MEKANIKA FLUIDA &

HIDROLIKA 2
Oleh: S.I.Muda
FUNDAMENTAL OF LAWS PHYSICS

 CONSERVATION OF MASS
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Flow

 Synonyms
- closed conduit flow
- pipe flow
- pressurized flow
 Objectives – to introduce
- basic concepts of closed conduit flow,
- its hydraulics, and
- design method
Concepts
 Closed Conduit vs. Open Channel

Closed Conduit Open Channel

No free surface Free water surface
Gravity or pump driven Gravity driven
Cavitation & other Waves & other
sub-atmospheric- surface disturbances
pressure problems
Reynolds Number Re Froude Number Fr
Concepts – Reynolds Number
 Reynolds Number (ratio of inertia force to
viscous force) VD VD
V = velocity (ft/sec) Re  
 
D = pipe diameter (ft)
 = density of fluid (lbm/ft3)
 = dynamic viscosity of fluid (lbm/ftsec or
lbfsec/ft2)
 = kinematic viscosity (ft2/sec)
Concepts – Froude Number
 Froud Number (ratio of inertia force to gravitational force)

 V = velocity
V
g = gravitational acceleration Fr 
h = depth of water
gh
Concepts - Turbulence
 Turbulent vs. laminar flow
Concepts – turbulent flow
 Turbulent flow
- Critical Re (laminar to turbulent) in the order of
1000
Concepts – laminar flow
 Turbulent and Laminar flows
Concepts – uniform & steady flow
 Uniform flow – constant characteristics with
respect to space
 Steady flow – constant characteristics with
respect to time. Often adopted when
establishing pipe system design parameters
(pressure & flow at certain locations).
Consider unsteady (transient) phenomena to
refine design (pipe pressure class and
thickness)
Conservation of Mass

1
Control Volume

2
Conservation of Mass
 Consider the control volume

dS
 I O
dt

Fall 2009 CE154 13

Conservation of Mass

 For steady & incompressible flow,

dS/dt = 0

I=O

V1A1 = V2A2

 ViAi =  VoAo
Fall 2009 CE154 14
Conservation of Mass
 Apply to a pipe junction, Q1+Q2 = Q3+Q4
Conservation of Momentum
 Newton’s 2nd law – the resultant of all external
forces on a system is equal to the time rate of
change of momentum of this system

d mV 
F ext

dt
Conservation of Momentum
 Consider this control volume (CV) of fluid in a pipe
elbow
x1=v1t

1 1’

2
2’ x2=v2t
Conservation of Momentum

 In a time t the fluid originally at Section 1

moves to 1’, and that at Section 2 moves to 2’
 The control volume lost momentum equal to
that of the fluid contained between 1 and 1’
(A1x1)V1 = A1V12t = (QV1)t
At the same time it gained momentum
(QV2)t
Conservation of Momentum
 The time rate of change of momentum is (QV2)-
(QV1)
 Hence, the 2nd Law becomes
F ext
 Q V out  V in 

 This is the momentum equation for steady flow. Use

this convention:
 QV  F = QV
x1 x x2
 QV  F = QV
y1 y y2
 Where  depends on the direction of the force w.r.t.
the coordinate system
Application of Momentum Eq.
 Forces on a pipe elbow:
Taking momentum balance in the x direction,
QV1 + (PA)1 – Fx = Q(0)
Fx = (PA)1 + QV1

Fall 2009 CE154 20

Application of Momentum Eq.
 Taking momentum balance in the y direction,
External y force = (PA)2 - Fy
Rate of change of momentum = QV2 (where
V2 is in the negative direction)
(PA)2 - Fy = QV2
Fy = (PA)2 - QV2
= (PA)2 + QV2
Conservation of Energy
 In pipeline design, most often consider
steady state – flow not varying with time -
first
 Steady state (SS) Bernoulli Equation along
a streamline:

p V1
2
1
 z1 
p V2
2
2
 z 2  h
 2g  2g
Conservation of Energy
 Pressure head p/
 Elevation head z
 Velocity head V2/2g
 Piezometric head p/ + z
(hydraulic grade line)
 Total head p/ + z + V2/2g
(energy grade line)
 Head Loss h
Uniform Flow:
TEST

 From reservoir, water flows at a rate of 10 cfs

through a pipe of 12” diameter. Determine
the loss of head in the system.
TASK

 Water flows from reservoir at a rate 2.5 cfs

through system of pipes. Determine the total
energy lost in the system.
 Crude oil density 925 kg/cu-m flows from
closed tank which has pressure 70 kPa above
the atmosphere to an open tank. If the oil
level in the open tank is 2m higher than the
closed tank, determine the total loss of
energy between two tanks.