Brad Peterson, P.E.

 New Website:
http://njut2009fall.weebly.com

 Mr. Peterson’s Email Address:

bradpeterson@engineer com
bradpeterson@engineer.com
 Lesson 1, Properties of Fluids, 2009 Sept 04, Rev Sept 18
 Lesson 2, Fluid Statics , 2009 Sept 11, Rev Sept 18
 Lesson 3, Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces, 2009 Sept 25
 Lesson 4, Buoyancy and Flotation, 2009 Sept 25 ??
 Lesson 5, Translation/Rotation of Liquid Masses, 2009 Oct 16
 L
Lesson 6,
6 Di
Dimensional
i l Analysis/Hydraulic
A l i /H d li Si
Similitude,
ili d maybe?
b ?
 Lesson 7, Fundamentals of Fluid Flow, 2009 Oct 23
 Lesson 8, Flow in Closed Conduits
 Lesson 9,
9 Complex Pipeline Systems
 Lesson 10, Flow in Open Channels
 Lesson 11, Flow of Compressible Fluids
 Lesson 12, Measurement of Flow of Fluids
 Lesson 13, Forces Developed
l dbby Moving Fluids
l d
 Lesson 14, Fluid Machinery
 Fluid Flow, may be:
◦ Steady of Unsteady
◦ Uniform or Nonuniform
◦ Laminar or Turbulent
◦ One-, two- or three-dimensional
◦ Rotational or irrotational

◦R
Red
d = the
h condition
di i we will
ill work
k with
ih
most of the time.
 Occurs if the velocity of flow at a point
does not change with time
 g
Occurs if the magnitude and direction
of velocity of flow do not change from
point to point in a fluid.
 Laminar Flow
◦ Fluid particles move along straight, parallel paths in layers
or laminae.
 Turbulent Flow
◦ Fluid particles move in all directions
Turbulent

Laminar
 Occurs if the direction and velocity are
the same for all fluid particles
 Occurs rarely
y
 We normally assume one-dimensional
flow when directions and velocities
normal to the center of flow are
negligible.
 Occurs in flow with no rotational
motion.

 Rotational flow is similar to the

rotating vessels we discussed in
Lesson 5.

 We normally assume irrotational flow –

fluid not rotating
 For steady flow, mass of fluid passingg
all sections in a stream of fluid per
unit of time is the same

 1 A1V 1   2 A2V 2  constant

or
 1 A1V 1   2 A2V 2  constant
 For incompressible fluids (like water),
γ1 = γ2, therefore the equation becomes:
Q  A1V 1  A2V 2  constant
A  cross-sectional area, m 2

V  average velocity, m / s
units of Q are therefore:
m m/ s  m / s
2 3

or l / min
 Energy = the ability to do work
 Work = force through a distance
 Work = force X distance
 Units for energy and work:
newton  meter  N  m
and
N  m  joule  J
 Moving fluids possess energy
 Three types of energy:
◦ Potential energy (PE)
◦ Kinetic
Ki i energy (KE)
◦ Pressure energy (FE)
 Potential energy (PE)
◦ Potential energy is the energy due to its distance (z) above
a reference datum
◦ Potential energy is weight (W) multiplied by z

PE  Wz  N  m
 Kenetic energy (KE)
◦ Kenetic energy is the energy due to its velocity (V
◦ Kenetic energy:

1
KE  mV 2

2
where, m  mass  kg
 Kenetic energy
(KE) (cont) 1
KE  mV 2

2
W
remember that : m 
g
so :
2 2
1 WV WV
KE  ( )( )
2 g 2g
 Pressure energy (FE)
◦ Also called flow energy
◦ FE = work required to force the element across a distance
against pressure

FE  pAd
where :
p p
pressure
d  segments length
A  area
 Pressure energy (FE) (cont)

Note that Ad  element volume (V)

W
Also, since  
V
W
then V 

 Pressure energy (FE) (cont)

FE  ppAd
becomes :
W pW
FE  pAd  p  
 
 Total energy

Total Energy, E  PE  KE  FE
2
WV pW
E  Wz  
2
2g 
2
V p
E  z 
2g 
 Head 2
V p
E  z 
2g 
z is called elevation head
2
V
is called velocity head
2g
p
is called pressure head

 Units – all are expressed in meters

zm
2 2 2
V (m / s )
 2
m
2g 2m / s
2
p Pa kN / m
= = m
 kN / m kN / m
3 3
 Energy equation applies the principle of
“conservation of energy” to fluid flow

energy att + energy – energy – energy = energy att

section 1 added lost extracted section 2

 p1 V12   p2 V22 
   z1   H A  H L  H E     z2 
  2g    2g 
 p1 V 2
  p2 V 
2

   z1   H A  H L  H E     z2 
1 2

  2g    2g 

 This equation is know as the

Bernoulli Theorem

 Units are in meters

 Many yp
problems dealing g with the flow of
liquids use this equation
 When 0.03m3/s flows through a 300mm pipe
that reduces to 150mm, calculate the average
velocities in the two pipes.
Q  A300V300  A150V150
Q 0.03m3 / s
V300    0.42
0 42m / s
A300 
 0.300m 
2

4
3
Q 0.03m / s
V150    1.70m / s
A150 
 0.150m 
2

4
 If the velocity in a 300mm pipe is 0.50m/s,
what is the velocity on a 75mm dia jet from a
75mm-dia
nozzle attached to the pipe?
Q  A300V300  A75V75
 
 0.300m  V300   0.075m 
2 2
V75
4 4
 0.300m   0.50m / s    0.075m  V75
2 2

 0.300m   0.50m / s 
2

V75   8.00m / s
 0.075m
0 075m 
2
 Oil of sp gr 0.75 is flowing through a 150mm
pipe under a pressure of 103kPa. If the total
energy relative to a datum plane 2.4m below
the center of the pipe is 17.9m,
17 9m determine
the flow of oil.
 p  103kPa

pipe di  150mm
i dia
z  2.40m
specific gravity  0.750
E  PE  KE  FE
V2 p
E  z 
2g 
V2 103kPa
17.9m  2.40m  
2  9.8m / s 2
0.750  9.8kN / m3
V 2  17.9m  2.40m  14.0m   19.6m / s 2
V  5.4m / s
 p  103kPa

V  5.4m / s

pipe di  150mm
i dia
z  2.40m
specific gravity  0.750
Q  AV
 (0.150m) 2
A  0.018m 2
4
V  5.4m / s
Q  0.018m 2  5.4m / s
Q  0.097
0 097 m3 / s
 In the following figure, water flows from A to
B at the rate of 0.40m3/s and the pressure
head at A is 6.7m. Considering no loss in
energy from A to B B, find the pressure head at
B. Draw the energy line.
 VB2
VA2  ????
 ???? 2g
2g pB
 ????

pA
 6.70m

Dia 
600mm

z B  8.00m

z A  3.00m Dia 
300mm

Q  0.40m3 / s
  Use the Bernoulli theorem, from A to B:

energy at + energy – energy – energy = energy at

section 1 added lost extracted section 2

 p A VA2   pB VB2 
   zA   H A  H L  H E     zB 
  2g    2g 
HA  0
HL  0
HE  0
 VB2
VA2  ????
 ???? 2g
2g pB
 ????

pA
 6.70m

Dia 
600mm

z B  8.00m

z A  3.00m Dia 
300mm

Q  0.40m3 / s
 p A VA2   pB VB2 
   zA      zB 
  2g    2g 
3
Q 0.40m / s
VA    5.66
5 66m / s
AA  (.300m) / 42

3
Q 0 40m / s
0.40
VB    1.41m / s
AB  (.600m) / 4
2
 VB2
VA2  ????
 ???? 2g
2g pB
 ????

pA
 6.70m

Dia 
600mm

z B  8.00m

z A  3.00m Dia 
300mm

Q  0.40m3 / s
  5.66m   p   
2 2
1.41 m
 6.7
6 7m  0m    B 
 33.0 0m 
 88.0
 2g    2g 
   
 pB 
 6.7m  1.6m  3.0m     0.1m  8.0m 
  
pB
11.3m   8.1m

pB
 3.2m water

 VB2
VA2  0.1m
 1.6m 2g
2g pB
 3.2 m

pA
 6.7 m

Dia 
600mm

z B  8.0m

z A  3.0m Dia 
300mm

Q  0.40m3 / s
 The energy line
 The hydraulic grade line
 VB2
VA2  0.1m KE
KE  1.6m 2g
2g pB
 3.2 m FE

pA
FE  6.7 m

Dia 
600mm

z B  8.0m PE
z A  3.0m Dia 
PE 300mm

Q  0.40m3 / s
 A pipe carrying oil of sp gr 0.877 changes in
size from 150mm at section E to 450mm at
section R. Section E is 3.66m lower than R
and the pressures are 91.0kPa
91 0kPa and 60
60.3kPa,
3kPa
respectively. If the discharge is 0.146m3/s,
determine the lost head and the direction of
flow.
 Draw a diagram to illustrate the problem
Calculate average velocity at each section:
Q  AV
Q
V 
A
3
0.0146m / s
V150   8.26
8 26m / s
 (0.150m) / 4
2

0146m3 / s
00.0146
V450   0.92m / s
 (0.450m) / 4
2
Using lower section, E, as datum:
 pE V150
2

EE     zE 
  2g 
 91.0kN / m 2 (8.26m / s ) 2 
EE     0
 0.877  9.8kN / m 2  9.8m / s
3 2

EE  14.1m
  pR V1502

ER     zR 
  2g 
 60.3kN / m 2 (0.92m / s ) 2 
ER     3.66 
 0.877  9.8kN / m 2  9.8m / s
3 2

ER  10.7 m
EE  14.1m
ER  10.7 m

Flow will occur from E to R because

the energy head at E is greater

Lost Head  14.1m  10.7m  3.4m

A 0.15m pipe 180m long carries water from A
at elevation 24.0m to B at elevation 36.0m.
The frictional stress between the liquid and
the pipe walls is 0.26N/m
0 26N/m2. Determine the
lost head and the pressure change.
First, draw a sketch of the problem
Use Bernoulli's
Bernoulli s Theorum:
 p A VA2   pB VB2 
   zA  H L      zB 
  2g    2g 

First calculate loss due to friction H L

First,
An equation for loss due to friction H L
L
HL 
R
  shear stress
L  length
area
RH
Hydraulic
d li R di 
Radius
wetted perimeter
For a round pipe flowing full:
A d2 / 4 d
R  
P d 4
So :
 L 4 L
HL  
R d
4  0.26
0 26 N / m  180m
2
HL   14.7 m
9800 N / m  0.15m
3
 p A VA2   pB VB2 
   z A  14.7 m      zB 
  2g    2g 
Velocity V is the same at both ends of the pipe
andd z A =24m,
24 z B =36m,
36 so:
pA pB
 14.7 m   12m
 
p A  pB
 26.7 m

9.8kN
p A  pB  3
 26.7 m  262 kN / m 2
 262kPa
m