FUNDAMENTALS OF

FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 5 Flow Analysis
Using Control Volume

1
MAIN TOPICS
Conservation of Mass
Newton’s Second Law – The Linear Momentum
Equations
The Angular Momentum Equations
First Law of Thermodynamics – The Energy Equation
Second Law of Thermodynamics – Irreversible Flow

2
 Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation 1/4
Basic Law for Conservation of Mass
dM 
 =0 M system = ∫ dm = ∫ ρdV
dt system M ( system) V ( system)

For the system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume

that are coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds
Transport Theorem leads to
( )
D ∂  
B=M and b =1
Dt ∫sys ρdV ≡ ∂t ∫
CV
ρdV + ∫
CS
ρ V ⋅ n dA = 0
Time rate of change Time rate of change of the Net rate of flow of
of the mass of the = mass of the content of the + mass through the = 0
coincident system coincident control volume control surface
3
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation 2/4

System and control volume at three different instances of time.

(a) System and control volume at time t – δt. (b) System and
control volume at time t, coincident condition. (c) System and
control volume at time t + δt.
4
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation 3/4
For a fixed, nondeforming control volume, the control
volume formulation of the conservation of mass: The
continuity equation ∑ m out −∑ m in
dM  ∂  
 ≡ ∫ ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0
dt system ∂t CV CS

Rate of increase Net influx of

Of mass in CV mass
∂  
∫
∂t CV
ρdV = − ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA
CS

5
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation 4/4
Incompressible Fluids
∂   ∂  
ρ ∫ dV + ρ ∫ V ⋅ ndA = 0 → ∫ dV + ∫ V ⋅ ndA = 0
∂t CV CS ∂t CV CS

For steady flow ∑ m out −∑ m in

 
∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0 The mass flow rate into a control volume
CS
must be equal to the mass flow rate out of
the control volume.

6
Other Definition
Mass flowrate through a section of control surface
 
 = ρQ = ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = ∑ m
m  out − ∑ m
 in
A
The average velocity
 
∫A ρV ⋅ ndA
V=
ρA

7
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 1/2
When the flow is steady
∂
∑  out = ∑ m
∂t ∫CV
ρ d V = 0 m  in

When the flow is steady and incompressible

∑ Q out = ∑Q

in

When the flow is not steady

∂
∫
∂t CV
ρdV ≠ 0 “+” : the mass of the contents of the control volume is increasing
“-” : the mass of the contents of the control volume is decreasing.

8
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 2/2
When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening
in the control surface (one dimensional flow)
 = ρAV
m
When the flow is non-uniformly distributed over the
opening in the control surface
 = ρA V
m

9
Example 5.1 Conservation of Mass –
Steady, Incompressible Flow
 Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped nozzle at
the end of a fire hose as illustrated in Figure E5.1. If the nozzle exit
velocity must be at least 20 m/s, determine the minimum pumping
capacity required in m3/s.

Figure E5.1

10
Example 5.1 Solution
The continuity equation
Steady flow
∂  
∂t ∫CV
ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0
CS

 
∫ ρV ⋅ n dA = (ρVA)2 + (− ρVA)1 = m 2 − m 1 = 0 or 2 = m
m 1
CS

ρ1Q1 = ρ 2 Q 2

With incompressible condition

ρ1 = ρ 2 ⇒ Q1 = Q2 = V2 A 2 = ... = 0.0251m 3 / s

11
Example 5.2 Conservation of Mass –
Steady, Compressible Flow
 Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight portion of
4-in. inside diameter as indicated in Figure E5.2. The uniformly
distributed temperature and pressure at each section are given. If the
average air velocity (Non-uniform velocity distribution) at section (2)
is 1000ft/s, calculate the average air velocity at section (1).

Figure E5.2
12
Example 5.2 Solution
The continuity equation
Steady flow
∂  
∂t ∫CV
ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0
CS
 
∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = m 2 − m 1 = 0 ⇒ m 2 = m 1
CS

ρ1A1V1 = ρ 2 A 2 V2
ρ V1 =
p 2T1
V2 = ...219ft / s
Since A1=A2 V1 = 2 V2
ρ1 p1T2
The ideal gas equation
p
ρ=
RT 13
Example 5.3 Conservation of Mass –
Two Fluids
 Moist air (a mixture of dry air and water vapor) enters a
dehumidifier at the rate of 22 slugs/hr. Liquid water drains out of the
dehumidifier at a rate of 0.5 slugs/hr. Determine the mass flowrate
of the dry air and the water vapor leaving the dehumidifier.

Figure E5.3 14
Example 5.3 Solution
The continuity equation
Steady flow

∂  
∫
∂t CV
ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0
CS

 
ρ ∫ V ⋅ ndA = − m
1+m
 2 +m
3 =0
CS

2=m
m 1−m
 3 = 22slugs / hr − 0.5slugs / hr = 21.5slugs / hr

15
Example 5.4 Conservation of Mass –
Nonuniform Velocity Profiles
 Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe
having radius R as indicated in Figure E5.4. At section (1), the
velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is equal to a constant value
U and is parallel to the pipe axis everywhere. At section (2), the
velocity profile is axisymmetric and parabolic, with zero velocity at
the pipe wall and a maximum value of umax at the centerline. How
are U and umax related? How are the average velocity at section
(2), V2 , and umax related?

16
Example 5.4 Solution
The continuity equation
Steady flow
∂  
∂t ∫CV
ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0
CS

  R
− ρ1A1U + ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0 − ρ1A1U + ρ 2 ∫ u 2 2πrdr = 0
A2 0

With incompressible condition ρ1 = ρ 2   r 2 

u = u max 1 −   
R   r 2    R  
− A1U + 2 πu max ∫ 1 −    rdr = 0
0
  R  
u max = 2 U V2 = u max / 2
17
Example 5.5 Conservation of Mass –
Unsteady Flow
 A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate of flow
from the faucet is steady at 9 gal/min. The tub volume is
approximated by a rectangular space as indicate Figure E5.5(a).
Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in the
tub, ∂h / ∂t , in in./min at any instant.

Figure E5.5
18
Example 5.5 Solution1/2
The continuity equation

∂  
∫
∂t CV
ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0
CS

∂ ∂
= ∫ ρair dVair + ∫ ρ water dVwater − m
 water + m
 air
∂t air volume ∂t water volume

∂
For air
∂t ∫air volume
ρair dVair + m
 air = 0

19
Example 5.5 Solution2/2

∂
For water
∂t ∫ water volume
ρ waterdVwater = m
 water

∂
∫
∂t water volume
ρ waterdVwater = ρ water [ h ( 2ft )( 5ft ) + (1.5ft − h ) A j ]

∂h
⇒ ρ water (10ft 2 − A j ) =m  water
∂t
∂h Q water (9gal / min)( 12in . / ft )
= =
∂t (10ft − A j )
2
(7.48gal / ft 3 )(10ft 2 )

A j << 10ft 2

20
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

When a moving control volume is used, the fluid velocity

relative to the moving control is an important variable.
W is the relative fluid velocity seen by an observer
moving with the control volume.
Vcv is the control volume velocity as seen from a fixed
coordinate system.
V is the absolute fluid velocity seen by a stationary
observer in a fixed coordinate system.
  
( )
DM sys ∂  
W = V − VCV = ∫ CV ρdV + ∫ C .S . ρ W ⋅ n dA
Dt ∂t
∂  
∂t ∫ CV ρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
21
Example 5.6 Conservation of Mass - Compressible
Flow with a Moving Control Volume

 An airplane moves forward at speed of 971 km/hr as shown in

Figure E5.6 (a). The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.80m2
and the entering air density is 0.736 kg/m3. A stationary observer
determines that relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust gases
move away from the engine with a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine
exhaust area is 0.558 m2, and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3.
Estimate the mass flowrate of guel into the engine in kg/hr.
Determine the mass flowrate of fuel
into the engine in kg/hr

Figure E5.6 22
Example 5.6 Solution
The continuity equation The intake velocity, W1, relative to the moving
control volume. The exhaust velocity, W2, also
=0  
∂ needs to be measured relative to the moving

∂t ∫ CV ρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0

control volume.

Assuming one-dimensional flow

−m
 fuel in − ρ1A1W1 + ρ 2 A 2 W2 = 0
→m
 fuel in = ρ 2 A 2 W2 − ρ1A1W1
W2 = V2 − Vplane = 1050km / hr + 971km / hr = 201km / hr
→m
 fuel in = (0.515kg / m3 )( 0.558m 2 )( 2021km / hr )(1000m / km) − ... = 9100kg / hr

23
Deforming Control Volume
A deforming control volume involves changing volume
size and control surface movement.
The Reynolds transport theorem for a deforming control
volume can be used for this case.

( )
DM sys ∂  
= ∫ CV ρdV + ∫ C .S . ρ W ⋅ n dA
Dt ∂t
  
V = W + VCS
Vcs is the velocity of the control surface as seen by a fixed observer.
W is the relative velocity referenced to the control surface.

24
Example 5.8 Conservation of Mass –
Deforming Control Volume 1/2
 A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a face area of
500 mm2. If the liquid in the syringe is to be injected steadily at a
rate of 300 cm3/min, at what speed should the plunger be advanced?
The leakage rate past the plunger is 0.01 times the volume flowrate
out of the needle.
Leakage rate
Determine the speed
of the plunger be
advanced

Figure E5.8 25
Example 5.8 Solution
A1 ≅ A p
∂  
The continuity equation ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
∂t
∂
→ ∫ CV ρdV + m  2 + ρQ leak = 0 ∫ CV ρdV = ρ( A1 + Vneedle )
∂t
∂ ∂
→ ∫CV ρdV = ρA1
∂t ∂t  = ρQ
m 2 2
∂
Let − = Vp ⇒ −ρA1Vp + m  2 + ρQleak = 0
∂t
− ρA1Vp + ρQ 2 + ρQleak = 0
Q 2 + Qleak
Vp = = ... = 660mm / min
A1 26
The Linear Momentum Equations 1/4
 Newton’s second law for a system moving relative to an inertial
coordinate system.

Time rate of change of the linear Sum of external forces

momentum of the system = acting on the system

   D  DP 
∑ Fsys = ∑ FS + ∑ FB = Dt ∫sysVρdV = Dt 
system
  
Psystem = ∫ Vdm = ∫ VρdV
M ( system) V ( system)

27
The Linear Momentum Equations 2/4
 For the system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume that are
coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds Transport Theorem
leads to

( )
 D  ∂    
B=P and b = V
Dt ∫sys VρdV ≡ ∂t ∫
CV
VρdV + ∫
CS
n ⋅ V ρVdA

( )
D  ∂    
Dt ∫sys VρdV ≡ ∂t ∫CV VρdV + ∫CS Vρ n ⋅V dA
Time rate of change Time rate of change of the Net rate of flow of
of the linear = linear momentum of the + linear momentum
momentum of the content of the coincident through the control
coincident system control volume surface
28
The Linear Momentum Equations 3/4
 When a control volume is coincident with a system at an instant of
time, the force acting on the system and the force acting on the
contents of the coincident control volume are instantaneously
identical.  
∑F sys = ∑ Fcontents of the coincident control volume

External forces acting on system and

coincident control volume 29
The Linear Momentum Equations 4/4
For a fixed and nondeforming control volume, the control
volume formulation of Newton’s second law

Linear momentum equation

( )
∂     
∫ VρdV + ∫ Vρ V ⋅ n dA = ∑ F Contents of the coincident
∂t CV CS control volume

30
Example 5.10 Linear Momentum – Change in
Flow Direction
 As shown in Figure E5.10 (a), a horizontal jet of water exits a
nozzle with a uniform speed of V1=10 ft/s, strike a vane, and is
turned through an angleθ. Determine the anchoring force needed to
hold the vane stationary. Neglect gravity and viscous effects.

Determine the anchoring

force needed to hold the
vane stationary.

31
Example 5.10 Solution
The x and z direction components of linear momentum equation
∂  
∫ uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ ndA = ∑ Fx
∂t CV CS   
 V = u i + wk
∂ 
∫ wρdV + ∫ wρV ⋅ ndA = ∑ Fz
∂t CV CS

V1ρ( − V1 ) A1 + V1 cos θρ ( V1 ) A 2 = FAx

(0)ρ( − V1 ) A1 + V1 sin θρ ( V1 ) A 2 = FAz
→ FAx = −ρV 21A1 (1 − cos θ) = .. = −11.64(1 − cos θ) lb
→ FAz = ρV 21A1 sin θ = ... = 11.64 sin θ lb
32
Example 5.11 Linear Momentum – Weight,
pressure, and Change in Speed
 Determine the anchoring force required to hold in place a conical
nozzle attached to the end of a laboratory sin faucet when the water
flowrate is 0.6 liter/s. The nozzle mass is 0.1kg. The nozzle inlet and
exit diameters are 16mm and 5mm, respectively. The nozzle axis is
vertical and the axial distance between section (1) and (2) is 30mm.
The pressure at section (1) is 464 kPa. to hold the vane stationary.
Neglect gravity and viscous effects.

33
Example 5.11 Solution1/3

34
Example 5.11 Solution2/3
The z direction component of linear moment equation
∂  
∂t ∫CV
wρdV + ∫ wρV ⋅ ndA = FA − Wn − p1A1 − Ww + p 2 A 2
CS
 
V ⋅ ndA = ± w dA
With the “+” used for flow out of the control volume and “-” used
for flow in.
(−m  1 )( − w1 ) + m
 2 ( − w 2 ) = − Wn − p1A1 − Ww + p2 A 2
FA = m
 ( w1 − w 2 ) + Wn + p1A1 + Ww − p2 A 2

1 =m
m 2 =m
 1 =m
m 2 =m
 = ρw1A1 = ρQ = ... = 0.599kg / s

35
Example 5.11 Solution3/3
Q Q
w1 = = = ... = 2.98m / s
(
A1 π D1 / 4
2
)
Q Q
w2 = = = ... = 30.6m
(
A 2 π D2 / 4
2
)
Wn = m n g = (0.1kg )( 9.81m / s 2 ) = 0.981N
1 
Ww = ρVw g = ρ  πh( D 1 + D 2 + D1D2 ) Vw g = ... = 0.0278 N
2 2

12 
FA = m
 ( w1 − w 2 ) + Wn + p1A1 + Ww − p2 A 2
= (0.599kg / s)(...) = ... = 77.8N

36
Example 5.12 Linear Momentum – Pressure ,
Change in Speed, and Friction
 Water flows through a horizontal, 180° pipe bend. The flow cross-
section area is constant at a value of 0.1ft2 through the bend. The
magnitude of the flow velocity everywhere in the bend is axial and
50ft/s. The absolute pressure at the entrance and exit of the bend are
30 psia and 24 psia, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y)
components of the anchoring force required to hold the bend in
place.

37
Example 5.12 Solution1/2
The x direction component of linear moment equation
∂    
∂t ∫CV
uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ ndA = FAx
CS A ∫
FS = - n pdA

At section (1) and (2), the flow is in the y direction and therefore
u=0 at both sections.

FAx = 0
The y direction component of linear moment equation

∂  
∫
∂t CV
vρdV + ∫ vρV ⋅ ndA = FAy + p1A1 + p 2 A 2
CS

38
Example 5.12 Solution2/2
For one-dimensional flow

( + v1 )( − m
 1 ) + ( − v 2 )( + m
 2 ) = FAy + p1A1 + p2 A 2

−m
 ( v1 + v 2 ) = FAy + p1A1 + p2 A 2
FAy = − m  ( v1 + v 2 ) − p1A1 − p 2 A 2 = ... = −1324lb
1 =m
m 2 =m
 = ρv1A1 = ... = 9.70slugs / s

39
Example 5.13 Linear Momentum – Weight,
pressure, and Change in Speed
 Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight
portion of 4-in. inside diameter pipe as indicated in Figure E5.13,
where the uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each
cross section are given, If the average air velocity at section (2) is
1000 ft/s, we found in Example 5.2 that the average air velocity at
section (1) must be 219 ft/s. Assuming uniform velocity
distributions at sections (1) and (2), determine the frictional force
exerted by the pipe wall on the air flow between sections (1) and (2).

40
Example 5.13 Solution1/2
The axial component of linear moment equation
∂  
∂t ∫CV
uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ ndA = − R x + p1A1 − p 2 A 2
CS

( + u1 )( − m
 1 ) + ( + u 2 )( + m
 2 ) = − R x + p1A1 − p 2 A 2

 ( u 2 − u1 ) = − R x + A 2 ( p1 − p 2 )
m
R x = A 2 ( p1 − p 2 ) − m
 ( u 2 − u1 )

 p 2   πD 2 2 
1 =m
m  = 
2=m   u 2 = ... = 0.297slugs / s
 RT2  4 
41
Example 5.13 Solution2/2

R x = A 2 ( p1 − p 2 ) − m
 ( u 2 − u1 )
R x = A 2 ( p1 − p 2 ) − m
 ( u 2 − u1 ) = ... = 793lb

p2
ρ2 =
RT2
πD 2 2
A2 =
4

42
Example 5.14 Linear Momentum –
Weight, Pressure,…
 If the flow of Example 5.4 is
vertically upward, develop an
expression for the fluid pressure drop
that occurs between sections (1) and
(2).

43
Example 5.14 Solution
The axial component of linear moment equation
∂  
∫
∂t CV
wρdV + ∫ wρV ⋅ ndA = p1A1 − R z − W − p2 A 2
CS

 1 ) + ∫ ( + w 2 )ρ( + w 2dA 2 ) = p1A1 − R z − W − p2 A 2

⇒ ( + w1 )( − m
CS

[
w 2 = 2 w1 1 − ( r / R ) 2
]   r 2 
w 2 = 2 w1 1 −   
  R  
R R2
∫CS (+ w 2 )ρ(+ w 2dA 2 ) = ρ∫0 w 2 2πrdr = 4πρw1 3
2 2

4 2
− w1 ρπR + w1 ρπR = p1A1 − R z − W − p2 A 2
2 2

3
ρw1
2
Rz W
⇒ p1 − p2 = + +
3 A1 A1 44
Example 5.15 Linear Momentum - Trust
 A static thrust as sketched in Figure E5.15 is to be designed for
testing a jet engine. The following conditions are known for a
typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 m/s; exhaust gas velocity= =
500 m/s; intake cross-section area = 1m2; intake static pressure = -
22.5 kPa=78.5 kPa (abs); intake static temperature = 268K; exhaust
static pressure =0 kPa=101 kPa (abs). Estimate the normal trust for
which to design.

45
Example 5.15 Solution
The x direction component of linear moment equation

∂  
∂t ∫CV
uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ ndA = p1A1 + Fth − p 2 A 2 − patm ( A1 − A 2 )
CS

⇒ ( + u1 )( − m
 1 ) + ( + u 2 )( + m
 2 ) = ( p1 − patm ) A1 − ( p 2 − patm ) A 2 + Fth
 =m
m  1 = ρ1A1u1 = m  2 = ρ2 A 2 u 2  
FS = ∫ - n pdA
⇒m  ( u 2 − u1 ) = p1A1 − p2 A 2 + Fth A

Fth = −ρ1A1 + ρ2 A 2 + m  ( u 2 − u1 ) = ... = 83700 N

p1
ρ1 =  = ρ1A1u1 = ... = 204kg / s
m
RT1
46
Example 5.16 Linear Momentum –
Nomuniform Pressure
 A sluice gate across a
channel of width b is shown
in the closed and open
position in Figure E5.16(a)
and (b). Is the anchoring
force required to hold the
gate in place larger when
the gate is closed or when it
is open?

47
Example 5.16 Solution
When the gate is closed, the horizontal forces acting on the contents
of the control volume are identified in Figure E5.16 (c).
  1 2 1 2
∫CS uρV ⋅ ndA = 2 γH b − R x ⇒ R x = 2 γH b
When the gate is open, the horizontal forces acting on the contents of
the control volume are identified in Figure E5.16 (d).
  1 2 1 2
∫CS uρV ⋅ ndA = 2 γH b − R x − 2 γh b − Ff
1 2 1 2
− ρu1 Hb + ρu 2 hb = γH b − R x − γh b − Ff
2 2

2 2
1 2 1 2
For H >> h and u1 << u 2 ⇒ R x = γH b − γh b − Ff − ρu 2 hb
2

2 2 48
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume1/3
Chapter 4: Reynolds transport DBsys∂  
equation for a control volume = ∫ CV ρbdV + ∫ CSρbW ⋅ ndA
moving with constant velocity is Dt ∂t
D  ∂    
Dt ∫sys VρdV ≡ ∂t ∫CV VρdV + ∫CS VρW ⋅ ndA
∂     
∫ VρdV + ∫ VρW ⋅ ndA = ∑ F Contents of the coincident
∂t CV CS control volume
  
V = W + VCV
∂       
∫ ( W + VCV )ρdV + ∫ ( W + VCV )ρW ⋅ ndA = ∑ F Contents of the
∂t CV CS coincident
control volume
49
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume2/3
For a constant control volume velocity, Vcv, and steady
flow in the control volume reference frame
( )
∂  
∫
∂t CV
W + VCV ρdV = 0
=0

∫ ( )
         
W + VCV ρW ⋅ ndA = ∫ WρW ⋅ ndA + VCV ∫ ρW ⋅ ndA
CS CS CS

For steady flow, continuity equation  

∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
DM sys ∂  
= ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
Dt ∂t

50
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume3/3

For an inertial, moving, nondeforming control volume,

the linear momentum equation of steady flow

( )
   
∫ Wρ W ⋅ n dA = ∑ F Contents of the coincident
CS
control volume

51
Vector Form of Momentum Equation
 The sum of all forces (surface and body forces) acting on a Non-
accelerating control volume is equal to the sum of the rate of
change of momentum inside the control volume and the net rate of
flux of momentum out through the control surface.
  
∑ Fcontents of the coincident control volume = ∑ F S + ∑ F B 
n
( )
∂    
= ∫ VρdV + ∫ Vρ V ⋅ n dA
∂t CV CS

  
FB = ∫ Bdm = ∫ BρdV
CV
 
FS = ∫ - n pdA Where the velocities are measured
A Relative to the control volume. 52
Example 5.17 Linear Momentum -
Moving Control Volume 1/2
 A vane on wheels move with a constant velocity V0 when a stream
..
of water having a nozzle exit velocity of V1 is turned 45° by the vane
as indicated in Figure E5.17(a). Note that this is the same moving
vane considered in Section 4.4.6 earlier . Determine the magnitude
and direction of the force, F, exerted by the stream of water on the
vane surface. The speed of the water jet leaving the nozzle is 100ft/s,
and the vane is moving to the right with a constant speed of 20 ft/s.

53
Example 5.17 Linear Momentum -
Moving Control Volume 2/2

..

54
Example 5.17 Solution1/2
The x direction component of linear moment equation
  ..
∫CS
WxρW ⋅ ndA = − R x
⇒ ( + W1 )( − m
 1 ) + ( + W2 cos 45°)( + m
 2 ) = −R x

 1 = ρ1W1A1
m  2 = ρ2 W2 A 2
m
The z direction component of linear moment equation
 
∫CS
WzρW ⋅ ndA = R z − WW
⇒ ( + W2 sin 45°)( + m
 2 ) = R z − Ww

 1 = ρ1W1A1 = m
m  2 = ρ2 W2 A 2
W1 = W2 = V1 − V0 = ... 55
Example 5.17 Solution2/2

R x = ρW1 A1 (1 − cos 45°) = ... = 21.8..lb

2

R z = ρW1 A1 sin 45° + Ww = ... = 53lb

2

R = R x + R z = ... = 57.3lb
2 2 Ww = ρgA 1
Rz
−1
α = tan
Rx

56
First Law of Thermodynamics –
The Energy Equation1/4

 The first law of thermodynamics for a system is

Time rate of increase Net time rate of energy Net time rate of energy
of the total stored = addition by heat transfer + addition by work
energy of the system into the system transfer into the system
D
Dt ∫ sys eρdV = (∑ Q − ∑ Q )
in out sys (
+ (∑ Win − ∑ Wout )sys = Q net / in + W net / in )
sys

or
D
Dt ∫ sys (
eρdV = Q net in + W net in )
sys “+” going into system
V2 “-” coming out
e = uˆ + + gz
2 The net rate of work transfer
Total stored energy per unit into the system
mass for each particle in the
system The net rate of heat transfer into the system
57
First Law of Thermodynamics –
The Energy Equation2/4

 For the system and the contents of the coincident control volume
that is fixed and nondeforming -- Reynolds Transport Theorem
leads to
D ∂  
Dt ∫ syseρdV =
∂t ∫ CV eρdV + ∫ C.S.eρV ⋅ ndA

Net time rate of increase The net rate of flow of the

Time rate of increase total stored energy out of
of the total stored energy
of the total stored = + the control volume through
of the contents of the
energy of the system the control surface
control volume

58
First Law of Thermodynamics –
The Energy Equation3/4

For the control volume that is coincident with the system

at an instant of time.

(Q + 
W ) = ( 
Q + 
W
net in net in sys net in net in ) coincident control volume

The control volume formula for the first law of

thermodynamics:
∂  
∂t ∫ cv e ρ dV + ∫CS
e ρ V ⋅ ndA = ( 
Q net in + 
W net in )
CV

59
Rate of Work done by CV
W = W shaft + W normal + W shear + Wother
 Shaft work W 
Shaft
: the rate of work transferred into through the
CS by the shaft work ( negative for work transferred out, positive
for work input required)
 Work done by normal stresses  
on the CS:

normal = δFnormal ⋅ V = − ∫
W pV ⋅ n dA
CS
 Work done by shear stresses on the CS:
 
Wshear = + ∫ τV ⋅ ndA Negligibly small on a control surface

CS
 Other work 
∂    
∂t ∫ cv eρdV + ∫ eρV ⋅ ndA =Q net in + Wshaft net in − ∫ pV ⋅ ndA
CS
 
CS

60
First Law of Thermodynamics –
The Energy Equation4/4

∂    
∂t ∫
CV
eρdV + ∫
CS
eρV ⋅ n dA = Qnet in + WShaft net in − ∫ pV ⋅ n dA
 
CS

Energy equation
∂ p V2  
∫
∂t CV
eρdV + ∫ (uˆ + +
CS ρ 2
+ gz ) ρV ⋅ n dA = Q net / in + W Shaft/ in

V2
e = uˆ + + gz
2

61
Application of Energy Equation1/2
∂
When the flow is steady
∂t ∫ CV eρdV = 0
The integral of
 p V2   
∫ CS û + ρ + 2 + gz ρV ⋅ ndA ???
Uniformly distribution

 p V2     p V2   p V2 
∫ CS û + ρ + 2 + gz ρV ⋅ ndA = ∑  û + ρ + 2 + gz m − ∑  û + ρ + 2 + gz m

out 


 
in  


 p V2   
Only one stream
∫ CS û + ρ + 2 + gz ρV ⋅ ndA
entering and leaving
 p V2   p V2 
=  û + + + gz  m out −  û + +
 + gz  m  in
 ρ 2 out  ρ 2 in 62
Application of Energy Equation2/2
If shaft work is involved….
 p p 2
− Vin2 
+ g(z out − z in )
Vout
 û out − û in +   −   +
m
  ρ  out  ρ in 2 
=Q + W  One-dimensional energy equation
net in shaft net in
for steady-in-the-mean flow
p
Enthalpy ĥ = û + The energy equation is written in terms of enthalpy.
ρ
 2
− Vin2  
+ g(z out − z in ) = Q net / in + W
Vout 
 ĥ out − ĥ in +
m shaft net / in
 2 
63
Example 5.20 Energy – Pump Power 1/2

 A pump delivers water at a steady rate of 300 gal/min as shown in

Figure E5.20. Just upstream of the pump [section(1)] where the pipe
diameter is 3.5 in., the pressure is 18 psi. Just downstream of the
pump [section (2)] where the pipe diameter is 1 in., the pressure is
60 psi. The change in water elevation across the pump is zero. The
rise in internal energy of water, u2-u1, associated with a temperature
rise across the pump is 3000 ft·lb/slug. If the pumping process is
considered to be adiabatic, determine the power (hp) required by the
pump.

64
Example 5.20 Energy – Pump Power 2/2

65
Example 5.20 Solution
One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow

  p   p  V22 − V12 
  û 2 − û1 +   −   +
m + g(z 2 − z1 )
  ρ  2  ρ 1 2 
=0(Adiabatic flow)
=Q 
net / in + Wshaft net / in

(1.94slug / ft 3 )( 300gal / min)

 = ρQ =
m 3
= 1.30slugs / s
(7.48gal / ft )( 60s / min)
Q Q Q Q
V= = V = = ..... = 10. 0ft / s V = = ... = 123ft / s
A πD / 42 1 2
A1 A2

W = (1.30slugs / s)[....] = 32.3hp
shaft net in

66
Example 5.21 Energy – Turbine Power
per Unit Mass of Flow
 Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 30m/s and enthalpy, h1, of
3348 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the turbine as a mixture of vapor and
liquid having a velocity of 60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. If
the flow through the turbine is adiabatic and changes in elevation
are negligible, determine the work output involved per unit mass of
steam through-flow.

67
Example 5.21 Solution
The energy equation in terms of enthalpy.
=0(Adiabatic flow)
 V22 − V12  
 ĥ 2 − ĥ1 +
m + g(z 2 − z1 ) = Q net / in + W

shaft net / in
 2 

W V22 − V12
 shaft net in = = ĥ 2 − ĥ1 +
shaft net in
w

m 2
 shaft net out
w = −w
 shaft net in
V12 − V22
 shaft net out
w = ĥ1 − ĥ 2 + = ... = 797kJ / kg
2
68
Example 5.22 Energy – Temperature
Change
 A 500-ft waterfall involves steady flow from one large body of
water to another. Determine the temperature change associated with
this flow.

69
Example 5.22 Solution
The temperature change is related to the change of internal energy of
the water
û 2 − û1
T2 − T1 = 
c

where c = 1 Btu /( lbm ⋅ °R ) is the specific heat of water

One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow

without shaft work V =V 2 1 =0(Adiabatic flow)
  p 2   p1  V22 − V12  
 û 2 − û1 +   −   +
m + g(z 2 − z1 ) = Q net in
 ρ ρ 2 
g ( z 2 − z1 ) (32.2ft / s2 )( 500ft )
T2 − T1 =  = = 0.643°R
c [778ft ⋅ lb /( lbm ⋅ °R )][ 32.2(lbm ⋅ ft ) /( lb ⋅ s )]
2

70
Energy Equation vs. Bernoulli Equation 1/4
For steady, incompressible flow…One-dimensional energy equation
  p out   pin  Vout
2
− Vin2  
 û out − û in + 
m  −   + + g(z out − z in ) = Q
ρ ρ
net in
     2 

÷ m ( )
2
pout Vout pin Vin2
+ + gz out = + + gz in − û out − û in − q net in
ρ 2 ρ 2
where q net in 
=Q 
 p p
 û out − û in +   −   + out
V 2 − Vin2 
+ g(z out − z in )
net in / m
m
  ρ  out  ρ in 2 
 
= Q net in + Wshaft net in
For steady, incompressible, frictionless flow…
ρVout
2
ρVin2
p out + + γz out = pin + + γz in Bernoulli equation
2 2
û out − û in − q net in = 0 Frictionless flow…
71
Energy Equation & Bernoulli Equation 2/4
For steady, incompressible, frictional flow…

û out − û in − q net in > 0 Frictional flow…

p V2
Defining “useful or available energy”… + + gz
ρ 2
Defining “loss of useful or available energy”… û out − û in − q net in = loss
2
p out Vout pin Vin2
+ + gz out = + + gz in − loss
ρ 2 ρ 2

72
Energy Equation & Bernoulli Equation 3/4

For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work…

  p out   pin  Vout
2
− Vin2  
 û out − û in + 
m  −   + + g(z out − z in ) = Q 
net in + Wshatf net in
  ρ   ρ  2 

÷ m
2
p out Vout pin Vin2
+ + gz out = + + gz in + w shaft − ( û out − û in − q net in )
ρ ρ
net in
2 2
2
p out Vout pin Vin2
+ + gz out = + + gz in + w shaft − loss
ρ ρ
net in
2 2

÷g +
2
pout Vout
+ z out =
pin Vin2
+ + z in + h s − h L
γ 2g γ 2g
w shaft 
W 
W loss
Head loss hL =
shaft shaft
Shaft head hS = net / in
≡ net / in
= net / in
g g
m γQ g 73
Energy Equation & Bernoulli Equation 4/4
2 2
pout V pin V
+ + z out =
out
+ + z in + h s − h L
in
γ 2g γ 2g

For turbine h s = − h T ( h T > 0) hT is turbine head

For pump h s = h P hp is pump head
The actual head drop across the turbine
h T = −( h s + h L )T
The actual head drop across the pump
h p = (hs − h L )p
74
Example 5.23 Energy – Effect of Loss
of Available Energy
 Compare the volume flowrates associated with two
different vent configurations, a cylindrical hole in the
wall having a diameter of 120 mm and the same
diameter cylindrical hole in the wall but with a well-
rounded entrance (see Figure E5.23a). The room
pressure is held constant at 0.1 kPa above
atmospheric pressure. Both vents exhaust into the
atmosphere. As discussed in Section 8.4.2. the loss in
available energy associated with flow through the
cylindrical bent from the room to the vent exit is
0.5V22/2 where V2 is the uniformly distributed exit
velocity of air. The loss in available energy associated
with flow through the rounded entrance vent from the
room to the vent exit is 0.05V22/2, where V2 is the
uniformly distributed exit velocity of air.
75
Example 5.23 Solution
For steady, incompressible flow with friction, the energy equation
V1=0 No elevation change
p2 V22 p1 V12
+ + gz 2 = + + gz 1 −1 loss 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
 p1 − p2   V2
2
V2 = 2   −1 loss 2  1 loss 2 = K L
 ρ   2
p1 − p2
V2 =
ρ[1 + K L / 2]
πD 2 p1 − p2
2
Q = A 2 V2 =
4 ρ[1 + K L / 2] 76
Example 5.24 Energy – Fan Work and
Efficiency
 An axial-flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that delivers 0.4 kW
of power to the fan blades produces a 0.6-m-diameter axial stream
of air having a speed of 12 m/s. The flow upstream of the fan
involves negligible speed. Determine how much of the work to the
air actually produces a useful effects, that is, a rise in available
energy and estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency of this fan.

77
Example 5.24 Solution
For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work…
 p 2 V22   p1 V12 
w shaft net in − loss =  + + gz 2  −  + + gz 1 
ρ 2  ρ 2 
p1=p2=atmospheric pressure, V1=0, no elevation change
2
V2
w shaft net in − loss = = 72.0 N ⋅ m / kg
2
w shaft net in − loss
Efficiency η =
w shaft net in

W 
W
w shaft net in = = = 95.8N ⋅ m / kg
shaft net in shaft net in


m ρAV 78
Example 5.25 Energy – Head Loss
and Power Loss
 The pump shown in Figure E5.25 adds 10 horsepower to the water
as it pumps water from the lower lake to the upper lake. The
elevation difference between the lake surfaces is 30 ft and the head
loss is 15 ft. Determine the flowrate and power loss associated with
this flow.

79
Example 5.25 Solution
The energy equation
p A VA2 p B VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + hs − h L
γ 2g γ 2g
pA = pB = 0 VA = VB = 0
The pump head
W shaft net / in
hs = hL + z A − z B = = 88.1 / Q = (15 + 30 − 0 )ft
γQ
 = γQh = ...
Power loss Wloss L

80
Application of Energy Equation to
Nonuniform Flows 1/2
If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses the
control surface is not uniform…
V2  
∫ C.S. ρV ⋅ ndA ????
2
For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control volume….
~2
 α outV ~2 
V2   α V
∫ CS 
ρV ⋅ ndA = m out
− in in 
2  2 2 
 
V 2   
α is the kinetic energy coefficient and V is the ∫A  2  ρV ⋅ ndA ∫A ρV dA
3

instantaneous velocity. α= = ≥1
V 2
m V 2
For uniform velocity profile, what is the m  
coefficient ?  2 
81
Application of Energy Equation to
Nonuniform Flows 2/2
For nonuniform velocity profile…….
pout αout Vout
2
pin αin Vin2
+ + gz out = + + gz in + w shaft net in − loss
ρ 2 ρ 2
×ρ
ραout Vout
2
ραin Vin2
pout + + γz out = pin + + γz in + ρw shaft net in − ρ(loss )
2 2
÷g
pout αout Vout
2
pin αin Vin2 w shaft net in
+ + z out = + + z in + − hL
γ 2g γ 2g g
82
Example 5.26 Energy – Effect of
Nonuniform Velocity Profile 1/2
 The small fan shown in Figure E5.26 moves air at a mass flowrate
of 0.1 kh/min. Upstream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 60 mm, the
flow is laminar, the velocity distribution is parabolic, and the kinetic
energy coefficient, α1, is equal to 2.0. Downstream of the fan, the
pipe diameter is 30 mm, the flow is turbulent, the velocity profile is
quite uniform, and the kinetic energy coefficient, α2 , is equal to 1.08.
If the rise in static pressure across the fan is 0.1 kPa and the fan
motor draws 0.14 W, compare the value of loss calculated: (a)
assuming uniform velocity distributions, (2) considering actual
velocity distribution.

83
Example 5.26 Energy – Effect of
Nonuniform Velocity Profile 2/2

84
Example 5.26 Solution1/2
The energy equation for non-uniform velocity profile…….
p2 α2 V22 p1 α1V12
+ + gz 2 = + + gz 1 + w shaft net / in − loss
ρ 2 ρ 2
 p 2 − p1  α1V12 α 2 V22
loss = w shaft net in −   + −
 ρ  2 2
power to fan motor
w shaft net / in =
m
(0.14W )[(1N ⋅ m / s) / W ]
= (60s / min) = 84.0 N ⋅ m / kg
0.1kg / min
m 
m
V1 = = ... = 0.479m / s V2 = = ... = 1.92m / s
ρ A1 ρA2 85
Example 5.26 Solution1/2
 p 2 − p1  α1V12 α2 V22
loss = w shaft net / in −   + −
 ρ  2 2
= 0.975N ⋅ m / kg(α1 = α2 = 1)

 p2 − p1  α1V 2
α2 V 2
loss = w shaft net / in −   + 1
− 2

 ρ  2 2
= 0.940 N ⋅ m / kg(α1 = 2, α2 = 1.08)

86
Example 5.28 Energy – Fan
Performance
 For the fan of Example 5.19, show that only some of the shaft power
into the air is converted into a useful effect. Develop a meaningful
efficiency equation and a practical means for estimating lost shaft
energy.

87
Example 5.28 Solution1/2
p 2 V22 p1 V12
+ + gz 2 = + + gz 1 + w shaft net in − loss
(1)
ρ 2 ρ 2
useful effect = w shaft net / in − loss
 p 2 V22   p1 V12 
=  + + gz 2  −  + + gz 1  (2)

ρ 2  ρ 2 

w shaft − loss
η=
net in
Efficiency (3)
w shaft net in

w shaft net in = + U 2 Vθ2 (4)

88
Example 5.28 Solution2/2
(2)+(3)+(4)

η = {[( p2 / ρ) + ( V2 / 2) + gz 2 ] − [( p1 / ρ) + ( V1 / 2) + gz 1 ]} / U 2 Vθ2
2 2

(2)+(4)

η = U 2 Vθ2 − [( p2 / ρ + V2 / 2 + gz 2 ) − ( p1 / ρ + V1 / 2 + gz 1 )]
2 2

89