Ch1_L22-2nd 2016-2017 J

Biomolecules
• Major groups
1. Carbohydrates (CH2O) – sugars, starches,
oligosaccharides, celluloses, etc.
Chem 1 2. Lipids – insoluble in water (hydrophobic),
mixed group – fatty acids, fats, steroids,
etc.
2nd Sem 2016-2017
3. Proteins – mixed functions, polymers of
Lecture 22 amino acids
FCariño 4. Nucleic acids – polymers of nucleotides,
DNA, RNA

Monomer àOligomer à Polymer

Macromolecules
monomer

monosaccharide glucose, fructose

disaccharide sucrose
polysaccharide cellulose, glycogen

dimer (oligomer)
polymer

Lipids
• water insoluble, hydrophobic biomolecules (non-
polar), many functional groups (mixed bag)
• For energy storage, insulation, protection
• Fatty acids
• Fats and oils
• Membrane components
• Steroids (cholesterol)
• Terpenes
• waxes
Raffinose
Gal-fru-glc

FCarino 1
Ch1_L22-2nd 2016-2017 J

Fats and fatty

Trans fats
acids
• unsaturated fat present in small amounts in
nature
• industrially produced
from vegetable fats for
margarine, snack food,
packaged baked
goods, fried fast food
starting in the 1950s

Cholesterol Proteins
• CHON, mixed functional groups
• Steroid in animals • Polymers of amino acids (20 naturally occurring)
• Membrane component • Special amide bonds (peptide bond)
• Multiple functions:
• Keep cell membranes fluid and flexible • Structural
• Enzymes
• Deposited in cardiovascular system • Motility
• Energy production
• Signal systems
• Repair and maintenance
• transport
• Hormone systems, etc.

Amino acids Peptide

bond
• Between two amino
acids
• Special linkage
• Very similar to amide,
except that bonded
groups are a bit
“special” (bonded to α-
carbon)

http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Amino_acids.png&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimed
ia.org/wiki/File:Amino_acids.png&h=3995&w=3084&sz=803&tbnid=vFxSCshls1WUZM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=69&zoom=1&usg=__lMpeJ0QqEEgspu6ukawIz
8DReww=&docid=xFE5f3J6apXkwM&sa=X&ei=fHcuUubTCe36iQeC_4CwAQ&ved=0CDUQ9QEwAw&dur=461

FCarino 2
Ch1_L22-2nd 2016-2017 J

polymer Nucleic acids – C,H,O,N,P

• Polymer of nucleotides
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Ribonucleic acid

• Functions
• Energy (ATP)
• Genetics info
• Enzymatic function
• Signal functions

Nucleic acid
• Polymers of nucleotides (5-C sugar, N-base,
phosphate)
• Ribose for RNA, Deoxyribose for DNA
• N-bases: A, T, C, G for DNA; A, U. C. G for
RNA

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~mosiern/ABE580/basic_biochem.pdf

FCarino 3
Ch1_L22-2nd 2016-2017 J

Group work 2

1. Download the video FIRES A Teacher’s Mission

at https://vimeo.com/92032364
2. Watch the video and discuss among yourselves
whether the historical judgment on Haber’s deeds
is fair, i. e., was Haber a war villain, or was he a EXAM 2: 5 May 2017
nationalist helping his country win a war?
3. Use the internet to gain more information on Haber Class hours
and his other contributions to Chemistry and his
country.
4. Write a paper (no more than 2 pages) on whether
your group will consider Haber as a villain or a hero
of his country. Due 21 April 2017

Genome
§ The complete set of Genome Sizes
3 billion bp
genes in an organism

§ The sequence of the

nucleotides in the
DNA’s chromosome
including the non
coding regions

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Metabolic pathways

FCarino 4
Ch1_L22-2nd 2016-2017 J

Molecular cloning, bacteria

rDNA Technology

§ Based on joining DNA

from two different sources
§ Use restriction enzymes to
cut the DNAs (sequence-
specific molecular scissors)
§ Cohen and Boyer:
combined plasmids from E.
coli with foreign DNA (1973)

rDNA Technology
Molecular Cloning options
1. Facilitated the production of useful proteins
- Biotech Drugs
2. Created bacteria and other organisms
capable of synthesizing both useful and
economically important molecules
3. Altered the genotype of organisms
(both plants and animals) - GM plants and
animals
4. Facilitated genome mapping of humans and
organisms
for research
5. exploring potential for gene therapy

Transformation method 1 Transformation method 2

Biolistic transformation

Agrobacterium mediated

FCarino 5
Ch1_L22-2nd 2016-2017 J

Kissing triangles: most lines never see

commercialization

10 - 100 1 – 4 Lines
Potential Lines Submitted for
Unconfined New trait moved into
Approval 10 – 100 varieties using
100’s – Traditional breeding
1000’s
Potential Lines

Contained Confined Post-approval

Laboratory Field Trial Use of new line
Experimentation Experimentation In breeding programs

Application for Application for

Confined Field Unconfined (commercial)
Trial Release

Central Dogma (modern version)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology

GM Plant
GM Crops

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2003/britt3m/public
_html/makinggmo.htm

FCarino 6
Ch1_L22-2nd 2016-2017 J

GM phytoremediation

• GM shrub tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) with

phytochelatin TaPCS1 gene -very high
accumulation of Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, B
• GM Arabidopsis (Indian mustard) and GM Transgenic animals
tobacco plants improved metal tolerance via
over-expression of enzymes that induce
phytochelatin formation
• Gm poplar: mer genes to sequester and reduce
methyl mercury to elemental mercury

GM fish
Transgenic animals
• GM Salmon – enhanced
growth rate
• GM Tilapia - enhanced
growth rate
• GM zebrafish - pets

GM Goat -1 GM Goat -2
• Produces antithrombin in mammary glands • Canadian company claims to be on the verge of
• From GTC Biotherapeutics (US) producing unlimited quantities of spider silk in
• intended for treatment of humans (prevents clot
goat's milk
formation) • Webster and Pete hopefully will produce
• Heritable trait
offspring with heritable trait
• Not for food nor feed
• Not for food nor feed

http://cellnews-blog.blogspot.com/2009/01/gm- http://www.parascientifica.com/forums/viewtopic.
goats-make-anti-clotting-drug-in.html php?f=25&t=4781

FCarino 7
Ch1_L22-2nd 2016-2017 J

The “udder” woman? Part 1

The “udder” woman? Part 2

•90 female offspring of GM male •

goats in a farm outside Moscow.
• when goats mature à larger
amounts of lactoferrin than found
naturally in human breast milk.
•“ Program aimed at producing
milk with the human protein, as
well as making medicines from
it,” - Dr Pyotr Vitsyaz, Belarussian
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencet http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencet http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth
National Academy of Sciences. ech/article-1141105/Were-raising- /agriculture/geneticmodification/
ech/article-1141105/Were-raising-
GM-goats-make-human-breast-milk- GM-goats-make-human-breast-milk- 8423536/Genetically-modified-
say-Russians.html say-Russians.html cows-produce-human-milk.html

The “udder” females? GM mosquito

•Chinese scientists have
genetically modified cattle to
produce milk containing a protein
that protects against infectious
bacteria
•“has the potential to serve as an
alternative for mothers who
cannot or choose not to
breastfeed their newborns”
http://www.telegraph.co.uk
/earth/agriculture/genetic
modification/8423536/Ge
netically-modified-cows- 14 April 2011
produce-human-milk.html

FCarino 8