et master table? i.ni.entet etet etet
slail.ani.
as s aslail.ani. s as lala s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
w.wp.apda (A) sqlite_master
w .wp.apda (B) sql_master w.wp.apda(C) main_masterw.wp.apda (D) master_main w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
9. The most commonly
tet used statement
tet in SQL is t t t
l
e
ail.ani.n l
e
ail.ani.n l a i
l .ani.ente
s as s as dsaas sas sas
adaada adaada apdaa apdaada (D) commit .wp.apdaada
w w.wp.p (A) cursor ww.wp.p (B) select w .
w p. (C) execute w .
w p. w w
w w ww ww ww ww
Section-B
t t t t t t t t t t
Answer adsasthe following questions adsas adsas adsas (2 Mark) daadsas
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda a
w.wp.p w
ww 1. Mention the users ww who uses the Database. ww ww ww ww
 Users of database
entet can be humanenusers,
tet other programs eor applications
ntet t t t t
a l a il.ani. a l a il.ani. a la il.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
s
daadsa method is used adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
2.
.wp.apWhich .wp.apdato connect a database?
.wp.apda Give an example. .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Create a connection using connect () method and pass the name of the database File.
 Example: entet etet etet etet etet
lail.ani.
aa a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
apdaadsas s
adaada
s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.
ww p. import ww.wp.p
sqlite3 w w w w
ww w ww ww ww ww
# connecting to the database
tet
.ani.enconnection .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l a i
l = l ai
sqlite3.connect
l ("Academy.db") l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w # cursor w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
cursor = connection.cursor()
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
3. What is the advantage of declaring a column as “INTEGER PRIMARY KEY”
en tet en tet en tet tet
ni.en whenever a NULL en tet
 If a acolumn
slail.ani. of a table is declared
aslail.ani. to be an INTEGER aslail.ani. PRIMARY KEY, aslail.athen aslail.ani.will
a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a a s
a
adad apdad .apdad will be automatically adad d
.wp.apdaan integer
w w.wp.pbe used as an input w w.wp.for this column, w.wpNULL
the
w ww.wp.p converted w winto w
w w w w w ww
which will one larger than the highest value so far used in that column.
t t t t etet
ila.ni.ente ia .ni.ente ia .ni.ente
laila .ni.ente ail.ani.n
 If d saaslatable
adthe is empty, thed saaslal 1 will be used.dadsaaslal
advalue d adsaas s
ada asl
a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a a
w.wp.p
a
w .wp.apda w
ww 4. Write the command ww to populate record ww in a table. Give an
wwexample. ww ww
 To populate
etet
(add record) the table
etet
"INSERT" command is passed to SQLite.e“execute”
etet tet method t
l .ani.ente
s as s as sas s as sas
daada
aexecutes adaada to perform some
the SQL command ada
adaaction. adaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w .
w p. w
w w w w ww ww
 Example:
sql_command t t = """INSERT.niINTO t t Student (Rollno, t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l aila .ene al a il.ani.eneSname, Grade,alagender,
il.ani.ene Average, birth_date)
a l a il.ani.ene
ss adsas ss ss ss
adaada .wp.apda adaada apdaada adaada
w.wp.pVALUES (NULL,w"Akshay", "B", "M","87.8",
w.wp.p "2001-12-12");""" w.wp.cursor.execute(sql_command)
w.wp.p w
5. Which method is used to fetch all rows from the database table?
t t t
.entefetch all rows from t
.ente database table. lail.ani.ente t t t
ail.ani.ene
 Thealfetchall() method is used
a l a il.anito a l a il.anithe l a il.ani.ene
sa s
daad sa s sas saas a
adsa s
.wp.apExample: .
wp.apdaad .
w p.apdaad .wp.apda
ad
.wp.apda
w w w w w w
ww wwresult = cursor.fetchall()
ww ww ww ww
Section-C
Padasalai
tet etet etet etet etet
Answer a l il.ani.enfollowing
athe questions a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n (3 Mark) saslail.ani.n
s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s ada
ww 1. What is SQLite?What ww is it advantage? ww ww ww ww
 SQLite is at simple relational database system, which saves tet its data in regular tedata files or even in the
i .n i e
.n et i. ni e
. ntet
i . ni e
. n i . ni e
. n t
i .ani.ente
t
l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l
adsaas memory of theadcomputer.
internal adsaas adsaas adsaas adsaas
ww .p.apda .p.pa
ww .p.apda
ww .p.apda
ww .p.apda
ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
ADVANTAGES:
n.entet t t t t t t t t
a la il.ai a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas is fast, rigorously
.wp.aSQLite adsas ss
aada adsas adsas
w pdad w .wp.apda tested, and flexible, w.wp.apdmaking .wp.apda
it easier towwork. w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Python has a native library for SQLite.
entet entet etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
2. Mention
lail.ani.the difference between
aa aa ail.ani.n
lail.ani. fetchone() and lfetchmany() aa a l a a l a
. p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas s
aada
s
.wp.apdfetchmany() .wp.apda
adsa s
ww fetchone()
ww ww w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The fetchone() method returns the next row of  The fetchmany() method returns the next
entet entet entet entet etet
a query lail.ani. ail.ani. there is no row saslail.number
ani. lail.ani. ail.ani.n
asaas result set or Noneain
saaslcase of rows (n)
asaasof the result set. s asl
d d aa d d ada
ww left ww ww ww ww ww
 Using whilet loop and fetchone() method we can  Displaying specified number tet of records is done
i . ni e
. n et i . ni e
. ntet
i. ni e
. ntet
i . ni e
. n i .ani.ente
t
l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l a l
sas
display sas sas sas sas
apdaada all the records from apdaadaa table. apdaada by using fetchmany().apdaada apdaada
w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w.wp. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
4. Read the enfollowing

tet details.Based entet on that write a pythonentet script to display endepartment
tet wise .ni.entet
lail.ani. lail.ani. lail.ani. lail.ani. laila
a d
a adsaasa a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a daadsaasa a d
a adsaasa
p
w.w.p 89 Visit p. p p. p
:http://www.youtube.com/c/CSKNOWLEDGEOPENER
. . . p. p CS . p.
KNOWLEDGEp OPENER
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w ww w ww
w
Please Send Your Answer Keys to our Email Id: padasalai.net@gmail.com
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
records.
database
aslailaname i.ni.ene
:- aorganization.db il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
asa adsa slala a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
w .apdad name
.wpTable w .wp.apda:- Employee w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Columns in the table :- Eno, EmpName, Esal, Dept
PYTHON l i.ente
ail.anSCRIPT: l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww import sqlite3 ww ww ww ww ww
connection = sqlite3.connect(“organization.db”)
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
c=conn.execute(“SELECT
sas
apdaada
*sFROM
as
apdaada
Employee aGROUP
daadsas BY Dept”) .p.apdaadsas
a a sas
apdaada
w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. p w w w .
w p. w
ww for row in c: ww ww ww ww ww
print(row)
entet t t t t t t t t
a lail.ani. a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
sa s adsas adsas adsas adsas
adaad
conn.close() .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w w w w
w ww ww ww ww ww
5. Read the following details.Based on that write a python script to display records in
t t t t t t t t t
li.ente of Eno.
desendingi.anorder
a l l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
asa s a
adsa s a
adsas a
adsa s a
adsa s
w .apdad
.wpdatabase .wp.apda
name :- organization.db
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Table name :- Employee
Padasalai
t t t etet etet
Columns i.entethe table :- Eno,laEmpName,
.nin .ni.ente Esal, Dept .ni.ente ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
alaila
s a ila alaila a l a l
. p.ap
s
daada .p.apdaadsas . p.apdaadsas .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
wPYTHON
w SCRIPT: ww ww w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
import sqlite3
i.ani. entet i.ani. entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
connection
saaslal = sqlite3.connect(“organization.db”)
saaslal sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl a i
l
.wp.apda
ad adaad apdaada apdaada apdaada
w w.wp.p
wcursor=connection.cursor()
w w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w
w w ww ww ww ww
cursor.execute(“SELECT * FROM Employee ORDER BY Eno DESC”)
t t t t t t t t t t
result=cursor.fetchall()
ww print(result) ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t Section - eDtet t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a lail.ani.
n
Answer s
adsa the following questions: adsas a s
a s adsa s (5 Mark) adsa s
.wp.apda .wp.apda adad .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w.wp.p w w w
ww ww w w ww ww ww
1. Write in brief about SQLite and the steps used to use it.
t t
ni.enaesimple relationallaildatabase
.ani.ene t t t t
ene its data in regular ee t t e
ni.enthe t t
 SQLite a l ail.ais a system, which a l ail.ani.saves a lail.ani.n data files or even a l ail.ain
s
aa s s s s s s s s s
pdad
.wp.ainternal aada
.wp.apdcomputer. .wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
ww
w memory of
ww
wthe ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
ww
w
 It is designed to be embedded in applications, instead of using a separate database server program such
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
as MySQLor
sas Oracle. sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ADVANTAGES: ww ww ww ww ww
 SQLite is fast,
t t rigorously tested, and
t t fl exible, making itt easier
t to work. t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Python has a native library for SQLite.
tet t t t t t t t t
Steps To il.ani.en SQLite:
aslaUse a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w p.apdad
.Step
w w .
ww 1: import sqlite3
ww ww ww ww ww
Step 2: Create a connection using connect () method and pass the name of the database File
t t t t t
.ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente .ni.ente
alaila
 Connecting to a database ila
alastep2
in means passing laila name of the database
athe alailato be accessed. adsaaslaila
aa dadsas aadadsas aadadsas aa dadsas d aa
ww  If the database already
ww w w w w
exists the connection will open the same. ww ww
 Otherwise, Python
t will open a new t database file withnthe tspecified name. n.entet t
i
l .ani.ente i
l.ani.ente il.ai.ente i.ai i .ani.ente
l a
saasSet the cursor object l a
saascursor = connection. l a
saascursor () saaslal sasl a l
Step d
.p.apa
a
3:
d d
.p.apa
ad d
.p.apa
a
d d
.p.apa
a
d
. p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Cursor is a control structure used to traverse and fetch the records of the database.
 Cursorailhas t
.ani.entea major role in working a
t t
il.ani.ene with Python. alail.ani.ene
t t
a
t t
il.ani.ene a
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a l a l
asas daadsas adsas adsas adsas
w pdadthe commands w
.wp.aAll .wp.apbe
will executed using .wp.apda object only. w.wp.apda
cursor
w w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 To create a table in the database, create an object and write the SQL command in it.
i.ani.n etet il.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
saslal sql_comm = "SQL
Example:-
ada saslastatement"
ada a
adsasl a a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww  For executing the
w w w w w w
wwcommand use the cursor
ww method and pass w the
w required sql command ww as a parameter. ww
 Many number
Padasalai
t of commands can bet stored in the sql_comm
ete ete t and can be executedt one after other.
ete ete etet
 aAny s as
ada changes made inathe s as
adavalues of the record s as
adashould be saved by s
atheas
da commend "Commit" s as
ada before
w.wp.pda w .wp.pda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww closing the "Table wwconnection". ww ww ww ww
2. Write the Python

t script to display t all the records of thet following table nusing t fetchmany() n.entet
il.ani.ente i
l.ani.ente i
l .ani.ente il.ai.ente i.ai
dadsaasl a
dadsaasl a
d a
d saasl a
d a
dsaasl a
dadsaaslal
.wp.apa Icode .wp.apa ItemName.wp.apa Rate .wp.apa .wp.apa
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1003 Scanner 10500
t t tet ni.entet t t t t
a la il.ani.ene1004 a l a il.ani.en
Speaker
a la il.3000
a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w .wp.apda 1005 w .wp.apda Printer w.wp.apda 8000 w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1008 Monitor 15000
t t tet tet t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene1010 a l a il.ani.en
Mouse a la ani.en
il.700 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
ww PYTHON SCRIPT: ww ww ww ww ww
import sqlite3
t t t t etet etet etet
alala i.ni.ene alala i.ni.ene a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n
connection
daadsas = sqlite3.connect(“Materials.db”)
daadsas s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s
a
w.wp.p
a
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww cursor=connection.cursor()
ww ww ww ww ww
cursor.execute(“SELECT
etet * FROMeMaterials”)
tet t t t
l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
as as sas sas sas
print(“Displaying
s
adaada All The adaRecords”)
s
ada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
w w ww ww ww ww
result=cursor.fetchmany(5)
print(result, Sep=
t t “\n”)
i.ni.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l a l a a l a a l a a l a a l a
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
OUTPUT:
t t
i.ene The Records lail.ani.ene t t t t t t t t
Displaying a l a il.anAll a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsa s daadsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
p.a
p p.ap .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww (1003, „Scanner‟,
ww. .
ww
ww 10500)
w w w w
ww ww ww ww
(1004, „Speaker‟, 3000)
lail.ai n.entet n.entet etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
asaas „Printer‟,
(1005, 8000)asaaslail.ai s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
d d
ww (1008, „Monitor‟,
ww 15000) ww ww ww ww
(1010, „Mouse‟,
t 700) t t t t
. ni e
. nte .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente .ani.ente
a l a i
l a l a i
l l ail l ail l a i
l
daadsas a Python script
4. aWrite saas saas saas sas
.
w p. p .
w p.apdto
aadcreate a table called
.
w p.apdaadITEM with following
.wpapdaadspecification.
. .
w p.apdaada
w ww w w w w
ww Add one record w to the table. ww ww ww ww
Name of the database t
:- ABC t
t
i. table :- Item lail.ani.ente
e t t t t t t
Name aof
l a n e
il.athen
a a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w .apdad
.wpColumn name and .wp.apda
specification
w :- w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Icode :- integer and act as primary key
Item Namen.e:- t t t t Item Name t t :- t t t t
a l a il.ai ne a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
Rate sa
ad:- s adsa s adsas
Integer adsa s adsa s
ww Record to be added ww:- ww 1008, Monitor,15000 ww ww ww
PYTHON SCRIPT:
Padasalai
i. i n.entet etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
import
d slala
asaasqlite3 s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
ww connection = sqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”)
ww ww ww ww ww
cursor=connection.cursor()
t t t t t t
l ail.ani.ene l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas
sql_command
apdaada – “““ CREATE apdaada TABLE Item( .wp.apdaada
sas sas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w .
wp. w .
w p. w w .
w p. w.wp. w
ww Icode INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, ww ww ww ww ww
ItemName VARCHAR(25),
a la il.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
Rate adsas adsas adsas adsas adsas
w .wp.apdaINTEGER) ; ”””w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
cursor.execute(sql_command)
il.ani.ene= “““ INSERTaINTO il.ani.eneItem(Icode, ItemName,il.ani.ene Rate) VALUES i(1008,

.ani.ente „Monitor‟, 15000);
t t t t t t t t t
sql_command
a l a l a a la a l a l a l a il.ani.ene
s
ada s s s ada s s ada s s ada s s ada
w.wp.apda
””” w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
cursor.execute(sql_command)
lail.ai n.entet l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
connection.commit()
adsaas s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww connection.close()
ww ww ww ww ww
print(“TABLE
entet CREATED”) t t t t
i.ani. i .ani.ente i.ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
saaslal sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
d
OUTPUT:
aa a
d apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w.wp.p w .
wp. w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
TABLE CREATED
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
5. Consider the following table Supplier and item .Write a python script for (i) to (ii)
t t t t t t t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene SUPPLIER .ni.ene
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asa s asa s asa asa s asa s
w p.apdad
.Suppno
w w wp.apdad
.Name w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w .
w p.apdad w
ww ww ww City Icode
ww SuppQty
ww ww
S001 Prasad Delhi 1008 100
etet t t
i.ni.ene etet t t
i.ni.ene etet
S002 s asl ail.ani.n Anudadsaaslala Bangalore s asl ail.ani.n 1010 dadsaaslala 200 s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada
w .wp.apda aa
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apa w .wp.apda w
ww S003 ww Shahid ww Bangalore ww
1008 ww
175 ww
S004 t Akila t Hydrabad etet 1005 t 195 t

l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
S005
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
Girish Hydrabad
.p.apda
ada 1003
. papdaada
. 25 . p.apdaada
w w ww w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
S006 Shylaja Chennai 1008 180
S007 t t Lavanya i.ani.entet Mumbai i.ani.entet 1005 t t t t
a l a il.ani.ene lal alal l a il.ani.ene 325 l a il.ani.ene
d adsas d adsaas adsas a
adsas a
adsas
p
.w.ap
wPYTHON
a SCRIPT: p
w.w
a
. p a
ww ww ww ww ww ww
i) Display Name, City and Itemname of suppliers who do not reside in Delhi.
t tene t t t t t t t t
lail.ani.
import asqlite3 a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
w.wp.apda
connection = .wp.apda
sqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”)
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww cursor.execute(“SELECT ww Supplier.Name,ww Supplier.City,Item.ItemName ww FROM Supplier,Item ww ww
WHERE Supplier.Icode = Item.Icode AND Supplier.City NOT In Delhi ”)
.n i e
.ntet . ni e
. ntet . ni e
. ntet . ni e
. ntet .ani.ente
t
l ail a l a i
l a l a i
l a l ail a l a i
l
sasfor I in cursor.description]
s = d[i[0] sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww print(s) ww ww ww ww ww
result = cursor.fetchall()
a lail.ani.
n
s
foradraaina s
d result: adsas adsas adsas adsas
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w ww ww ww ww ww
print r
OUTPUT: t t t t t t t t t t
i.ni.ene a il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
adsaaslal a
asasl a a
asa sla a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
.wp.apd
w[„Name‟,
a „City‟, w.wp.apdad „ItemName‟] w.wp.apdad w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
[„Anu‟, „Bangalore‟, „Scanner‟]
t t etet etet etet
[„Shahid‟, .ni.ente„Bangalore‟, „Speaker‟]
.ni.ente ail.ani.n ail.ani.n ail.ani.n
alaila alaila a l a l a l
apdaadsas s
ada s
.wp.apda „Printer‟] .wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
w[„Akila‟,
.
w p. „Hydrabad‟,
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
[„Girish‟, „Hydrabad‟, „Monitor‟]
entet
i.ani. „Chennai‟, entet
i.ni. .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
[„Shylaja‟,
saaslal saa„Mouse‟]
slala sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl a i
l
.wp.apda
ad
.wp.apda
ad
.
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w[„Lavanya‟, „Mumbai‟,
w w „CPU‟] w w w w
w w ww ww ww ww
ii) Increment the SuppQty of Akila by 40
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
import sqlite3
t t
.ni.ene t t
.ni.ene t t t t t t
connection
alaila= sqlite3.connect(“ABC.db”)
alaila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s asa s
w .wp.apda
cursor.execute(“UPDATE w .wp.apdaSupplier ST SuppQty
w .wp.apda
= SuppQty +40 w .wp.apda Name = „Akila‟
WHERE w p.apdad
”)
.w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
cursor.commit()
nentet
ail.ai.
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
resultas=aaslcursor.fetchall() s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
d
ww print (result) ww ww ww ww ww
connection.close()
t t t t t
s asl ail.ani.n sasl a i
l
OUTPUT:
w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w .
w p. w
w ww ww ww ww ww
(S004, „Akila‟,
entet„Hydrabad‟, 1005, e235)
ntet t t t t t t
a lail.ani. a l ail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
a s
a s adsas adsas adsas adsas
.apdad
w.wp16. w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w DATA VISUALIZATION
ww wUSING
w PYPLOT: wwLINE CHART,ww PIE CHART ww
AND BAR CHART
a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene Section
a l a il.a–ni.eA a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
Choose w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w.wp.apda (1 Mark)
w .wp.apda w
ww 1. Which is a python ww package used for 2D wwgraphics? ww ww ww
Padasalai
t t
.ni.ene etet tet tet etet
a. matplotlib.pyplot
alaila
s sl ail.ani.n
b.amatplotlib.pip asl ani.enmatplotlib.numpyaslail.ani.en d. matplotlib.plt
ail.c. asl ail.ani.n
s
ada s
ada s
ada s
ada s
ada
ww 2. Identify the package
ww manager for Python ww packages, or modules. ww ww ww
a. Matplotlibetet b. PIP .ani.ente

t c. plt.show().ani.ente
t d. i.ente
.anpython
t package
.ani.ente
t
ail.ani.n
sasl a sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl a i
l
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w code: Identify the w w w w
ww 3. Read the following
ww ww purpose of this code ww and choose the right ww option from the ww
following..ni.entet t t t t t t t t
a la ila a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
asas adsas adsas adsas ss
apdaada
w wp.apdad w .wp.apda w.wp.apda
.C:\Users\YourName\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts>pip w.wp.apda – version
w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
a. Check if PIP
etetis Installed b. Install entet PIP c. Download entet a Package d. Checkentet PIP version i.ani.entet
i
l .
ani .n i
l .
ani . i
l .
a ni . i
l .
ani .
dadsaasla
d a
dsaasla
d adsaasla
d a
d saasla
d a
d saaslal
a
.wp.apRead the following ap a .wp.ap a a
.wp.ap choose the right woption a
.wp.ap from the
w4. w.wp.code: Identify thewwpurpose of this code wand w
ww ww w ww ww ww
following. C:\Users\Your
t t
Name\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts>pip
t t t t t t
list
ee ee ee ee etet
aa ada ada ada ada
wa. pdad installed packages
.wp.aList w .wp.apda w .wp.apda
b. list command c. Install PIP
w .wp.apda .wp.apda installed
d. packages
w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
5. To install matplotlib, the following function will be typed in your command prompt.
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaadaWhat does “-U”represents?
.
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Python –m pip install –U pip
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
a. downloading pip to the latest version b. upgrading pip to the latest version
t t t t t t t t t t
c. removing
adsa s pip adsa s adsa d. upgrading matplotlib
s adsa s to the latest version
adsa s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
6. Observe the output figure. Identify the coding for obtaining this output.
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
ni.entet
a. importi.amatplotlib.pyplot
la l .ani.ente
as iplt
lal
t
l a
t t
il.ani.ene l a
t t
il.ani.ene
b. import matplotlib.pyplot as plti.ani.entet
lal
d adsaas d adsaas a
adsas a
adsas adsaas
ap a
wplt.plot([1,2,3],[4,5,1])
p
.w. w.wp.ap a
w .wp.apda w p
.w a
. pda
plt.plot([1,2],[4,5]) p
w.w
a
. pda
w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
plt.show() plt.show()
t t t t t t t t t t
c. import il.ani.ene
alamatplotlib.pyplot asaplt ene
lail.ani. a l a il.ani.ene .ni.ene
d. import matplotlib.pyplot
alaila as plt alail.ani.ene
daadsa s daadsas adsas daadsa s daadsas
.
ww p.ap .
wwp.ap .wp.apda ww. p.ap .
ww p.ap
ww plt.plot([2,3],[5,1]) wwplt.plot([1,3],[4,1]) ww
w w
ww ww ww
plt.show() plt.show()
Padasalai
ntet
il.ani.ecode:
athe
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
7. Read s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
ww a. import matplotlib.pyplot ww as plt ww ww ww ww
b. plt.plot(3,2)t t t t t
asl ail.ani.n sasl a i
l sasl a i
l sasl ail sasl a i
l
c.adaplt.show()
s
ada apdaada apdaada apdaada apdaada
w w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp. w
w wwfor the above coding.ww
Identify the output ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
t t t t t t t t t t
8. Which il.ani.eneis used to run the
alakey il.ani.ene
alamodule? a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
a
pdaadsas apdaadsas s
adaada
s
.wp.apda
adsa s
.wp.apda
adsa s
ww
.
ww p. a. F6 ww
.
ww p. b. F4 www.wp.p c.wF3
ww d. F5
ww
w
ww
w
9. Identify the right type of chart using the following hints.
a This chart is often
Hintad1: da to visualize a ptrend
aused adain data over intervas a time.
adof ada
w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.w.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Hint 2: The line in this type of chart is often drawn chronologically.
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
as Line chart sas b. Bar chart dadsaas sas a
. p.
sa.
apdaada . p.apdaada . p.apa
c. Pie chart
. papdaada
. . p. pdaadsas
d. Scatteraplot
ww ww ww ww ww ww
10. Read ilthe et

.ani.entstatements t t
il.ani.ene Identify the right
given lbelow. t
i.ente from the following
il.anoption
t t t t
il.ani.enefor pie chart. alail.ani.ene
a l a a a a l a a l a
asas ss
aada adsas adsas adsas
w .apdad
.wpStatement A: To make
w .wpa.apdpie chart with .wp.apda we can use thewplt.pie()
Matplotlib,
w .wp.apda function. w .wp.apda w
w w w w ww ww w w ww
Statement B: The autopct parameter allows us to display the percentage value using the Python string
i.ani.n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
formatting.
saslal a sl a asl a a sl a a sl a
ww a. Statement A is correct
ww ww b.wStatement
w B is correctww ww
c. Both the statements are correct d. Both the statements are wrong
Padasalai
etet etet ete t etet etet
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n a
Section-B
s sl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww Answer the following ww questions ww ww ww
(2 Mark) ww
1. Define: Data
tet Visualization. t t t t
l ail.ani.en l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a saas sas adsaas sas
. pdaadsasVisualization is.pthe
p.aData apdaadgraphical
. . .apdaadaof information and
representation
p . p.apdadata. . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The objective of Data Visualization is to communicate information visually to users using statistical
graphics. t t t t t t t t t t
ai.ni.ene
la la a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsasthe general types
.wp.apList
2. .wp.apda
asas
ofd data visualization. .wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsas
.wp.apda
adsas
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Charts
 Tables
aslaila a l a il.ani.ene a la il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsa adsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
w.wp.apGraphs w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Maps
alal i.ani.ene lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
 Infographics
daadsas s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
a
w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w.wp.apda w
ww  Dashboards ww ww ww ww ww
3. List the types

entet of Visualizationsentin
et Matplotlib. t t t
i.ani. i.ani. i.ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
saaslal saaslal sasl a l sasl a l sasl a l
 aLine
d a
d
a plot aadad apdaada apdaada apdaada
w.wp.p w.wp.p w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Scatter plot
 Histogram entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
lail.ani.
a a a l a a l a a l a a l a
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
 Box plot
n etet n etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
 Barsaschart
lail.ani. and s aslail.ani. a sl a a sl a a sl a
a
adad a a
adad a adsa adsa adsa
w.wp.pPie chart w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
w w w w ww ww ww ww
4. How will you install Matplotlib?
t t t t t t t t etet
l ail.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l ail.ani.n
 Matplotlib
s
ada as can be installed as
ada using pip software.
s s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww  Pip is a management ww software for installing ww python packages. ww ww ww
 Importing t Matplotlib
t using then.ecommand:
t t import nmatplotlib.pyplot
t as plt t t
i.ni.ene
l a l a i. i ne
l a l a l ail.ai.ente l ail.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a sas sas sas sas
. p. daadsas
apMatplotlib can be . .apdaada in the workspace.
imported
p . p.apdaada . papdaada
. . p.apdaada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t .entet following functions: t t t t t

.ni.ente
5. Writelailthe difference between .nithe .ni.ente il.ani.ene il.ani.ene
a a
adsas alaila
adsas adsas alaila a
adsas
l a a
adsas
l a
w .wp.apda
plt.plot([1,2,3,4]), w .wp.apda
plt.plot([1,2,3,4], .wp.apda
[1,4,9,16]).
ww ww ww ww ww ww
plt.plot([1,2,3,4]) plt.plot([1,2,3,4], [1,4,9,16])
t t t t t t t t t t
It refers s
adsa y value as [1,2,3,4] adsa s s
adsa It refers x and y values s
adsa as ([1,2,3,4], [1,4,9,16]) adsa s
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Indirectly it refers x values as [0,1,2,3] Directly x and y values are given as
Padasalai
(0,1) (1,1) ni.entet (3,4)
lail.a(2,3) l
etet
ail.ani.n (1,1)
l
etet
ail.ani.n(2,4) (3,9) (4,16) l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
aa a a a a
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
.wp.apda
s
ada s
ww w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Section-C
tet
.ani.enfollowing .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t t
.ani.ente (3 Mark) .ani.ente
t
Answer a l ai
the
l questions a l a i
l l a i
l l ail l a i
l
daadsas daadsas sas sas sas
.
1.
wp.apDraw the output .
for
w p.athe
p following data . p.apdaada
visualization
w plot. .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
etet
plt.bar([1,3,5,7,9],[5,2,7,8,2], t
etelabel="Example one") etet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a l ail.ani.n
a aail.ani.n
l a a ail.ani.n
l a a l a a l a
w .wp.apda plt.bar([2,4,6,8,10],[8,6,2,5,6],
w .wp.apda w.wp.apda
label="Example two", .wp.apda
color='g')
w w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
plt.legend()
t t
plt.xlabel('bar
aslaila number')aslail.ani.ene a sla il.ani.ene a sl a il.ani.ene a sl a il.ani.ene
w.wp.apda plt.ylabel('bar height')
ww ww ww ww ww ww
plt.title('Epic Graph\nAnother Line! Whoa')
s sl ail.ani.n
plt.show()
a s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
OUTPUT:
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
a aas visualization.adaadsaas sas sas
2. daadsas any three uses
apWrite daadsdata
apof apdaada apdaada
w .
w p. w .
w p. w.wp.p w.wp. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Data Visualization help users to analyze and interpret the data easily.
tente tente t t t t t
 It makes
lail.ani.complex data understandable
lail.ani. and usable.lail.ani.ente l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a a a a a
daadsas
.wp.apVarious . p.
ss
apdaada . p.
ss
apdaada . p.
ss
apdaada . p.
ss
apdaada
w
Chartswinw Data Visualization w
helpsw
w to show relationship w w
ww in the data for onewor w more
w w w w w w
ww ww
variables.
entet
.ani. coding for the following: entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
3. Write lailthe lail.ani. l a l a l a
asaas
d d asaas a
adsas a
adsa s a
adsa s
ww a. To check if PIP
wwis Installed in your wPC.
w ww ww ww
 In command prompt type pipt –t version.
Padasalai
t t ee ee etet etet etet
 adaIf it is installed already,
s as s as
ada you will get version. s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
ww ww
 Command: Python - m pip install - U pip ww ww ww ww
b. To Check
.ni.entethe version of PIP.ninstalled
t
i.ente
t in your PC..ni.entet .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
l ail a l a i
l a l a i
l a l ail l a i
l
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaadaC:\Users\YourName\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts>
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
pip-version
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
c. To list the packages in matplotlib.
t ente t ente ente ente pip list t t t t
 C:\Users\YourName\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36-32\Scripts>
alail.ani. lail.ani.
a lail.ani. lail.ani. l a il.ani.ene
d adsas d adsas d adsaas d adsaas a
adsas
p a
. pa p
.w Write the plot forwthe
w4. .ap a
.w following pie chartp.ap a
w.woutput. p
w.w.ap a
w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Program:
t t ene t t t t t t t t
lail.ani.
import amatplotlib.pyplot as pltalail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
daadsa s daadsas adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww. p.a
p .
ww p.ap .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
ww slices=[7,2,2,13] ww
w w w w
ww ww ww ww
activities=['sleeping','eating', 'working','playing']
lail.ai.nentet etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
cols=['c','m','r','b']
asaas s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
d
ww plt.pie(slices, labels=activities,
ww ww
colors=cols,startangle=90, ww
shadow=True, ww ww
explode=(0,0,0.1,0),autopct='%1.1f%%')
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas
plt.title('Interesting adsaas
Graphada\nCheck it out') sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.p .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww plt.show() ww ww ww ww ww
Calculationenfor t t the slices: t t t t t t t t

a l a il.ani. e a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
29.2daadsas adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww 100 x 24 = 7 [ since ww24 hours a day] ww ww ww ww
8.3
t t t t t t t t t
100 x 24a=il.an1.99
l i.ente =2 l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene l a il.ani.ene
a
adsa s a
adsa s a
adsas a
adsa s a
adsa s
54.2
w w w w w w
ww 100 x 24 = 13 so the wwslices be [7,2,2,13] ww ww ww ww
Section - D
Padasalai
a l il.ani.ene
athe a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n a l ail.ani.n (5 Mark) saslail.ani.n
Answer s
ada s following questions:
s
ada s s
ada s s
ada s ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
1. Explain in detail the types of pyplots using Matplotlib.
Line Chart: t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
i.ni.ene
l a l a l a i
l l a i
l l ail l a i
l
aas
daadsLine sas
aada is a type of .chart
apdGraph
sas
apdaadawhich displays .information
sas
apdaada dsaas points
apdaadata
w.
wp.apA Chart or Line
w .
w p. w p
w . w p
w . as a series
w.wpof
. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
called „markers‟ connected by straight line segments.
t t
i.ene is often used lto i.ene t t e t t ee t t ee t t
 A Line a lail.anChart a ail.anvisualize il.ani.enover
a trend inasladata ail.ani.n– a time series s–aslthus
intervals ofasltime ail.ani.nthe
sa s sa s sa sa a
adaad .wp.apda
ad adaad adaad adaad
w w.wp.pline is often drawn w wchronologically. w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w w w w w ww
Example:
n.entet
.i lail.ai n.entet t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
d aslaila matplotlib.pyplot
asaimport asaas as plt
d a
adsa sla a
adsa sl a a
adsa sl a
ww ww 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018]
years = [2014, ww ww ww ww
total_populations
t = [8939007, t8954518, 8960387, 8956741,
t 8943721]
adaplt.plot (years, total_populations)
ada ada ada ada
ww plt.title ("Yearww vs Population in India") ww ww ww ww
plt.xlabel
entet ("Year") t t t t
l a i
l .ani. l ail.ani.ente l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaadaplt.ylabel ("Total.wpPopulation")
apdaada
. .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
plt.show()
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
In this program,
t t e t t
.ani.ene t t t t t t
Plt.title() il.ani.en
ala→ specifies title to the
alailgraph a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
adsa s asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda
Plt.xlabel() → specifies
w .apdad for X-axis
.wplabel w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Plt.ylabel() → specifies label for Y-axis
lail.ai n.entet l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n l
etet
ail.ani.n
Output:
asaas s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
d
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
Bar Chart: tet
p.apdad A BarPlot (or BarChart)
s
aa s
aa s
ada s
aa s
ada
w.w p.apdad is one of the most
w.w p.apdacommon w.w
type of plot.
p.apdad w.w w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 It shows the relationship between a numerical variable and a categorical variable.
 Bari.anchart
entet represents categoricalentet data with rectangular entet bars. .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
lal i.
sas a lail.ani.
saas a alail.ani.
a sasl ail sasl a i
l
p.apdaadaEach bar has a height
p.apdaadcorresponds p.apdaadsas p.apdaada p.apdaada
w .
w w .
w to the
w .
w value it represents.w .
w w.w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.
.ni.n etet i.ani.n etet
i.ni.n value on different
i.ani.n etet etet t t
il.ani.ene
 sIt‟s
aslailauseful when we want
saslalto compare a givensanumeric
slala saslal categories. a l a
ada ada ada ada adsas
ww
w  To make a bar w
ww chart with Matplotlib,
w w
ww we can use the plt.bar()
ww function ww
w
ww
w
Example:
t t t t t t t t t t
adsaimport matplotlib.pyplot
s adsa as plt
s adsa s adsa s adsa s
ww labels = ["TAMIL", ww "ENGLISH", w"MATHS", w "PHYSICS", ww "CHEMISTRY", "CS"] ww ww
usagee=
tet[79.8, 67.3, 77.8, 68.4,
etet 70.2, 88.5] etet etet etet
aday_positions = range ada
(len(labels)) ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
plt.bar (y_positions, usage)
plt.xticks t t (y_positions, labels) t t .ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
.ani.ente
t
aslala i.ni.ene i.ni.ene
lala l a i
l l a i
l l a i
l
a daadsaplt.ylabel ("RANGE")a daadsaas sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
sas
apdaada
w.wp. p w.wp. p w .
w p. w .
w p. w .
w p. w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
plt.title ("MARKS")
entet
plt.show() t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a alail.ani. a l a a l a a l a a l a
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
Output:
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww wwlabels for the bars. ww
Labels → Specifies ww ww ww
Usgae → Assign
entet values to the labels
entespecified.
t t t t t t t
a l ail.ani. a l a il.ani. a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
Xticks
.wp.apda → Display thewtick .wp.apdamarks along the x-axis.wp.apda at the values represented.
.wp.apda .wp.apda
w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Then specify the label for each tick mark.
Padasalai
Range →i.aCreate
ni.entet sequence of numbers. t t
i.ani.ene etet etet etet
lal lal l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
dadsaas d adsaas s
ada as s
ada as s
ada as
a a
.wp.pChart:
wPie
a
w.wp.p
a
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Pie Chart is probably one of the most common type of chart.
tet tet tet tet tet
 It is a il.ani.en
alacircular graphic which a l .ani.edivided
ailis n into slices a l i.en
atoil.anillustrate numerical a l il.ani.en
aproportion. a l
e
ail.ani.n
s s s s s s s s s s
adaada .wp.apda
ada adaada adaada adaada
w w.wp.pThe point of a pie w wchart is to show the w.wp.p
relationship
w of parts outw w.wpa.pwhole.
of w w.wp.p w
w w w w w ww
 To make a Pie Chart with Matplotlib, we can use the plt.pie() function.
t t t t t t t t t t
 aThe a
adsasautopct parameteradallows a
adsas us to display the a
sas
adpercentage value using as Python string formatting.
adsathe a
adsas
w .wp.pda w .wp.pa w.wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
import
etematplotlib.pyplot
t as eplt
tet t t t t t t
a lail.ani.
n
a lail.ani.
n
a s
a s asa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
adad sizes = [89, 80, 90, ada d 75]
100, .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w ww ww ww ww
labels = ["Tamil", "English", "Maths", "Science", "Social"]
plt.pie ete t
(sizes, labels = labels, ete t
autopct = "%.2f ") i.ni.entet etet etet
a l ail.ani.n a lail.ani.n lala lail.ani.n l ail.ani.n
d s
ada s d s
ada s d adsaas s
ada as s
ada as
a a
w.wp.p plt.axes().set_aspect
a a
w.wp.p ("equal")
a
w.wp.p
a
ww ww ww ww ww ww
plt.show()
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
. .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
adsas the various buttons
2. apExplain adsas in a matplotlib adsas
window. adsas adsas
w .wp. da w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww Home Button: ww ww ww ww ww
 The Home
.ni.enteButton will help once
t
.ni.enteyou have begun navigating
t
.ni.ente
t your chart. t t t t
a l aila a l a ila a l a ila a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
sa
daadyous asa s adsas asa s adsa s
w.wp.apIf wp.apdad back to the original
ever want tow.return w.wp.apdaview, you can click
w .apdadthis.
.wpon w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Forward/Back Buttons:
Padasalai
t t t t etet
.ni.ente can be used like
 Theselailbuttons .ni.ente Forward and Back
the nte
.ni.ebuttons .ni.ente
in your browser. ail.ani.n
a a
s s alailas s alaila s s alaila
s s s asl
daada
.wp.apYou aada
.wpto.apdmove
ada
.wp.apda point you were
ada
.apdaor
.wpat, .wp.apda
ada
ww
w can click these
ww
w back to the
ww previous
w
ww
w forward again.
ww
w
ww
w
Pan Axis:
t t t t t
i .ani.ente i.ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente i .ani.ente
 This l a l
sascross-looking button sl a l
saallows you to click it, l
sand a l
as then click and drag l a l
sasyour graph around. sasl a l
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww Zoom: ww ww ww ww ww
 The Zoomtebutton lets you clickteon it, then click and drag a square that youtewould like to zoom into
i.ani.en t i .
a ni en t
. i .
a ni entet
. i .
a ni en t
. t t
il.ani.ene
a la l a l a l a la l a l a l a l a
adsas
specifically. adsas adsas adsas adsas
ww .p.apda .p.apdaww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww .p.apda ww w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
 Zooming in will require a left click and drag.
 You can ntet
il.ani.ealternatively zoom out tet a right click and
il.ani.enwith ntet
il.ani.edrag.
t t
il.ani.ene
t t
il.ani.ene
a sl a asl a asla a sl a a sl a
adsa asa s
adaada adsa adsa
.wp.apda
wConfigure Subplots:w.wp.apdad w.wp.p w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww w ww w ww w ww ww ww
 This button allows you to configure various spacing options with your figure and plot.
t t
.ni.ene etet etet etet etet
Save Figure:
alaila
s s s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s aslail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
daada
.wp.apThis aada
.wp.apdyou
ada
.wp.apdain various forms.w.wp.apda
ada
.wp.apda
ada
ww
w button will
ww
w
allow to save your
ww
w
figure ww ww
w
ww
w
3. Explain the purpose of the following functions:
lail.ai n.entet l ail.ani.ente
t
l a i
l.ani.ente
t
l a i
l .ani.ente
t
l a i
l .ani.ente
t
a. plt.xlabel
asaas sas sas sas sas
.
w p.apdad .
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada
w w w w w w
ww ww
plt.xlabel()specifies label for X-axis ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww
ala ala ala ala ala
dadsas
.apa dadsas
b. plt.ylabel
adsa adsa s adsa s adsa s adsa s
w .wp.apda
plt.ylabel()specifies
w .wp.apda for Y-axis
label w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w .wp.apda w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
c. plt.title
nentet
lail.ai. specifies titlesaasto nentet
.ai. graph
lailthe
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
etet
ail.ani.n
plt.title()
asaas a s
ada asl s
ada asl s
ada asl
d d
ww d. plt.legend() ww ww ww ww ww
Calling legend()
t with no arguments automatically
t fetches the
t legend handles and ttheir associated labels.t
ete ete ete ete ete
s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n sasl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n s asl ail.ani.n
e.adaplt.show()
ada adaada adaada adaada adaada
w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w w.wp.p w
w Display a figure. When w running in Pythonw with its Pylab mode,display w all figures and w return to the ww
Python prompt.
a lail.ani. a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene
sa s adsas adsas adsas adsas
adaad .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda .wp.apda
w w.wp.p w w w w w
w ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
Padasalai
ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
.
wp.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w p.apdaada .
w w w w w w
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t t t t t t
ww ww ww PREPARED BY ww ww ww

ada ada ada ada ada
ww ww ww ww ww ww
t t t t t
l a i
l.ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente l a i
l .ani.ente
sas sas sas sas sas
w apdaada
J..pBASKARAN
. M.Sc., B.Ed. (C.S)
.
wp.apdaada .
w papdaada
. .
w p.apdaada J. ILAKKIA M.Sc.,.wpM.Phil.,
apdaada B.Ed. (C.S)
.
w ww w w w w
ww Department of ComputerwScience ww ww wwof Computer Science
Department ww
Contact No: 9443545321
tet t t t t Contact
tet No: 9443545321 t t
a l ail.ani.en a l ail.ani.ene a l a il.ani.ene a l a il.ani.en a l a il.ani.ene
CS KNOWLEDGE
w
ww ww ww

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etet STD & GROUP etet etet etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

Ans: Normal t Function t t t t

2. Parameter t t With Type t t t t t t t t

2. Which of ntet following functions

ia.entet whose representation

 Here makecity (name, lat,nlon)

etet etet etet etet etet

Answer theefollowing tet questions etet t t entet

etet etet etet etet etet

 Onlaexecution t t ntet the variable aail.andisplays

iani.entetby Disp1() because

t index, and go to etet t t t t t t

tet tet tet tet .ani.ente

etet etet etet etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

5. This symbol t tis used to print more t

t etet etet etet etet

 Literal isentea traw data given in tet

etet etet etet etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

(1) Choose Run

etet etet etet etet etet

i=1 etet etet etet etet etet

etet etet ente t etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

Enter the first

[else: i.ani.entet i.ani.ente

Syntax: etet etet Syntax: t t etet etet

 for loop nis.entthe

t t t tet etet etet

t one to execute nthe t t t t t t t t

etet etet etet etet etet

 A variable, with global scope can

The basic rules

The basic rulest for global keyword int Python are: t t t

LCM is: 6 entet t t t t t t t t

t t entet tet t t etet

 A substring t be taken from the

 When the slicing

8. What is t of type() function

Answer theefollowing questions etet (2 Mark)

tet tet a list ift its index is unknown. t t

5. Write the syntax

t t It includes the common

entet difference: It includes

ni. entet entet t t

List_Varibale = list (erange

('Saisri', 'XII-G', etet 93.8) etet etet etet etet

etet etet etet etet etet

(iii) Difference: t t .ani.ente

5. A private ntet variable is prefixed